Passwords are everywhere in computer security. All too often, they are also ineffective. A good password has to be both easy to remember and hard to guess, but in practice people seem to pay attention to the former. Names of wives, husbands and children are popular. " 123456" or "12345" are also common choices. That predictability lets security researchers(and hackers)create dictionaries which list common passwords, useful to those seeking to break in. But although researchers know that passwords are insecure, working out just how insecure has been difficult. Many studies have only small samples to work on. However, with the co-operation of Yahoo!, Joseph Bonneau of Cambridge University obtained the biggest sample to date—70 million passwords that came with useful data about their owners. Mr Bonneau found some interesting variations. Older users had better passwords than young ones. People whose preferred language was Korean or German chose the most secure passwords: those who spoke Indonesian the least. Passwords designed to hide sensitive information such as credit-card numbers were only slightly more secure than those protecting less important things, like access to games. "Nag screens" that told users they had chosen a weak password made virtually no difference. And users whose accounts had been hacked in the past did not make more secure choices than those who had never been hacked. But it is the broader analysis of the sample that is of most interest to security researchers. For, despite their differences, the 70 million users were still predictable enough that a generic password dictionary was effective against both the entire sample and any slice of it. Mr Bonneau is blunt: "An attacker who can manage ten guesses per account will compromise around 1% of accounts. " And that is a worthwhile outcome for a hacker. One obvious solution would be for sites to limit the number of guesses that can be made before access is blocked. Yet whereas the biggest sites, such as Google and Microsoft, do take such measures, many do not. The reasons of their not doing so are various. So it' s time for users to consider the alternatives to traditional passwords.

Where do you think does the dialogue take place?

A smile is a strong sign of a friendly and open attitude and a willingness to communicate. It is a positive, silent sign sent with the hope the other person will smile back. When you smile, you show you have noticed the person in a positive way. The result? That person will usually smile back. You might not realize a closed position is the cause of many conversational problems. A common closed position is sitting with your arms and legs crossed and your hand covering your mouth or chin. This is often called the "thinking pose". Ask yourself this question; Are you going to interrupt someone who appears to be deep in thought? This position gives off "stay away" signs and prevents your main "sign sender"(your mouth)from being seen by others looking for inviting conversational signs. The open body position is most effective when you place yourself within communicating distance of the other person—that is, within about five feet. Take care, however, not to enter someone's "personal space" by getting too close, too soon. Leaning forward a little while a person is talking shows your interest and how you are listening to what the person is saying. By doing this, you are saying: I hear what you're saying, and I'm interested in—keep talking! Often people will lean back with their hands over their mouth, chin, or behind their head in the "thinking" pose. This position gives off signs of judgment, doubt, and lack of interest from the listener. Since most people do not feel comfortable when they think they are being judged, this leaning-back position serves to prevent the speaker from continuing. In many cultures the most common form of first contact between two people is a handshake. Be the first to extend your hand in greeting. Couple this with a friendly "Hello" , a nice smile, and your name and you have made the first step to open the lines of communication. Eye contact should be natural, not forced or overdone. Direct eye contact shows you are listening to the other person and that you want to know about her.

{{B}}Part ADirections: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.{{/B}}

{{B}}Part B{{/B}}

When did Miss Wang move to her apartment? When did Miss Wang move to her apartment?

Where does the conversation most probably take place?

