{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} Poverty exists because our society is an unequal one ,and there are extremely strong and powerful political pressures to keep it that way. Any attempt to redistribute wealth and income in the United States will inevitably be opposed by powerful middle and upper class interests. People can be relatively rich only if others are relatively poor, and since power is concentrated in the hands of the rich, public policies will continue to reflect their interests rather than those of the poor. As Herbert Gans (1973) has pointed out, poverty is actually functional from the point of view of the non-poor. Poverty ensures that" dirty" work gets done. If there were, no poor people to scrub floors and empty waste, these jobs would have to be rewarded with high incomes before anyone would touch them. Poverty creates jobs for many of the non-poor, such as police officers, welfare workers, pawnbrokers, and government bureaucrats. Poverty makes life easier for the rich by providing them with cooks, gardeners, and other workers to perform basic chores while their employers enjoy more, pleasurable activities. Poverty provides a market for inferior goods and services, such as day-old bread, run-down automobiles, or the advice of incompetent physicians and lawyers. Poverty makes middle-class values seem acceptable. To the middle class, the fate of the poor — who are supposed to lack the virtues of thrift, honesty, and a taste for hard work — only confirms the desirability of qualities the poor are thought to lack. Poverty also provides a group that can be made to absorb the costs of change. For example, the poor suffer the main part or force of unemployment caused by automaton, and it is their homes, not those of the wealthy, that are demolished when a route has to be found for a new highway. There is no intentional, conscious "secret plan" of the wealthy to keep the poor in poverty. It is just that poverty is an inevitable outcome of the American economic system; which the poor are politically powerless to influence change.

{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} There was one thought that air pollution affected only the area immediately around large cities with factories and heavy automobile traffic. At present, we realize that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution, the problem is literally worldwide. On several occasions over the past decade, a heavy cloud of air pollution has covered the east of the United States and brought health warnings in rural areas away from any major concentration of manufacturing and automobile traffic. In fact, the very climate of the entire earth may be infected by air pollution. Some scientists consider that the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the air resulting from the burning of fossil fuels (coal and oil)is creating a "greenhouse effect"—conserving heat reflected from the earth and raising the world's average temperature. If this view is correct and the world's temperature is raised only a few degrees, much of the polar ice cap will melt and cities such as New York, Boston, Miami, and New Orleans will be in water. Another view, less widely held, is that increasing particular matter in the atmosphere is blocking sunlight and lowering the earth's temperature—a result that would be equally disastrous. A drop of just a few degrees could create something close to a new ice age, and would make agriculture difficult or impossible in many of our top farming areas. Today we do not know for sure that either of these conditions will happen (though one recent government report drafted by experts in the field concluded that the greenhouse effect is very possible). Perhaps, if we are lucky enough, the two tendencies will {{U}}offset{{/U}} each other and the world's temperature will stay about the same as it is now. Driven by economic profit, people neglect the damage on our environment caused by the "advanced civilization". Maybe the air pollution is the price the human beings have to pay for their development. But is it really worthwhile?

