单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} In the seventeenth century, European soldiers who came across some Indian groups in the western Great Lakes found that several native tribes were living in the area without a formal leadership system. They appeared to be "quite friendly with each other without a formal authority!" Not only did the Indians appear to lack a formal system of authority, but they also deeply hated any efforts to control their actions. All members of the tribes knew what was required of them by lifelong familiarity with the tasks of the area. These tasks tended to be simple, since the Indian's rate of social change was slow. Thus, although subgroups such as soldiers had recognized leaders, no real authority was required. Rather than giving direct orders (which were considered rough), members of the tribes would arouse others to action by examples. It would be difficult, if not impossible, to carry out such a system in our own society. Most of us have grown up under one authority or another for as long as we can remember. Our parents, our teachers, our bosses, our government all have the recognized right under certain conditions to tell us what to do. The authority is so much a part of our culture that it is hard for us to imagine a workable society without it. We have been used to relying on authority to get things done and would probably be uncomfortable with the Indian methods of examples on a large scale. Of course, the major reason why the Indian system would not be suitable for us is that our society is too large. The number of tasks that various members of our society have to perform often under tight time and resource limitations could not be treated by the Indian system. In modern societies, the formal authority system is necessary to achieve any social objectives.

单选题The struggle against malnutrition and hunger is as old as man himself, and never across the face of our planet has outcome been more in doubt. Malnutrition caused much suffering to an estimated 400 million to 1.5 billion of the world's poor. Even in the wealthy US poverty means undernourishment for an estimated ten to twenty million. Hardest hit are children, whose growing bodies demand two and a half times more protein, pound for pound, than those of adults. Nutrition experts estimate that 70 percent of the children in low-income countries are affected. Badly shaped bodies tell the tragic story of malnutrition. Medical science identifies two major types of malnutrition which usually occur in combination. The first, kwashiorkor (恶性营养不良), is typified by the bloated look. The opposite of what we associate with starvation. Accumulated fluids pushing against wasted muscles account for the plumpness of hands, feet, belly, and face. Lean shoulders reveal striking thinness. Caused by an acute lack of protein kwashiorkor can bring brain damage, anemia, diarrhea, irritability, apathy, and loss of appetite. On the other hand, stick limbs, a bloated belly, wide eyes, and the stretched skin face of an old person mark victims of marasmus, a word taken from the Greek "to waste away". Lacking calories as well as protein, sufferers may weigh only half as much as normal. With fat gone, the skin hangs in wrinkles or draws tight over bones. With marasmus comes anemia, diarrhea, dehydration, and a very hungry appetite. Children, whose growing bodies require large amounts of protein, have to suffer in greatest numbers, but perhaps only three percent of all child victims suffer the extreme stages described. Scientists are doing best to develop new weapons against malnutrition and starvation. But two thirds of the human population of 3.9 billion live in the poorest countries which also have the highest birth rates. Thus, of the 74 million people added to the population each year, four out of five will be born in a country unable to supply its people's nutritional needs.

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单选题Whoarelikelytotreattheironlychildrenas"specialjewels"?

单选题 {{I}}Questions 15 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.{{/I}}

单选题Whyhasthecouplecometotherestaurant?

单选题{{B}}Directions: {{/B}}{{I}} Read the following text. Answer the questions on each text by choosing[A], [B], [C]or[D]. {{/I}} The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, painfree life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness, then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true: more often than not, things that lead to happiness involve some pain. As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment(承担的义务), self-improvement. Ask a bachelor(单身汉)why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night' s sleep or a three-day vacation. I don' t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild. Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.

单选题When the writer first met Clint, she felt that ______.

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Women are quite often competent drivers, but they are very seldom consistently first-class. At best they are a mild hazard, at worst potentially lethal. A wise male driver will always give them plenty of road and still be on the look-out for the unpredictable to happen. This deficiency has nothing to do with their lack of ability to cope with the mechanical complexities of the vehicle; it is due to an inherent, characteristic which, in certain other circumstances, may be highly desirable, but which, behind the wheel, is deadly. It is their lust for talking. Women together in a car succumb to this need and when they talk they look into each other's faces. Simple words are insufficient. It is necessary for them to see the expression of their partners and so read the meaning the words leave unsaid. When talking instead of listening, they look to estimate the reaction their words have had. Thus two women in the front of a car repeatedly distract each other's attention from the road and represent an incredible danger because the one nominally driving the car feels it necessary not only to see and hear what her companion is talking about but also, such is her nature, what those in the back are discussing in case it is anything into which she can inject an added opinion, or in the hope of collecting fresh fuel to feed other fires on later occasions. Quite apart from this factor, which means that the road ahead is often an unknown quantity, women seldom use the driving mirror except for cosmetic purposes ,after which its position gives the driver little indication of the state of the road behind. A final important factor that seems to lie at the back of feminine attitudes to driving is that comparatively few women have the feel for a machine that so many men have; the satisfaction of a slick changedown means nothing to them. The co-ordination between the various manoeuvres, an operation which gives many men a boost of pride, is only a momentary lapse in their concentration on the topic in hand.

