Some of the greatest successes you can think of began with failure. What a big【C6】______a little continued effort and determination can make. Workplace expert Nan Russell, author of "The Titleless Leader: How to Get Things Done When You' re Not in Charge," offers a number of【C7】______of people who were deemed failures— and then turned successful. Albert Einstein was【C8】______to be mentally challenged as a child and told he would never amount to anything. Need we say how that one turned out? Walt Disney was fired from the Kansas City Star because the editor thought he lacked【C9】______. Chester Carlson' s early Xerox machines were【C10】______by 20 companies before he finally found a business partner. Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before inventing the light bulb. There are many quotes from the great inventor that are worth【C11】______to memory. Here' s just one:" Many of life' s failures are people who did not realize how【C12】______they were to success when they gave up. " So, while failure may not feel good, it' s often an essential part of success, the trial-and-error that can lead to greater things. If you spend all your time【C13】______about past mistakes, you might not notice when real opportunity arrives, so by all【C14】______, learn from your mistakes—then put them behind you, roll up your sleeves and get back to work. Here' s one more quote from Edison for us to think about: "If we all did the things we are【C15】______of, we would astound ourselves. "[A]capable[B]close[C]combination[D]committing[E]contributing[F]creativity[G]difference[H]encouraged[I]examples[J]judged[K]means[L]rejected[M]typical[N]ways[O]worrying

Which factor determines human beings' psychological space needs? Which factor determines human beings' psychological space needs?

Greg Louganis: These were the trials for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea. Until this dive, I had been ahead. But now, something else was more significant than winning. I might have endangered other divers' lives if I have spilled blood in the pool. For what I knew—that few others knew—was that I was HIV-positive. AIDS forced me to stop diving; I had to quit diving professionally after the Olympics.Margaret Chan: It is reported that almost three million people in developing countries are now receiving drugs for HIV. This is an increase of almost one million people from two thousand and six. Still, the hope was to reach three million by two thousand and five. But antiretroviral therapy, or ART, alone will not solve the problem. For every two persons we manage to provide them with ART, another five persons get infected. So again, we cannot underestimate the power of prevention.Paula Green: The disease robs the body of its natural defenses against infections. Almost seventy-five percent of people receiving HIV drugs are in Africa. The drugs help patients live longer without developing AIDS. An estimated nine million seven hundred thousand people in low and middle income countries were in need of HIV treatment last year. However, by the end of the year, just over thirty percent of them were getting it.Raymond Chow: Price reductions can be a main method to let more people with HIV, including more pregnant women, receive the drugs. Also, delivery systems should be redesigned to better serve individual countries and smaller health centers. And treatments should be simpler than in the past.William Wang: Huge barriers still remain in dealing with the AIDS epidemic. Getting patients to stay on their therapy is difficult. There are still large numbers of people who do not get tested for HIV. And there are many others who get tested too late and die within months. What's more, there is not enough joint treatment of HIV and the related infections that most often kill AIDS patients. And still another problem is the shortage of health care workers in the developing world. Now match each of the items (36 to 40 ) to the appropriate statement. Note: There are two extra statements. Statements[A] Some HIV-positive patients don't cooperate with doctors.[B] AID patient's blood may be dangerous to other people's lives[C] People are scared of AIDS.[D] Treatment is more urgent than prevention. [E] Many people can't get HTV drugs because of poverty. [F] More people get HTV treatment, but even more get infected. [G] HIV drugs should be cheaper.

{{B}}Section I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)Directions: This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are TWO parts in this section, Part A and Part B.　　Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 3 minutes to transfer your answe{{/B}}