填空题Chris Roddy

填空题Kevin

填空题Marsh Cassady: Expect to be the most-hated mother in school because I will not allow my child to have a TV in his/her own room. I will also not use the TV as an electronic" babysitter" as so many parents do. It's not my place to judge others, but I just don't feel it is right for a child to sit and stare for horns on end when he could be playing or participating in other activities that are much more appropriate and stimulating.Benjamin Harrison: A lot of parents are not allowing their children any TV at all until they are much older. The reason is that the constant angle change of the camera produces passivity in children. They then expect life to be as "fast and change pace at the level that the TV does. There was once a cartoon where a child picks up a toy and says, "What does it do?" That's the problem with TV and young children. It steals their imaginations.Robert MacNell: TV is not that bad, but it's not that good either. It has its pros and cons. The word here would be" Control". Got to learn how to have it in moderate amounts, and confirm the information that is gathered. I love TV because it improves my English speaking skills; it tells me different accents of different persons in different countries when speaking it. It makes me laugh sometimes. Discovery channel would be great.David Naster: Basically, I feel freer without a television in my house. I just feel there is something more natural about life without the glowing screens, and when I go several months with no exposure to TV, it feels like I have stepped out of a fishbowl. Of course, to people who watch TV ,the perception may be just the opposite — I do not live in a fishbowl because I have exiled myself from the TV culture that so many share.Adrienne Popper: I watch all types of sitcoms, news, talk shows, documentaries, etc.., in English, Spanish, and a little in German, with a notebook and a pen beside the set, taking notes OFF slang, idiomatic expressions, course words, everything teenagers ask me in the classroom (I mean in English classes ). Otherwise I wouldn't have access to these things. We don't have many natives at hand to help with them, books won't bring them, so TV is my everyday assistant. Now match each of the persons ( 61. to 65) to the appropriate statement. Note: there are two extra statements. Statements[A] TV program is not helpful for the creation of children's imagination.[B] Life without TV is freer and more natural.[C] Watching TV makes one feel relaxed.[D] Instead of watching TV, children should take part in other activities.[E] TV program is a good source of education.[F] There are advantages and disadvantages for TV.[G] TV is beneficial to child-care for mothers.

填空题Dr. Shen Yushun

填空题Mr Mike Smith: It wasn't an easy decision, but we've been asking for a decent wage for years. Now at last people are beginning to listen to us. We're only asking for a 25 percent increase in our wages. 250 dollars a week. That's all. It's pity so many people have to be inconvenienced by our strike. But please don't blame us. Blame the government for refusing our claim. Mr Tom Brown: It's totally unreasonable to demand so much money when we are trying desperately to control inflation. If wages go up, so do prices. If we gave in to the electricity workers, all the other unions would want more, with the inevitable result that the crisis would become uncontrollable. What we're trying to impress upon everybody is that inflation hurts everybody, especially the poor people. We offer the electricity workers a 10 percent increase. And that's already too much. My stand at this meeting will be to persuade the Union to see reason. Mr Bob Davis: Everybody will be hurt by this strike, including the electricity workers themselves. The economy will be destroyed and many people will lose their jobs. Already people are saying that the big unions have too much power and shouldn't be allowed to strike. Of course the electricity want to get more money. Don't we all? Mr Baker: My opinion is "Get the Army in". All the power stations should be managed by the army. The strikers should be thrown into prison. That's what this country needs. Why must we all suffer just because a few men are greedy? If they don't like their jobs, nobody's forcing them to work. They should try and live on 50 dollars a week like I have to. Perhaps they'd keep their mouths shut then. Miss Slater: Let's face it. It's neither here nor there. The electricity workers are in a strong position. Perhaps we can't do anything about it. What I say is: let them have their 250 dollars so we can return to work. I mean, the government wastes the taxpayers' money all the time on trivial things. How can anyone say 250 dollars is "too much"? Pop singers get more. Nurses get less. It's just one of those things. Statements[A] A 10% increase is already too much, and I'm here to persuade the Union to see reason.[B] I hope that strikes should be banned in all sectors relating to the nation's security and stability.[C] We will never go back to work until our goals are achieved.[D] I think that the government should give in to the electricity worker's demands.[E] I strongly suggest that all the power stations should be run by the army and that the strikers should be put into prison.[F] I must take you clear that strikes will destroy the economy and that many people will lose their jobs.[G] We are forced to call a strike because the government rejected our wage claim.