When Carios Westez died at the age of 76, a language died, too. Westez, more commonly known as Red Thunder Cloud, was the last speaker of the Native American language Catawba. Anyone who wants to hear the songs of the Catawba can contact the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , D . C . , where, back in the 1940s, Red Thunder Cloud recorded a series of songs for future generations.【B1】 1They are all that is left of the Catawba language. The language that people used to speak is gone forever. We are all aware of the danger that modern industry can do to the world' s ecology(生态). However, few people are aware of the impact widely spoken languages have on other languages and ways of life. English has spread all over the world. Chinese, Spanish, Russian, and Hindi have become powerful languages as well.【B2】 2When this happens, hundreds of languages that are spoken by only a few die out. Scholars believe there are around 6,000 languages around the world, but more than half of them could die out within the next 100 years. There are many examples. Araki is the language of the island of Vanuatu, located in the Pacific Ocean. It is spoken by only a few older adults, so like Catawba, Araki will soon disappear. Many languages of Ethiopia will have the same fate because each one has only a few speakers.【B3】 3In the Americas, 100 languages, each of which has fewer than 300 speakers, are dying out. Red Thunder Cloud was one of the first to recognize the danger of language death and to try to do something about it. He was not actually bomb into the Catawba tribe, and the language was not his mother tongue.【B4】 4The songs he sang for the Smithsonian Institution helped to make Native American music popular. Now he is gone, and the language is dead. What does it mean for the rest of us when a language disappears? When a plant, insect, or animal species dies, it is easy to understand what has been lost and to appreciate what it means for the balance of the natural world. However, language is only a product of the mind. To be the last remaining speaker of a language, like Red Thunder, must be a peculiarly lonely destiny, almost as strange and terrible as being the last surviving member of a dying species. 【B5】 5[A]Some people might want to learn some of these songs by hearts.[B]Most languages have become less and less speakers.[C]However, he was a frequent visitor to the Catawba reservation in South Carcinoma where he learned the language.[D]These languages don't have many native speakers.[E]For the rest of us, when a language dies, we lose the possibility of a unique way of seeing and describing the world.[F]As these language become more powerful, their use as tools of business and culture increase, as well.[G]Papus New Guines is an extremely rich source of different language, but more than 100 of them are in danger of extinction(灭绝). 【B1】

" We are not about to enter the Information Age, but instead are rather well into it. " Present predictions are that by 1990, about thirty million jobs in the United States, or about thirty percent of the job market, will be computer-related. In 1980, only twenty-one percent of all American high schools owned one or two computers for student use. In the fall of 1985, a new study showed that half of United States secondary schools have fifteen or more computers for student use. And now educational experts , administrators, and even the general public are demanding that all students become " computer-literate". By the year 2000 knowledge of computers will be necessary in over eighty percent of all occupations. Soon those people not educated in computer use will be compared to those who are print-illiterate today. What is "computer literacy"? The term itself seems to imply some degree of "knowing" about computers, but knowing what? The present opinion seems to be that this should include a general knowledge, of what computers are, plus a little of their history and something of how they operate. Therefore, it is important that educators everywhere take a careful look not only at what is being done, but also at what should be done in the field of computer education. Today most adults are able to use a motor car without the slightest knowledge of how the internal combustion engine works. We effectively use all types of electrical equipment without being able to tell their histories or to explain how they work. Business people for years have made good use of typewriters and adding machines, yet few have ever known how to repair them. Why, then, attempt to teach computers by teaching how or why they work? Rather, we first must fix our mind on teaching the effective use of the computer as the tool is. " Knowing how to use a computer is what' s going to be important. We don' t talk about ' automobile literacy'. We just get in our cars and drive them. "

Who is the speaker?

Nowadays, a standard for measuring power has changed. These changes foretell a new standard for measuring power. No longer will a nation' s political influence be based solely on the strength of its military forces. Of course, military effectiveness will remain a primary measure of power. But political influence is also closely tied to industrial competitiveness. It' s often said that without its military the Soviet Union would really be a third-world nation. The new standard of power and influence that is evolving now places more emphasis on the ability of a country to compete effectively in the economic markets of the world. America must recognize this new course of events. Our success in shaping world events over the past 40 years has been the direct result of our ability to adapt technology and to take advantage of the capabilities of our people for the purpose of maintaining peace. Our industrial prowess(威力)over most of this period was unchallenged. It is ironic(有讽刺性的)that it is just this prowess that has enabled other countries to prosper and in turn to threaten our industrial leadership. The competitiveness of America' s industrial base is an issue bigger than the department of defense and is going to require the efforts of the major institutional forces in our society, government, industry, and education. That is not to say that the defense department will not be a strong force in the process. But we simply cannot be, nor should we be, looked upon by others as the savior(救星)of American industry.

