……合中国旧历的三伏，一年最热的时候。

Ten Bad Listening HabitsI. Calling the Subject Dull— Good listeners will hunt for something【T1】_____【T1】______II.【T2】______the Speaker【T2】______— Bad listeners are picky about how a speech is【T3】_____【T3】______III. Getting Over-stimulated— Good listeners would not judge until【T4】_____【T4】______IV. Listening Only for Facts— Good listeners listen for the【T5】_____ and connect them as a whole【T5】______V. Trying to Outline Everything— Good listeners are flexible with the【T6】_____ of the speaker【T6】______— Bad listeners are rigidVI. Faking Attention— showing the【T7】_____ of appearing to listen to the speaker does【T7】______not guarantee good listening— Real attention signs:a)【T8】_____【T8】______b)Quicker circulation of bloodc)Rise in【T9】_____【T9】______VII. Easily Distracted— Bad listeners are easily distracted and even create【T10】_____【T10】______VIII. Choosing Only What's Easy— Bad listeners turn away from【T11】_____ on radio or TV【T11】______IX. Letting Emotion-Laden Words Get in the Way— Some words carry a(n)【T12】______【T12】______— But don't let them get in the way of learningX. Wasting the Difference Between Speech and Thought Speed— American average rate:【T13】_____ words per minute【T13】______— Thought speed:【T14】_____ words per minute【T14】______— Listeners will remain attentive when they listen to【T15】_____ speech【T15】______

(1)Every street had a story, every building a memory. Those blessed with wonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns and happily roll back the years. The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon as possible. After Ray Atlee had been in Clanton(his hometown)for fifteen minutes he was anxious to get out. (2)The town had changed, but then it hadn't. On the highways leading in, the cheap metal buildings and mobile homes were gathering as tightly as possible next to the roads for maximum visibility. This town had no zoning whatsoever. A landowner could build anything with no permit, no inspection, no notice to adjoining landowners, nothing. Only hog farms and nuclear reactors required approvals and paperwork. The result was a slash-and-build clutter that got uglier by the year. (3)But in the older sections, nearer the square, the town had not changed at all. The long shaded streets were as clean and neat as when Ray roamed them on his bike. Most of me houses were still owned by people he knew, or if those folks had passed on the new owners kept the lawns clipped and the shutters painted. Only a few were being neglected. A handful had been abandoned. (4)This deep in Bible country, it was still an unwritten rule in the town that little was done on Sundays except go to church, sit on porches, visit neighbours, rest and relax the way God intended. (5)It was cloudy, quite cool for May, and as he toured his old turf, killing time until the appointed hour for the family meeting, he tried to dwell on the good memories from Clanton. There was Dizzy Dean Park where he had played Little League for the Pirates, and there was the public pool he'd swum in every summer except 1969 when the city closed it rather than admit black children. There were the churches—Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian—facing each other at the intersection of Second and Elm like wary sentries, their steeples competing for height They were empty now, but in an hour or so the more faithful would gather for evening services. (6)The square was as lifeless as the streets leading to it. With eight thousand people, Clanton was just large enough to have attracted the discount stores that had wiped out so many small towns. But here the people had been faithful to their downtown merchants, and there wasn't a single empty or boarded-up building around the square—no small miracle. The retail shops were mixed in with the banks and law offices and cafes, all closed for the Sabbath. (7)He inched through the cemetery and surveyed the Atlee section in the old part, where the tombstones were grander. Some of his ancestors had built monuments for their dead. Ray had always assumed that the family money he'd never seen must have been buried in those graves. He parked and walked to his mother's grave, something he hadn't done in years. She was buried among the Atlees, at the far edge of the family plot because she had barely belonged. (8)Soon, in less than an hour, he would be sitting in his father's study, sipping bad instant tea and receiving instructions on exactly how his father would be laid to rest. Many orders were about to be given, many decrees and directions, because his father(who used to be a judge)was a great man and cared deeply about how he was to be remembered. (9)Moving again, Ray passed the water tower he'd climbed twice, the second time with the police waiting below. He grimaced at his old high school, a place he'd never visited since he'd left it. Behind it was the football field where his brother Forrest had romped over opponents and almost became famous before getting bounced off the team. (10)It was twenty minutes before five, Sunday, May 7. Time for the family meeting.

生命没有寄托的人，青年时代和“儿时”对他格外宝贵。这种浪漫蒂克的回忆其实并不是发现了“儿时”的真正了不得，而是感觉到中年以后的衰退。本来，生命只有一次，对于谁都是宝贵的。但是，即使他的生命溶化在大众的里面，假使他天天在为这世界干些什么，那末，他总在生长，虽然衰老病死仍旧是逃避不了，然而他的事业——大众的事业是不死的，他会领略到“永久的青年”。 而“浮生如梦”的人，从这世界里拿去的很多，而给这世界的却很少——他总有一天会觉得疲乏的死亡：他连拿都没有力量了。衰老和无能的悲哀，像铅一样的沉重，压在他的心头。青春是多么短呵!