填空题Directions: Read the text from a magazine article in which several people expressed their different opinions on the same issue. Please match the name of each person to one of the statements given below. Tang Haiyang I'm fond of new things and like a life that changes every day. If people engaged in this specialty fail to learn new things and brush up their knowledge, they will be eliminated quickly through competition. Sometimes I think how tiring it is to live a whole life like this. No wonder many people in the IT industry have designed a life pattern of working hard and making enough money to retire at the age of 40. Dai Ni I dreamed of becoming a diplomat in my childhood. But I never thought of serving as a kids' head. Working with children, I feel pure happiness. I've learned a lot from them, such as the law governing the Internet and websites. The Internet is developing so quickly that young people of my age do not necessarily know more than the kids do. Chert Bin The greatest attraction of the Internet industry lies in its difference from traditional industries. New ideas can be adopted quickly in the trade. On many occasions there are no defined rules. People give full play to their own abilities. If it's successful, it's right. If not, take up a new idea. There's no fixed pattern here. Lin Sumin The charm of the Internet lies in its possession of some basic things that cater to human nature, things that satisfy people's desire to communicate while hiding themselves. Everybody wishes to make sincere friends. But, more and more people are afraid of face-to-face communication. So they indulge in chatting on the net. Chatting on the net is a sort of unreal state. But, is it all true when people talk face to face? Now match each of the persons with the appropriate statement. Note: there are two extra statements. Statements A. I feel happy to have learned a lot from children. B. I hope to realize my media dream through Internet. C. I think people wish to talk with each other without face-to-face communication. D. I must keep on learning new things in this field. E. I can always have new ideas on the Internet. F. Internet is charming.

填空题Mr. Mike Smith

填空题Sampson

填空题 Yang Yuanqing: After graduating from the China Science and Technology University in 1989, Yang Yuanqing joined the Legend Group. Still a young man at 36, Yang is in the vanguard of the Chinese computer industry as the vicechairman of the Legend Group and general manager of the Legend Computer Co. "The personal computer is a portal to the Internet," says Yang in response to claims of a "post-PC era" sweeping through the information industry. According to these claims, the IT focus is shifting towards networks and PC manufacturing is in danger of declining. Though few people doubt the staying power of Leg end, not everyone agrees with Yang's belief in the importance of continued PC development. Zhang Xianghui: During his five years with Microsoft (China), Zhang had led teams in the development of more than 100 Chinese versions of major software packages, such as Windows 95, Windows 98, Office 95, Office 97,and the upcoming Windows 2000. Perhaps his most outstanding achievement has been the Venus Plan, which is expected to ignite a major revolution in the home computer field. If a consumer doesn't read English or has a low educational level, the Internet is virtually inaccessible. But the Venus Plan is poised to change all that by giving Chinese speakers direct access to the Internet. Industry experts believe the move will transform the structure of Internet use in China. Sa Qiqiang: Su Qiqiaug is a co-founder of the Lianbang Software and User's Friend. When Su set up Federal Soft ware in 1994 and initiated the industry's first chain marketing strategy, he had no idea that he was rewriting the layout of the domestic software markets and giving a needed shot-in-the-arm to the development of software industries. In 1999, Su did it again. His first investment in E-commerce, 8848. net, had also proven a successful story. Since it first went online in March of last year,8848, net has become the busiest Chinese E-commerce site. Jiang Kan: Most people know him as a leading comic often features on television and radio. Few people realize the he is also paving new roads through cyberspace. His celebrity chatroom at warm. kp. net. cn has attracted over 200 000 hits since it began inviting famous personalities to live discussions with netizens. Zhang Chaoyang: His company, Sohu, was China's first seed-money supported Internet company, was Internet's first venture capital investment in China, and offered the first major Chinese-language search engine. The many "firsts" achieved by Sohu (www. sohu. com) have draw considerable media attention and given the 35-year-old Zhang Chaoyang a true taste of fame. Now match each of the persons (61 to 65) to the appropriate statement. Note: there are two extra statements.Statements[A] With the idea of chain marketing strategy, he rewrote China's software markets and set a busiest Chinese E-commerce site.[B] Many "firsts" have made him famous, but his company did not get a significant success.[C] in his opinion, since the IT focus is shifting towards networks, PC is no longer as it used to be.[D] He helps a lot of Chinese who do not know English well to access to the Internet and use Microsoft's software.[E] Before he got involved in computer, he has long become famous in China.[F] His company is the first one who got money from a foreign company Internet.[G] No matter how other people think about personal computer, he still insists that without PC, it could be impossible to talk about Internet.

