单选题What might be the reason for the behaviour patterns of animals and humans?

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} There are at least two causes of anxiety: conflict and stress. As an example of the former, we can rarely predict the precise consequences of what we do, but we are awarded (oz cursed) with the intellectual capacity to anticipate the advantages and disadvantages which may arise for any action we may be contemplating. Very commonly we axe faced with a choice between several courses of action, all of which we have reasons for or against. This state of affairs -- in psychological jargon, multiple approach-avoidance conflict -- accounts for a great deal of our worrying: worrying, that is, about what to do. The other major source of worry is the dreadful things which may happen or have happened to us or to those we care for. Among the most stressful of these are death, illness, loss of work, money problems, marital problems and retirement. Such worries have a rational basis, but we are curiously irrational in the way we pursue them. For example, fear of death is as strong among young adults as among the elderly and it does not seem to be reduced by any sort of religious faith, including the belief that there is life after death. It is equally surprising that objective measures of anxiety suggest that we are as worried the hour before having a tooth filled as when we face a major medical operation. How do we deal with worries? Psychiatrists point to a number of defensive devices we can use to turn them aside. We can avoid the situations which induce them, one of the example being that some people refuse to fly in airplanes. We can deny that we have the worry at all, which may be risky if the worry is well-founded. Alternatively, we may repress it. These are hazardous; the former may lead to free-floating, clinical anxiety, while the latter is a way of saying that many physical troubles seem to be primarily emotional in origin. Temporary relief from anxiety can be obtained through engaging in a variety of coping behaviors. These include many of the commonest items of our behavioral repertoire. Smoking, drinking, sleeping, eating, taking physical exercise, daydreaming: all can be used to reduce anxiety when the occasion demands it. It is when they fail that worrying or anxiety threatens to become a clinical problem. Of course, some people worry more than others, whatever the circumstances. So far I have been discus- sing the state of anxiety, which is largely the product of the amount of stress an individual experiences. But anxiety is also a personality trait, closely related to Eysenck's neuroticism dimension, and the genes we inherit may make us likely become worriers. The importance of constitutional factors is underlined by the fact that people rarely have breakdowns for the first time later in life, despite the fact that stress-inducing events become more frequent as we get older.

单选题The shop owner agreed to buy the chair because ______.

单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}}Directions: Read the following texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET.{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} What exactly is a lie? Is it anything we say which we know is untrue? Or is it something more than that? For example, suppose a friend wants to borrow some money from you. You say, "I wish I could help you but I'm short of money myself." In fact, you are not short of money but your friend is in the habit of not paying his debts and you don't want to hurt his feelings by reminding him of this. Is this really a lie? Professor Jerald Jellison of the University of Southern California has made a scientific study of lying. According to him, women are better liars than men are, particularly when telling a "white lie", such as when a woman at a party tells another woman that she likes her dress when she really thinks it looks awful. However, this is only one side of the story. Other researchers say that men are more likely to tell more serious lies, such as making a promise which they have no intention of fulfilling. This is the kind of lie politicians and businessmen are supposed to be particularly skilled at the lie from which the liar hopes to profit or gain in some way. Research has also been done into the way people's behavior changes in a number of small, apparently unimportant ways when they lie. It has been found that if they are sitting down at the time, they tend to move about in their chairs more than usual. To the trained observer they are saying: "I wish I were somewhere else now." They also tend to touch certain parts of the face more often, in particular the nose. One explanation of this may be that lying causes a slight increase in blood pressure. The up of the nose is very sensitive to such changes and the increased pressure makes it itch. Another gesture which gives liars away is what the writer Desmond Morris in his book. Man watching calls "the mouth cover". He says there are several typical forms of this, such as covering part of the mouth with the fingers, touching the upper-lip or putting a finger of the hand at one side of the mouth. Such gesture can be understood as an unconscious attempt on the part of the liar to stop himself or herself from lying. Of course, such gestures as rubbing the nose or covering the mouth, or moving about in a chair cannot be taken as proof that the speaker is lying. They simply tend to occur more frequently in this situation. It is not one gesture alone that gives the liars away but a whole number of things and in particular the context in which the lie is told.

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单选题 Questions 22～25 are based on the following dialogue about driving.

单选题What will the man most probably do?