About 10 years ago I met an advertising executive in New York who explained the difficulty of advertising a new brand of deodorant(除臭剂)to consumers. "Most people never change their deodorant, "I remember him saying. "They pick one brand when they are young, and stick with it for a long, long time. If it works, why switch?" 【B1】______ Once they have picked a type of phone, whether it' s Apple iOS, Google Android or something else, it's difficult, and often expensive, to switch. Consumers become comfortable with the interface and design of the phone and the apps they have purchased on that platform.【B2】______ That is why the race to pull in smartphone buyers is going to be especially severe over the next 18 to 24 months.【B3】______ there are still hundreds of millions of mobile phone owners around the world who have yet to move from a standard mobile or feature phone to its smarter, more intelligent big brother; the smart phone. Yet the change is happening at a much quicker pace than technology analysts and companies originally theorized. A report issued this week by Nielsen, the market research firm, found that among Americans【B4】______ 55 percent opted for a smart phone. This is up from 34 percent a year ago. At this point, who will lead that market is not up for debate. Android has been growing at a pace no one could have imagined, even Google. The company said this week that it now activates more than 500,000 Android devices each day. Mr. Llamas said Apple, which changed the smart phone game in 2007 when it introduced the iPhone, potentially has a ceiling with consumers as its mobile phone is often more expensive than those of its competitors. Although millions of customers flock to Apple products for their beauty, simplicity and powerful brand, many can't afford a new iPhone. This could change【B5】______ as some analysts expect. "Right now the iPhone only comes in one flavor; it' s not like other Apple products like the iPod where there are several different sizes, shapes and prices, " Mr. Llamas said.[A] Although it may seem that everyone owns a smart phone these days,[B] if Apple offers a less expensive model of the iPhone later this year,[C] If it works, why switch?[D] who purchased a new mobile phone in the last three months,[E] The smart phone race is still raging.[F] The same theory can be applied to customers who are making the switch to smart phones today.[G] iPhone is too expensive for most people,

Which city is the man going to visit?

{{B}}Part BDirections: Read the text, match the items (61-65) to one of the statements (A to G) given below. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.{{/B}}

How did the name of "computer virus" come into being? How did the name of "computer virus" come into being?

{{B}}Section IV Writing (40 minutes)Directions: You should write your responses to both Part A and Part B of this section on ANSWER SHEET 2.{{/B}}

"Any apples today?" Effie asked cheerfully at my window. I followed her to her truck and bought a kilo. On credit, of course.【C1】______"Pay me whenever you like," said Effie, climbing back into her truck. All pretense of payment was dropped when our funds, food and fuel decreased to alarming lows. Effie came often, always bringing some gift: a jar of peaches or some firewood. There were other generosities. Our baby was not doing well, so Effie financed my wife' s trip to New York for consultation with a specialist. 【C2】______Her income, derived from investments she had made while running an interior decorating shop, had never exceeded $200 a month, which she supplemented by selling her apples. But she always managed to help someone poorer. Years passed before I was able to return the money Effie had given me from time to time. She was ill now and had aged rapidly in the last year. "Here, darling," I said, "is what I owe you. " " Don' t give it to me all at once," she said. "【C3】______" I think she believed there was magic in the slow discharge of a love debt. The simple fact is that I never repaid the whole amount to Effie, for she died a few weeks later.【C4】______But a curious thing began to happen. Whenever I saw a fellow human in financial trouble, I was moved to help him. I can' t afford to do this always, but in the ten years since Effie' s death, I have indirectly repaid my debt to her. The oddest part of the whole affair is that people whom I help often help others later on.【C5】______So the account can never be marked closed, for Effie' s love will go on in hearts that have never known her.[A]At that time, it seemed that my debt would forever go unsettled.[B]Give your help to those in greater need.[C]Effie was not a rich woman.[D]Effie worked diligently all her life.[E]Cash was the one thing in the world I lacked just then.[F]By now, the few dollars Effie gave me have been multiplied many times.[G]Give it back as I gave it to you—a little at a time.

What's the relationship between the two speakers?

{{B}}Part ADirections: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.{{/B}}

When a 13-year-old Virginia girl started sneezing, her parents thought it was merely a cold. But when the sneezes continued for hours, they called in a doctor. Nearly two months later the girl was still sneezing, thousands of times a day, and her case had attracted worldwide attention. Hundreds of suggestions, ranging from "put a clothes pin on her nose" to "have her stand on her head" poured in. But nothing did any good. Finally, she was taken to Johns Hopkins Hospital where Dr. Leo Kanner, one of the world' s top authorities on sneezing, solved the baffling (难以理解的) problem with great speed. He used neither drugs nor surgery, curiously enough, the clue for the treatment was found in an ancient superstition about the amazing bodily reaction we call the sneeze. It was all in her mind, he said,a view which Aristotle, some 3,000 years earlier, would have agreed with heartily. Dr. Kanner simply gave a modern psychological interpretation to the ancient belief that too much sneezing was an indication that the spirit was troubled; and he began to treat the girl accordingly. "Less than two days in a hospital room, a plan for better scholastic and vocational adjustment, and reassurance about her unreasonable fear of tuberculosis quickly changed her from a sneezer to an ex-sneezer," he reported. Sneezing has always been a subject of wonder, awe and puzzlement. Dr. Kanner has collected thousands of superstitions concerning it. The most universal one is the custom of begging for the blessing of God when a person sneezes—a practice Dr. Kanner traces back to the ancient belief that a sneeze was an indication that the sneezer was possessed of an evil spirit. Strangely, people over the world still continue the custom with the traditional, "God bless you" or its equivalent. When scientists look at the sneeze, they see a remarkable mechanism which, without any conscious help from you, takes on a job that has to be done. When you need to sneeze you sneeze, this being nature's clever way of getting rid of an annoying object from the nose. The object may be just some dust in the nose which nature is striving to remove.