填空题Directions: Read the text from a magazine article in which several useful, and interesting idioms of English. Please match the name of each idiom to one of the statements given below. All Thumbs The thumb shaped the human hand. Without it, man might not have survived. Luckily, the hand developed only one thumb. Two thumbs on the hand would be like having two or more cooks in a small kitchen. There are days when this happens to all of us, days when everything we do seems to go wrong. We cannot even get the right shoe on. The typist cannot hit the fight key. The carpenter's hammer misses the nail and hits his finger. Nothing can be done but throw upon one's hands and moan, "God, I am all thumbs today." Achilles Heel This is the story-Homer tells in the Iliad. Achilles' mother bathed him as a baby in the River Styx to make him immortal, deathless like a god. But she held him by the heel and it didn't get wet. The heel, therefore, was the one spot where Achilles could be hurt, possibly killed. And so he was in the Trojan war. None of the weapons was able to hurt Achilles. The god Apollo, however, knew of Achilles' weak spot and told Paris about it. Paris then shot an arrow at Achilles' heel and killed him. Skin of my teeth The character of Job in the Bible will never he forgotten. People everywhere will remember him as a man who suffered every misfortune, hut stood firm in his faith and belief in God. Everything, everybody turned against him. "I escaped," says Job, "by the skin of my teeth". This expression has puzzled many people because there is no skin on one's teeth. However, that makes little difference. The phrase used by Job is a powerful one, describing how near he was to he totally destroyed. So, can you find another phrase whose meaning is close to this one? Stiff upper lip In the early days of the Second World War, the civilian population of England lived through terror and destruction. Nazi bombs rained down with little mercy; London burned from end to end. But the spirit of the people never broke. They were urged by their leaders to "keep a still lip". And so they did, and won the respect and admiration of the entire world. After reading the passage, what do you think the phrase means? To pull a boner This phrase comes from the old American minstrel shows. There were two men in these shows who were called Mr. Bones, because they carded two small sticks of bone that they used as instruments. They were asked questions by one of the other men in the show just to get stupid but funny answers. This became known as "pull boners". But in time the expression meant something more than getting an answer to make you laugh. It meant something more serious. Can you guess what this phrase means? Now match each of the idioms with the appropriate statement. Note: there are two extra statements. Statements A. weak point B. lightening missed me by a hair C. a man who can't get anything fight D. something not existing E. to keep oneself under control in the face of disaster F. to do funny silly things G. a bad blunder, a mistake that is costly

填空题Abbey You can always recognize dieters from the sour expression on their faces. They spend most of their time turning their noses up at food. They are forever consulting calorie charts, gazing at themselves in mirrors, and leaping onto weighing-machines in the bathroom. They spend a lifetime fighting a losing battle against spreading hips, protruding tummies and double chins. What a miserable lot dieters are!Marlin I began making some dietary and lifestyle changes during my second year of college and have been eating this way ever since. I like the way I feel when I don't eat animal foods so much more than the pleasure I used to get from eating them. I have much more energy; I need less sleep; I feel calmer; I can maintain an ideal body weight without worrying about how much I eat, and I can think more clearly.Maggie During my first year of college, I gained forty pounds when I began throwing the javelin. For the next twenty years, I carried all of this extra weight and kidded myself that I was in good shape since that's what I weighed in college. Now that I've lost all that extra weight, I feel great! People say all the time, "Well, how do you live without eating cheeseburgers or this or that?" and I say, "You just don't. It's not even an option." It's not that hard once you get on it.Belinda If you are on a diet, you're always hungry. You can't be hungry and happy at the same time. All the horrible concoctions you eat instead of food leave you permanently dissatisfied. A complete food it may be, but not quite as complete as juicy steak. So at least three times a day you will be exposed to temptation. How miserable to watch others tucking into piles of mouth-watering food while you munch a water biscuit and sip unsweetened lemon juice! And if hunger just proves too much for you, in the end you will lash out and devour five huge guilt-inducing cream cake sat a sitting. Then things will turn out to be even worse. Wood I went on diet when my doctor told me that my blood pressure tended to be high. Only at that time did I realize the danger of being overweight. Since I began making dietary changes in 1982, eating this way has become increasingly accepted. I don't feel I've lost something after dieting. Instead, I've got something valuable. That is good health. Now match each of the schools to the appropriate statement. Note: there are two extra statements.[A] Being on a diet is a torture.[B] I feel better with vegetarian food.[C] I lost weight after dieting.[D] I began dieting for the sake of health.[E] Dieting enables people to enjoy life more.[F] Dieting simply causes endless worries.[G] Dieting does more harm than good to one's health.