单选题Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. For the {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}month, mysterious fails of large chunks of ice (冰雹) {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}rained down on Spain and Italy. Juana Sanchez, a 70-year-old woman in Almeria, southern Spain, was knocked {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}when she was struck on the shoulder by a falling ice chunk {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}she walked in a street {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}her home. On January 12, just about 200 miles away in Seville, a man narrowly {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}serious injury when a 9-pound ball of ice {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}into his car. {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}the evening of January 27 priests at the Salesian monastery in L'Aquila, Italy were startled by a loud crash. {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}the noise, they discovered a large chunk of ice on their yard, {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}intact. Upon examination, the block of ice {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}in at 2 kilograms and no source {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}. On the same day, about 100 miles northeast in Ancona, Italy, the local officials were called to investigate the report of a man {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}was struck {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}the head by a 1 kilogram chunk of ice that apparently fell from the sky. Spain and Italy aren't the only European {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}getting attacked by huge ice blocks in January. On January 2 in Surrey, England (southwest of London), an East Indian man was walking through Newton Athletic Park when he {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}a strange whistling sound overhead. Seconds {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}, a large hunk of ice fell out of the clear blue sky and pounded into the soft ground, shattering over a 50 foot-wide area. The ice dug a hole of a foot deep and a foot in diameter. Even the shattered remains of the mystery ice were as large as tennis balls and were described as opaque {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}no unusual color or smell. Although eyewitnesses to the phenomenon report that they did not see anything in the sky that could account {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}the ice, scientists had to come up with a rationalization. Professor Jesus Martinez Frias, the geologist investigating the ice falls in Spain, told BBC News that the ice pieces had probably been {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}through sudden temperature drops in the stratosphere. This was the most likely explanation, he said, for the "very unusual" phenomenon.

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单选题How she wishes she ______more attention to her lessons when she was at school! [A] have paid [B] paid [C] had paid [D] has paid

单选题Although one might not think so from some of the criticism of it, advertising is essential to the kind of society in which people in the United Kingdom, and a very considerable proportion of the world at large, live. Advertising is indispensable as a means of communicating with others, of telling them about the goods and services that are provided, and of which most of them would never get to hear at all if it were not. for advertising. And advertising is extremely helpful to promote a rising standard of living. In talking about advertising, one should not think only in terms of a commercial on television, or an advertisement in the newspapers or periodicals. In its widest sense, advertising includes a host of other activities such as packaging, shop displays and—in the sense of communication—even the spoken word of the salesman. After all, the resources of advertising are to be found in the market place. For many years it was considered that it was enough to produce goods and supply services. It is only more recently that it has become increasingly understood that the manufacture of goods is a waste of resources unless those goods can be sold at a fair price within a reasonable time span. In the competitive society in which we live, it is important that we go out and sell what we have, and advertising plays an important role in this aspect, whether selling at home or in export markets. About two percent of the UK gross national product is relied on advertising. But it must not be thought that this advertising tries to sell goods to consumers who do not want them. Certainly, advertising does try to attract the interest of the potential consumer, but if the article when purchased does not match up to the standards that the advertising suggests that it will, it is obviously exceedingly unlikely that the article will sell well.

单选题Among characters of Leadville's golden age were H. A. W. Tabor and his second wife, Elizabeth McCourt. Their history is fast becoming one of the legends of the Old West. He went to Kansas in 1855. Perhaps he was lured by rumors of fortunes to be made in Colorado mines. So a few years later he moved west to the small Colorado mining camp known as California Gulch, which he later renamed Leadville when he became its leading citizen. "Great deposits of lead are sure to be found here. " he said. As it turned out, it was silver that was to make Leadville's fortune and wealth. Tabor knew little about mining himself, so he opened a general store. It was his custom to "grubstake" prospective miners to supply them with food and supplies, or "grub" , while they looked for ore, in return for which he would get a share in the mine if one was discovered. He did this for a number of years, but no one that he aided ever found anything of value. Finally one day in the year 1878, two miners came in and asked for "grub" . Tabor had decided to quit supplying it for having lost too much money that way. They were persistent, however, and Tabor was too busy to argue with them. "Oh help yourself. One more time won't make any difference," he said and went on selling shoes and hats. The two miners took $17 worth of sup plies, in return for which they gave Tabor a one-third interest in their findings. They picked a barren place and began to dig. After nine days they struck a rich vein of silver. Tabor bought the shares of the other two men, and so the mine belonged to him alone. This mine, known as the "Pittsburgh Mine, " made $1,300,000 for Tabor in return for his $17 investment. Later Tabor bought the Matchless Mine on another barren hillside just outside the town for $117,000. This turned out to be even more fabulous than the Pittsburgh, yielding $ 35,000 worth of silver per day at one time. Leadville grew. Tabor became its first mayor, and later became lieu tenant governor of the state.

单选题 {{I}}Questions 11-13 are based on a talk about birth order.{{/I}}

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