Greg Logan: These were the trials for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea. Until this dive, I had been ahead. But now, something else was more significant than winning. I might have endangered other divers' lives if I have spilled blood in the pool. For what I knew—that few others knew—was that I was HIV-positive. AIDS forced me to stop diving: I had to quit diving professionally after the Olympics. Margaret Chan: It is reported that almost three million people in developing countries are now receiving drugs for HIV. This is an increase of almost one million people from two thousand and six. Still, the hope was to reach three million by two thousand and five. But antiviral therapy, or ART, alone will not solve the problem. For every two persons we manage to provide them with ART, another five persons get infected. So again, we cannot underestimate the power of prevention. Paula Green: The disease robs the body of its natural defenses against infections. Almost seventy-five percent of people receiving HIV drugs are in Africa. The drugs help patients live longer without developing AIDS. An estimated nine million seven hundred thousand people in low and middle income countries were in need of HIV treatment last year. However, by the end of the year, just over thirty percent of them were getting it. Raymond Chow: Price reductions can be a main method to let more people with HIV, including more pregnant women, receive the drugs. Also, delivery systems should be redesigned to better serve individual countries and smaller health centers. And treatments should be simpler than in the past. William Wang: Huge barriers still remain in dealing with the AIDS epidemic. Getting patients to stay on their therapy is difficult. There are still large numbers of people who do not get tested for HIV. And there are many others who get tested too late and die within months. What' s more, there is not enough joint treatment of HIV and the related infections that most often kill AIDS patients. And still another problem is the shortage of health care workers in the developing world. Now match the name of each person(36 - 40)to the appropriate statement. Note: there are two extra statements. Statements [A]Some HIV-positive patients don't cooperate with doctors. [B]AID patient' s blood may be dangerous to other people' s lives. [C]People are scared of AIDS. [D]Treatment is more urgent than prevention. [E]Many people can't get HIV drugs because of poverty. [F]More people get HIV treatment, but even more get infected. [G]HIV drugs should be cheaper.

What' s the probable relationship between the two speakers?

When Carly Fiorina became Hewlett Packards first female chief executive officer, the existence of her househusband, Frank Fiorina, who had retired early from AT now this arrangement isn' t【C1】______ at all. Seven of the 10 women who are【C2】______ CEOs of Fortune 500 companies—including Xerox's Ursula Burns and PepsiCo' s Indra Nooyi—have, or at some point have had, a stay at home husband. So do scores of【C3】______ CEOs of smaller companies and women in other senior executive jobs. This role change is【C4】______ more and more as women edge past men at work. Women now【C5】______ a majority of jobs in the US, including 51. 4 percent of managerial and professional【C6】______ , according to US Census Bureau data. Some 23 percent of wives now earn more than their husbands. And this earnings trend is more dramatic among younger people. Women 30 and under make more money, on【C7】______ than their male counterparts(年龄相当的人)in many large cities in the US. During the recent【C8】______ , three men lost their jobs for every woman. Many unemployed fathers have ended up caring for their children full-time while their wives are the【C9】______ wage earners. The number of men in the US who【C10】______ care for children under age five increased to 32 percent in 2010 from 19 percent in 1988, according to Census figures.[A] appealing [B] average[C] conflict [D] currently[E] elementary [F] ensure[G] female [H] fill[I] occupations [J] occurring[K] positions [L] primary[M] recession [N] regularly[O] unusual