There is a common response to America among foreign writers: The US is a land of extremes where the best of things are just as easily found as the worst. This is a cliche(陈词滥调). In the land of black and white, people should not be too surprised to find some of the gaps between the rich and the poor in the world. But the American Dream offers a way out to everyone.【B1】 1No class system or government stands in the way. Sadly, this old argument is no longer true. Over the past few decades there has been a fundamental shift in the structure of the American economy. The gap between the rich and the poor has widened and widened.【B2】 2Over the past 25 years, the median US family income has gone up 18 percent. For the top 1 percent, however, it has gone up 200 per cent. Twenty-five years ago the top fifth of Americans had an average income 6. 7 times that of the bottom fifth. 【B3】 3 Inequalities have grown worse in different regions. In California, incomes for lower class families have fallen by 4 percent since 1969.【B4】 4This has led to an economy hugely in favor of a small group of very rich Americans. The wealthiest 1 percent of households now control a third of the national wealth. There are now 37 million Americans living in poverty. At 12. 7 percent of the population, it is the highest percentage in the developed world. Yet the tax burden on America' s rich is falling, not growing.【B5】 5There was an economic theory holding that the rich spending more would benefit everyone as a whole. But clearly that theory has not worked in reality.[A]Now it is 9. 8 times.[B]As it does so, the possibility to cross that gap gets smaller and smaller.[C]There are lots of wealth in American.[D]Nobody is poor in the US.[E]The top 1 percent of households has seen its tax bite fall by a full 25 percentage points since 1980.[F]For upper class families they have risen 41 percent.[G]All one has to do is to work hard and climb the ladder towards the top. 【B1】

Late last year, I needed to transport some furniture from our house in Sussex to my son' s flat in central London. I should have paid a man to do it for me, but foolishly confident in my driving ability, I decided to hire a van and drive it myself. It was a Ford Transit 280, long and wide: you couldn' t see out of the back. You never really knew how close you were to anything else on the road. Reversing in my home yard, I crashed into a small shed, causing permanent damage. At least I owned the shed. I loaded up the furniture and set out. By now it was rush hour. My nerves broke down, as I steered the huge van through ever-shifting lanes, across oncoming vehicles, between distances of buses, at last to Charlotte Street. Here, I found an available parking space. As I reversed into it, I noticed three people at a pavement cafe waving to me. I got out, trembling violently, like one who has just endured a stormy Atlantic crossing. "You' ve shifted the car parked behind you three feet," they said, and it belonged to a disabled person. I examined the car. There were white scratches along its front bumper. It bore a disabled sign. So, now I was a bad driver and a bad man. Under the stem gaze of the three, I left an apologetic note on the damaged car' s windscreen, giving my phone number. I unloaded the furniture, dripping with sweat. Wanting only to escape the monster , I drove the van back to its base on the Edgware Road. On arrival, the hire man told me I must fill it up with petrol before returning it. " Just charge me," I cried, still shaking with fear. He gazed at me with understanding. No doubt he' d witnessed others in this state before. "How about I drive you to a petrol station, you fill up, and I drive her back?" he asked. He danced the great van through the traffic so casually that it would have shamed me if I had not been so grateful.

Suppose you are invited to a party at Nancy's home but you can't attend it because you will have an exam on the same day. Write a letter of apology to Nancy. Your letter should include:1) your apology and the reason2) your suggestion for another get-together You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter. Use "Wang Lin" instead. You do not need to write the address.