Debate about the policy to raise the retirement age of Chinese workers has been raging in China for the past few years. The compulsory retirement age in China is now 60 for male, 55 for female white-collar workers and 50 for female manual laborers. The following excerpts offer opinions from different channels about this issue. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from every side; 2. give your comment. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.The media Beijing Times: Even if authorities bind older people to their positions by raising the retirement age, these workers might not contribute much to overall productivity; worse still, there might not be sufficient jobs for young people who enter the job market because older people are still working. That's a possible negative result of delaying the retirement age, and policymakers need to be alert to it. Beijing Youth Daily: The ministry said Chinese workers retire at a quite early age. What they haven't told us is Chinese people's average life expectancy is low compared with developed countries, too. Japanese males retire five years later than Chinese males but they live about eight years longer. Therefore it is not fair for Chinese workers to retire at the same age as their counterparts in developed economies.The general public Satsu from Japan: In Japan people who officially retire at the age of 60 can still work for several years ( until 65) for half or less of their last salary because the retirement allowance is not enough for a decent life after work. The official state pension sets in at the age of 65 (probably soon 67) only. Eudaimonia from Greece: I think that it should be relevant to the type of work that the person is doing and the average life expectancy in the country. What this means? This means that, for example; —If somebody works in very poor working conditions, he should get early retirement. —There's absolutely no reason for women to retire earlier than men; if anything, it should be the other way around since women live longer. Tigerfish from the UK: We've done it in the UK too, but the problem is that we still have a huge youth unemployment problem. Employers are not taking on the new graduates and school leavers, so they just hang around streets and cause problems and manual workers are just not fit enough to keep going, and end up needing more medical help. Vivian from China: The retirement age should be left as it is. If people want to retire earlier they should be encouraged to do so. The whole idea is to give the young people a chance to fill these positions and get a start in life. Icwu from France: Delaying the retirement age to 65 for men and 60 for women makes sense. However, it's even better if it's coupled with delaying job entry for youths by 1 -2 years by introducing military training or community service (like the peace corps practice in the US in the past) or non-paid apprentice training (like that practiced in Germany) for our youths. These options will not only benefit our youths but also solve many employment problems as a result of delayed retirement. Laowai2 from the US: The same thing is happening in most countries with a welfare system. People are living longer, so they require pensions for more years. In China's case, women are probably receiving pensions for over 20 years. Although people pay into a pension fund, this does not cover their future pensions. Pensions are financed out of current taxation, so it is our children who will actually fund our pensions. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionalsand amateurs in science: exceptions can not be found to any rule.【S1】______Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry connotation that the【S2】______person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific communityand, in particular, may not fully share their values. The growth of【S3】______specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greaterproblems for professional participation in science. The trend was【S4】______naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geological publications over the lastcentury and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis of the【S5】______primacy of research, but also a changing definition of that【S6】______constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research intheir own right; and, in the twentieth century, local studies have【S7】______increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if theyincorporate, and reflect into the wider geological picture. Amateurs,【S8】______on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several localgeological journals in the twentieth century. As is a logical【S9】______consequence of this development, separate journals have nowappeared aiming mainly at either professional or amateur readership.【S10】______A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

PASSAGE TWO

There are a few differences in the organization of memorandums and letters. Memorandums and letters differ somewhat in【T1】______. "To" and "From" replace a letter's inside address and【T2】______, for example. Further, letters are usually sent outside the organization, while memorandums are usually internal messages. As internal messages, memorandums tend to be more informal, and【T3】______ than their letter counterparts. One survey of 800 business people showed they spent from【T4】______ of their time writing memorandums. There must be a lot of executives overwhelmed by the number of memorandums they receive. As a result, competition for【T5】______ places importance on directness and clarity in memorandums. So perhaps even more so than with letters. Memorandums should start with【T6】______ early in the message. Memorandums also need special【T7】______: keep paragraphs short, much like newspaper articles. Computers increasingly aid mid- and upper-level managers who prepare their own memorandums without【T8】______. If you prepare your own correspondence, realize the importance of dating your messages. Knowing precisely when...

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The founding of the Boston Library in 1653 demonstrate the early North American colonists' interest in books and libraries.

PASSAGE ONE

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We started burning some leaves in our yard, but the fire got out of hand and we had to call the fire department to put it down.