"Family" is of course an elastic word. And in different countries it has different meanings. But when British people say that their society is based on family life, they are thinking of "family" in its narrow, peculiarly European sense of mother, father and children living together in their own house as an economic and social unit. Thus, every British marriage indicates the beginning of a new and independent family—hence the tremendous importance of marriage in British life. For both man and woman, marriage means leaving one' s parents and starting one' s own life. The man' s first duty will then be to his wife, and the wife' s to her husband. He will be entirely responsible for her financial support, and she for the running of the new home. Their children will be their common responsibility and their alone. Neither the wife' s parents nor the husband' s, nor their brothers or sisters, aunts or uncles, have any right to interfere with them—they are their own masters. Readers of novels like Jane Austen' s Pride and Prejudice will know that in former times, marriage among wealthy families were arranged by the girl' s parents, that is, it was the parents' duty to find a suitable husband for their daughter, preferably a rich one, and by skillful encouragement to lead him eventually to ask their permission to marry her. Until that time, the girl was protected and maintained in the parents' home, and the financial relief of getting rid of her could be seen in their giving the newly married pair a sum of money called a dowry(嫁妆). It is very different today. Most girls of today get a job when they leave school and become financially independent before their marriage. This has had two results. A girl chooses her own husband, and she gets no dowry. Every coin has two sides; independence for girls is no exception. But it may be a good thing for all of the girls, as their social status are much higher and they are no longer the subordinate(部下，下级)of their parents and husbands.

Read the text below. Write an essay in about 120 words, in which you should summarize the key points of the text and make comments on them. Try to use you own words. You might think that good-looking men have every advantage in life. But new study suggests being handsome may not always work in a man' s favour—at least when it comes to his career. The research claims that attractive men are less likely to be given a job in a competitive workplace because they intimidate bosses. "It' s not always an advantage to be pretty," says Marko Pitesa, an assistant professor at the University of Maryland. ''It can backfire if you are perceived as a threat. " Interestingly, in Pitesa' s study, it was male attractiveness in particular, rather than female beauty, that made the most difference. If the interviewer expected to work with the candidate as part of a team, then he preferred goodlooking men. However, if the interviewer saw the candidate as a potential competitor, the interviewer discriminated in favour of unattractive men. The results suggest that interviewers were not blinded by beauty, and instead calculated which candidate would further their own career. "The dominant theoretical perspective in the social sciences for several decades has been that biases and discrimination are caused by irrational prejudice," Pitesa says. "The way we explain it here, pretty men just seem more competent, so it is actually subjectively rational to discriminate for or against them. " On a deeper level, she adds, the behaviour remains irrational, since there' s no evidence that a real link exists between looks and competence.

{{B}}Part ADirections: You will hear 10 short dialogues. For each dialogue, there is one question and four possible answers. Choose the correct answer ― A, B, C or D, and mark it in your test booklet. You will have 15 seconds to answer the question and you will hear each dialogue ONLY ONCE.{{/B}}

Paula: The future is determined by the actions of the present day. The responsibility we have for the future begins when we recognize that we ourselves create the future—that the future is not something imposed upon us by fate or other forces beyond our control. We ourselves build the future both through what we do and what we do not do. Mrs. John: The future will see more unbelievable things. In the future, people will be able to predict their performance from the strength of the brain' s electrical activity. Doctor Kramer has found that the strength of the brain' s electrical activity can be measured through the scalp(头皮). Bosses could measure brain activity through the scalp and tell whether a worker is performing well, working hard, or too tired to do the job properly. Mary: In the new century, things around us will be more fascinating. The chemical element in the heart is said to increase your desire for fat, when is stimulated. This means that disturbances of this chemical gelatin can lead to overeating. Doctor Sarah Leibowits presented an academic paper suggesting that the appetite for fat rich food can be controlled through drugs that block the effects of gelatin. Judy: In the future our life will change dramatically. It is quite certain that computers will play an important part in our life. You will visit your doctor, and find that he uses a computer screen and visual information about your condition, instead of his text books. Computers in your home will enable you to answer interactive questions about your health and show the alternative results which will affect you if you act in a certain way. Carrie: In the future, computers will change the way the doctors diagnose and treat their patients. Also doctors will change their traditional notion of medicine. Although pills for tension, heart conditions, being overweight and other life threatening conditions are prescribed by western doctors, most doctors now require patients to focus on healthy way of living by changing diets and doing more exercise as a means to keep fit. Statements[A]You build your own future.[B]Healthy lifestyle will be a more popular way to keep fit.[C]Computer will be an effective tool for doctors.[D]Doctors may not need pills for heart troubles or overweight[E]Your brain waves may be used to check out your work performance.[F]People will be able to visit doctors more frequently.[G]Our appetite will be well controlled by drugs.