Read the text below. Write an essay in about 120 words, in which you should summarize the key points of the text and make comments on them. Try to use you own words. A 23-year-old Chinese woman has died after her mobile phone exploded while it was being charged. Miss Zhao was found dead in Shijiazhuang, the capital city of northeast China' s Hebei province. She was talking to her boyfriend on her mobile phone, but suddenly went silent. After the boyfriend failed to get a response in a prolonged period of time, he rushed to Zhao' s home. It was already too late, as the phone had clearly exploded in her hands, and her entire chest had been burned. This piece of news draws public attention to the using safety of electronic devices, especially the most commonly used mobile phone, and provides information that will be of great value in assessing the safety of cell phone use. Liang Guangchuan, a researcher from Hebei University of Technology, says the tragedy could be caused by a faulty charger and electric leakage of the lithium battery. He suggests that to be on the safe side, one should avoid using his or her mobile phone while it is being charged. This accident caused great response in the population of cell phone users. A cell phone user replied in an interview, " I swear, after I post this comment, I will never play with my mobile phone again when the battery is still being charged. " A sample of comments on Weibo: " Should the cell phone producer be responsible for this accident and make effort to broadcast the knowledge of cell phone using safety?"

Please write a notice entitled "No Smoking" to put on the carriages of a train. You should use approximately 100 words. It may include the following points:1)no smoking in the carriages. Smoking is only permitted in the Smoking Area.2)smoking is not only bad for smokers' health but also bad for people around them.3)anyone who smokes in the carriages will be fined.

It was fifteen past nine as Marie hurried into the office building where she was going to work. Her bus had inched along through the heavy traffic, making her a few minutes late for her very first job. She decided to start out half an hour earlier the next day. Once inside the lobby, she had to stand at the elevators and wait several minutes before she could get on one going to the sixth floor. When she finally reached the office marked " Smith Enterprise" , she knocked at the door nervously and waited. There was no reply. She tapped on the door a-gain, but still there was no answer. From inside the next office, she could hear the sound of voices, so she opened the door and went in. Although she was sure it was the same office she had been in two weeks before when she had the interview with Mr. Smith, it looked quite different now. In fact, it hardly looked like an office at all. The employees were just standing around chatting and smoking. In the front of the room, somebody must have just told a good joke, she thought, because there was a loud burst of laughter as she came in. For a moment she had thought they were laughing at her. Then one of the men looked at his watch, clapped his hands and said something to the others. Quickly they all went to their desks, and in a matter of seconds, everyone was hard at work. No one paid any attention to Marie. Finally she went up to the man who was sitting at the desk nearest to the door and explained that this was her first day in the office. Hardly looking up from his work, he told her to have a seat and wait for Mr. Smith, who would arrive at any moment. Then Marie realized that the day' s work in the office began just before Mr. Smith arrived. Later she found out that he lived in Connecticut and came into Manhattan on the same train every morning, arriving in the office at 9: 35, so that his staff knew exactly when to start working.

Technology has been an encouragement of historical change. It acted as such a force in England beginning in the eighteenth century, and across the entire Western World in the nineteenth. Rapid advances were made in the use of scientific findings in the manufacture (制造) of goods, which has changed ideas about work. One of the first changes was that other forms of energy have taken the place of human power. Along with this came the increased use of machines to manufacture products in less time. People also developed machines that could produce the same parts for a product: each nail was exactly like every other nail, meaning that each nail could be changed for every other nail. This means that goods could be mass produced, though mass production required breaking production down into smaller and smaller tasks. Once this was done, workers no longer started on the product and labored to complete it. Instead , they might work only one thousandth of it, other workers completing their own parts in certain order. There is nothing strange about this manufacturing work by today's standards. Highly skilled workers were unable to compare with the new production techniques, as mass production allowed goods of high standard to be produced in greater number than could ever be done by hand. But the skilled worker wasn't the only loser, the common workers lost too. Similar changes forced farmers away. The increased mechanization(机械化) of agriculture freed masses of workers from ploughing the land and harvesting its crops. They had little choice but to stream toward the rapidly developing industrial centers. Increasingly, standards were set by machines. Workers no longer owned their own tools, their skill was no longer valued, and pride in their work was no longer possible. Workers fed, looked after and repaired the machines that could work faster than humans at greatly reduced cost.