填空题 {{B}}Text{{/B}}Glynis Davis: I first piled on the pounds when I was pregnant and I couldn't lose them afterwards. Then I joined a slimming club. My target was 10 stone and I lost 2 stone in five months. I felt perfect and people kept saying how good I looked. But Christmas came and I started to slip back into my old eating habits. I told myself I'd lose the weight at slimming classes in the new year...but it didn't happen. Instead of losing the pounds, I put them on. I'd lost the willpower and tried to convince myself that the old bag of crisps didn't make any difference--but the scales don't lie.Roz Juma: Honestly, I never weigh myself--I've learned to be happy with myself. It appeared ridiculous to feel guilty about every morsel that passed my lips. My philosophy is simple; you shouldn't be preoccupied with food and dieting. Instead, you should get on with life and stop dreaming about a super-thin body. This is obviously the size I'm meant to be and, most of all, I'm happy with it.Lesley Godwin: I was extremely happy after winning Young Slimmer of the Year. I'd look in the mirror unable to believe this slim creature was me. That might have been my problem--perhaps I didn't relate to my reflection any more. Winning a national competition makes everything worse, though, because you feel world are on you. I feel regretted because I've put on weight again...I find it humiliating and embarrassing.Ros Langford: Before moving in with my husband Steven, I'd always been about 8 stone, but domestic bliss went straight to my waist and I put on 2 stone in a year. Every so often I try to go on a diet...I'm really good for a few days, then end up eating the children's leftovers or gorging on chocolate...my weakness. I'd like to be slim, but at present my priorities are the children and home. I may be more motivated when the kids are older.Julia Minifie: I'm a compulsive eater. I can't control my urges and I really love cakes. When I'm slim I feel like a million dollars--and when I'm not I get very depressed. Over the years I'd tried and failed with just about every diet. I was determined I'd never put the weight back on, but at some stage along the line I lost my resolution, and it started to creep on again ... Certainly I will face the same problem in the future. Now match each of the women (61-65) to the appropriate statement. Note: there are two extra statements. Statements[A] I put on weight after I got married[B] The heavier, the merrier.[C] Facts speak louder than words.[D] I like myself as I am.[E] I'm constantly at war with my weight.[F] Fame doesn't necessarily mean success.[G] I think I'll be slim again.