Visual PerspectivePerspective in art is the way that artists represent three-dimensional objects on the two dimensions of their canvas. There are two kinds of perspective and they occupy important roles in the art history.I.【T1】_____ perspective【T1】______ The way that the【T2】_____ affects how we see things,【T2】______especially distant things Makes a mountain in the distance appear to be less【T3】_____【T3】______than closer object Application:A. Realistic artists: reproduceB.【T4】_____: create their own special effects【T4】______II. Linear perspective the more【T5】_____ things are, the smaller they seem to get【T5】______ Example:【T6】_____; a line of telephone poles【T6】______III. "The vanishing point" Objects get smaller and smaller as they recede,until they vanish in a point on the【T7】_____【T7】______ Objects or scenes may have more than one vanishing point:A. A cube with one of its faces squarely perpendicular to us Single vanishing point: directly behind it and on the horizonB. A cube with one of its【T8】_____facing us【T8】______Two vanishing points:one for the right-hand face; one for the left-hand faceC. A cube viewed from somewhat【T9】_____【T9】______Three vanishing points:one to the right, one to the left, and a third one behind it IV. The history of perspective in art Early western art:Artists recognized the effect but failed to present itExample: the paintings inside【T10】_____【T10】______the illustrations in【T11】_____ Christian churches【T11】______ 13th and 14th century Reverse perspective 【T12】_____:【T12】______A Linear perspective1)Brunelleschi: conducted several【T13】_____ experiments【T13】______and discovered the rules of perspectiveExample: a(n)【T14】_____ of San Giovanni Bapistery【T14】______2)Donatello: began using accurate linear perspective; spread it throughout EuropeB. Aerial perspectiveFlemish and【T15】_____ masters: developed the idea【T15】______Example: Jan van Eyck's "The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin"

大厅里悄无一人，只听见钟在滴答滴答地走着。

桂林环境优雅，物产丰富。

Nearly every country in the developed world, and more and more in the developing world, provide free primary and secondary education. In the case of university education, however, there is a great deal of disparity between countries' education policies. The following are excerpts of opinions. Read them carefully and write your response in about 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment. Adam Swift, author of "How to Reap the Benefits of College" It is a fundamental right of individuals to experience university and to have access to the knowledge it affords. University serves as an extremely valuable forum for different views, which everyone has a right to experience should they wish. The state has a duty to facilitate this development. A state can only truly be considered legitimate when an educated electorate approves it. Without a proper education, individuals cannot be effective citizens. A university education in the modern world is essential to the development of such informed citizens. For this reason, free university is a great benefit to a citizen as an exploration for his own development on a personal level, and with his relation to society as a whole. Thomas Kane, author of "The Price of Admission: Rethinking How Americans Pay for College" There is no right to the university experience. University life is a mess-up. Students rarely take their time in university as seriously as some would suggest. Self-knowledge and genuine wisdom come from study and reflection. This can be done anywhere, not just in a university. There is no fundamental right of individuals to be allowed to take four years free of charge to learn new skills that will benefit them or teach them how to be better citizens. The state's duty is to provide a baseline of care, which in the case of education secondary school more than provides. If individuals want more they should pay for it themselves. Christine Hill, author of "Still Paying off that Student Loan" A university-educated populace is of great value to any state, and provides two main benefits. The first benefit is that it provides extensive economic boons to society. By facilitating higher education, through state funding of university study, countries increase the likelihood and quantity of investment in their economies by both domestic and foreign firms, as a highly educated and skilled workforce is a country trait many businesses consider highly desirable when making investment decisions. The second benefit is the development of leaders in society. States function best when the best and brightest have the opportunity to rise to the top. The barrier to entry created by fees and other costs of university will prevent some potentially high-worth individuals from ever reaching levels of success. Free university education allows all individuals to attend university, guaranteeing that the leaders of tomorrow have the chance to show their worth. Walter Allen, author of "College in Black and White" A highly educated populace does not provide the great economic bounties the supporters of free university education propound. Countries need educated people, including a certain amount of university graduates, but the idea that everyone having a degree would benefit society economically is unfounded. There is no economic benefit when people with degrees are doing jobs that do not require university education, and represents a substantial misallocation of resources on the part of the state. As to developing future leaders, those who are gifted or particularly driven can still rise to the top, even if university is not free, as scholarships tend to be mostly aimed at such individuals. Surely, society does not benefit at all from university being free.

Passage Two

夜色中看这堵围墙，十分奇妙，颇有点诗意。白墙、黑瓦、宝蓝色的漏窗泛出晶莹的光辉，里面的灯光从漏窗中透出来，那光线也变得绿莹莹的。清风吹来，树枝摇曳，灯光闪烁变幻，好像有一个童话般的世界深藏在围墙的里面。抬起头来从墙顶上往里看，可以看到主建筑的黑色屋顶翘在夜空里，围墙也变得不像墙了，它带着和主建筑相似的风格进入了整体结构。附近的马路也变样了，好像是到了什么风景区或文化宫的入口。

时间过得飞快。现在，他来纽约已经半年了。