Anne: I really don' t think that it' s moral to target children with advertisements, as they are not yet able to distinguish advertising from actual programming in the way adults can. This means that advertising aimed at children is misleading and unfair. It is also clearly effective, as otherwise advertisers would not spend hundreds of millions of dollars each year targeting children who are not yet able to resist their sales pitch. John: Advertising aimed at children brings negative social consequences, as much of it is for food and drinks that are unhealthy. Encouraging naive children to consume so much fatty, sugary and salty food is morally wrong because it creates overweight, unhealthy youngsters, with bad eating habits that will be with them for life. Society may pay a high price in terms of the extra medical care such children will eventually require. Lily: I think banning advertisements is a severe restriction upon freedom of speech. Companies should be able to tell the public about any legal products, or innovation will be restricted and new companies will find it hard to market their products successfully in the face of established rivals. Children also have a human right to receive information from a wide range of sources and make up their own minds about it. Ross: Children naturally like foods that are rich in fats and sugar. They give them the energy they need to play energetically and grow healthily. It is true that eating only such foods is bad for people, but this is a problem of bad parenting rather than the fault of advertising. If advertising to children were banned, then governments would not be able to use this means of promoting healthy eating. Julia: Children are not naive innocents, but clever consumers who can distinguish at a very young age between advertisements and programs, and understand that advertisements can be misleading. This essential learning process is, in fact, developed through exposure to advertisements. It is also assisted by responsible parenting that does not just leave children alone in front of the television, but spends some time watching with them and discussing what is seen. Now match the name of each person(36-40)to the appropriate statement. Note: there are two extra statements. Statements[A]Parents' bad lifestyle influences their children.[B]It' s not right to ban advertisements.[C]Don't blame advertisements for kids' bad eating habits.[D]Children are easily misled by advertisements.[E]Watching TV advertisements is a process of learning for kids.[F]It' s time to ban advertisements aimed at children.[G]Advertisements aimed at children may bring trouble to society.

Simon: I work not because I like it but that I have to, so I often count the minutes until stopping work or holidays. However, my sister is totally different. She enjoys her work so much that she often spends extra time on her job even take work home with her. I think she is so crazy about work just as some people are about drugs or alcohol. I could hardly understand it.Matthew: Work is a core element of our lives. It gives us a sense of identity in the larger world outside the personal circle of family and friends. However, there are some people for whom work occupies an even more central place in their lives. Workaholics are a stereotype of modern life, and they are both praised and criticized. On the one hand, it may be the accepted way of earning promotion. On the other hand, workaholics are often viewed as neglecting aspects of life such as family and leisure that are important for maintaining a healthy equilibrium.Andrew: In cities, workaholism is so common that people do not regard it as unusual. I think workaholics prefer to work rather than do anything else because they don' t know how to kill time if they don' t work. They can only get pleasure from work. Work is everything for them.Colin: Workaholism is dangerous in a sense because it can cause some problems. First of all, workaholics often have health problems because they don't have time to relax and keep themselves occupied all the time. Secondly, their family life is not happy since they spend little time with their family. Their marriage may even ends in divorce.Vincent: Being a workaholic can mean you achieve great things, but more people achieve great things without being addicted to work. Workaholics need time away from work and when I say " away from" I mean psychologically distanced from it as well as physically. If you are still obsessing about work when you should be focused on your loved ones or an outside of work activity then you are still basically working. Now match the name of each person (36-40) to the appropriate statement. Note: there are two extra statements. Statements[A] Some people appreciate those who pay almost all their attention on work. [B] If you don't get rid of workaholism, you may get ill. [C] To get promotion, you need to be a workaholic. [D] Workaholics' behaviors are hard to understand. [E] Workaholics had better have some time with no work. [F] It's hard for workaholics to be away from work psychologically. [G] Workaholics don't know how to enjoy themselves except working.