填空题Mrs. Baker

填空题Paragraph 2

填空题Directions: Read the following five advertisements in which the authors express their ads about, the jackets. For Questions 61 to 65, match each advertisement (61 to 65) to one of the statements (A to G) given below. Arlo Blockout $99.99 Features double storm flap at front; adjustable velcro straps on sleeves; hood rolls away into collar. Evaluation as the dropped tail, slightly heavier material and storm flaps show, this is not exclusively a running jacket. That doesn't mean you can't run in it. You can, although you feel and hear it a lot more than the others. The water-proofing is excellent, but it struggled to allow any air circulation on longer runs. But if you intend to do more than run in the jacket, this is the one for you. Fine World $84.99 Features reflective piping on back of shoulders and into on collar; detachable hood; two side pockets. Evaluation Fine World set out with the intent of finding a fully waterproof, breathable material at an affordable price. It has largely achieved that with a coated nylon which is Fairly light, reasonably quiet and certainly keeps out the water. Where it suffers is in its ability to keep you dry inside. The polyester lining was always soaking after every run, especially around the upper body. Fine Form $119.99 Features concealed hood; front and back reflective trim; two side pockets. Evaluation this is a classic, no-frills jacket specifically designed for the running market, It is heavier than some of the other models, but it's certainly the best one to be wearing in the midst of a storm. Due to the weight, you tend to generate more sweat when you're running, which it struggles to clear. It is expensive but well finished throughout. One minor irritant is the hood, which is bulky when rolled away in the collar and would be better detached. High Flyer $49.99 Features reflective piping; half-body lining; two side pockets. Evaluation if you want light and quiet, this is your jacket. The material must be one of the lightest around. It has a soft, cotton-like feel which cuts down on the usual noise of the jacket rubbing against itself. But while water initially beaded and fell off the jacket, in a heavy downpour it can become quite damp inside. However, it did dry out again particularly quickly. If you're worried about price, this is a good option. Storm-trooper $119.99 Features reflective trim on body and sleeves; elasticated Velcro cuffs; thick collar. Evaluation despite its appearance, Storm-trooper's weatherproof material has a soft feel. However, although the large back vents help air circulate, it doesn't keep you perfectly dry inside, and the fleecy collar doesn't help. Nevertheless, everyone who ran in the jacket liked it a lot. In fact, it looked almost too good to go out running in. The one curious thing is the color. Despite the reflective elements, at the back is a strange choice for a winter jacket. Note: There are two extra statement. Statements A. This jacket will give you the greatest protection in bad weather. B. This is the least expensive of the jackets. C. You can remove the hood of this jacket. D. The company that makes this jacket has come up with a new fabric. E. This jacket makes more noise when you run than any other jackets. F. You cannot buy this jacket at the moment. G. This is suitable as a fashion jacket too.

填空题Mr. White

填空题Tomsom

填空题Crispin Caldicott: This government in particular suffers from the belief that the state is more important than the citizen to whom it should serve. So called green taxes will rapidly become corrupted and lost in the mire of revenue collection that has become the only reason for the existence of governments in general. Gary Eagle: Tax this. Tax that. Try encouragement rather than punishment. Or perhaps lead by example. Show us someone else cares and people will follow. Wind farms instead of polluting power stations would be a great place to start. Irfan Raza: The best way is to change peoples thinking about the environment and convince them that the only way things are going to improve is if we change our attitudes and actions. This Green Tax stuff might make us realise and recongnise the importance of it at the moment, but I don"t think it will last as people will soon think it is just another money making proposal by the government. Zulu Phiri: It seems that everytime there is excess of something it is taxed. Taxing won"t stop it. How about we have some original thought for a change instead of seeing how much money can be made from a problem under the guise of "Making the world a better place!" or something to that effect. Bry Barnes: The Treasury have been getting ￡45bn per year from car tax and other taxes on road users for at least the last 10 years and have only re-invested 0.5% of that back into roads and the transport infrastructure. That"s why in the South West, 90% of all roads are still single lane roads. So what makes me think that none of this tax will go anywhere near counteracting the effects of greenhouse gases? It"s just another tax that will hit the poorest hardest. Now match each of the persons to the appropriate statement. Note: there are two extra statements. Statements A. Money is not the solution to the problem. B. Only money can solve the problem. C. We should use the obverse way to tackle pollution, but not punishment. D. "Green taxes" are not the best way to tackle pollution. E. Little of the "Green taxes" may be used to solve the pollution. F. "Green taxes" can solve the pollution. G. "Green taxes" has simply become legal extortion.