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单选题{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} Fourteen-year-old Richie Hawley had spent five years studying violin at the Community School of Performing Arts in Los Angeles when he took part in a violin contest. Ninety-two young people were invited to the contest and Hawley came out first. The contest could have been the perfect setup for fear, worrying about mistakes, and trying to impress the judges. But Hawley says "I did pretty well at staying calm. I couldn't be thinking about how many mistakes I'd make--it would distract me from playing. "he says. "I don't even remember trying to impress people while I played. It's almost as if they weren't there. I just wanted to make music." Hawley is a winner. But he didn't become a winner by concentrating on winning. He did it by concentrating on playing well. "The important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part," said the founder of the modem Olympics, Pierre de Coubertin. "The important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well." New research shows that Coubertin's philosophy is exactly the path achievers take to win at life's challenging games. A characteristic of high performers is their intense, pleasurable concentration on work, rather than on their competitors or future glory or money, says Dr. Charles Garfield, who has studied 1,500 achievers in business, science, sports, the arts, and professions. "They are interested in winning, but they're more interested in self-development, testing their limits." One of the most surprising things about top performers is how many losses they've had--and how much they've learned from each. "Not one of the 1, 500 I studied defined losing as failing," Garfield says. "They kept calling their losses ' setbacks'." A healthy attitude toward setbacks is essential to winning, experts agree. "The worst thing you can do if you've had a setback is to let yourself get stuck in a prolonged depression. You should analyze carefully what went wrong, identify specific things you did right and give yourself credit for them." Garfield believes that most people don't give themselves enough praise. He even suggests keeping a diary of all the positive things you've done on the way to a goal.

单选题 Questions 14～17 are based on the following dialogue about a part-time job.

单选题If you were to begin a new job tomorrow, you would bring with you some basic strengths and weaknesses. Success or 1 in your work would depend, to 2 great extent, 3 your ability to use your strengths and weaknesses to the best advantage. 4 the utmost importance is your attitude. A person 5 begins a job convinced that he isn"t going to like it or is 6 that he is going to all is exhibiting a weakness which can only hinder his success. On the other hand, a person who is secure 7 his belief that he is probably as capable 8 doing the work as anyone else and who is willing to make a cheerful attempt 9 it possesses a certain strength of purpose. The chances are that he will do well. 10 the prerequisite skills for a particular job is strength. Lacking those skills is obviously a weakness. A bookkeeper who can"t add or a carpenter who can"t cut a straight line with a saw 11 hopeless cases. This book has been designed to help you capitalize 12 the strength and overcome the 13 that you bring to the job of learning. But in groups to measure your development, you must first 14 stock of where you stand now. 15 we get further along in the book, we"ll be 16 in some detail with specific processes for developing and strengthening 17 skills. However, 18 begin with, you should pause 19 examine your present strengths and weaknesses in three areas that are critical to your success or failure in school: your 20 , your reading and communication skills, and your study habits.

单选题Questions 18 to 21 are based on the following passage.

单选题Where will the man probably go?

单选题A modern supermarket can be divided into three main sections: the entrance-exit area (including checkstands), the space along the four walls, and the central area that consists of long rows of two-sided shelves with aisles between them. The entrance of a supermarket always leads customers directly to the shopping carts and shopping baskets. Sometimes it is impossible to leave through the entrance because the automatic doors open only one way or because there is a turnstile inside the market that moves in one direction only. The walls near the entrance and exit are reserved for large and heavy items, so that customers can pick up these kinds of items on their way out. Ordinarily the back wall of a supermarket is reserved for meats. The meats are always arranged according to kind. Poultry, such as chicken and turkey, is in one part of the meat section. Pork is in another part, and lamb and beef in another. In the American supermarket, there is more beef than other kinds of meat. There isn"t much fish in most supermarkets and all kinds of meats come in plastic packages. The entire center section of the supermarket consists of numbered rows and aisles. Each row is a long section of two-sided shelves. Certain items, such as bread and pastry, are generally found together in the central aisle section of a supermarket. Most supermarkets also carry nonfood products like toilet paper, toothpaste, soap and detergents. "One-stop Shopping" is possible at a large supermarket, as customers can buy everything they need-both food and nonfood products-at one store.