单选题Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and more recently, rubber and plastic and that was where we stuck, in surgical instrument terms; for many years. In the 1960s a new tool was developed, one which was, first of all, to be of great practical use to the armed forces and industry, but which was also, in time, to revolutionize the art and science of surgery. The tool is the laser and it is being used by more and more surgeons all over the world, for a very large number of different complaints. The word "laser" means: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. As we all know, light is hot, any source of light — from the sun itself down to a humble match burning — will give warmth. But light is usually spread out over a wide area. The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrated. This means that a light with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes intensely strong as it is concentrated to a pinpoint-sized beam. Experiments with these pinpoint beams showed researchers that different energy sources produce beams that have a particular effect on certain living cells. It is now possible for eye surgeons to operate on the back of the human eye without harming the front of the eye, simply by passing a laser beam right through the eyeball. No knives, no stitches, no unwanted damage — a true surgical wonder. Operations which once left patients exhausted and in need of long period of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. So much more difficult operations can now be tried. The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting. Perhaps some cancers will be treated with laser in a way that makes surgery not only safer but also more effective. Altogether, tomorrow may see more and more information coming to light on the diseases which can be treated medically.

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} People who do sleep research tell us that a person is a sort of "information processor." We have two ways to use the information we get each day. The first process is used when we are awake. It takes place in the left side of the brain. It is this process that makes us do the things we have to do. It lets us put aside those things that are not a real part of our day's work. The second process happens in the fight side of the brain. This process takes all those bits of information we did not use in the day. It turns them to dreams at night. "This process is our regular night shift work," says physiologist Rosalind Cartwright from the University of Illinois. "At night we put together the bits and pieces of our day, so that we are ready to face the next day." We have several dreams each night of our lives. About ten minutes after we fall asleep, we begin to go through four stages of sleep. Our sleep gets deeper and deeper. And it gets harder for us to wake up. At the end of the fourth and deepest stage, the process changes. We begin to come back up again through the same stages. The coming back up is called "rousal" time. It lasts about ten to twenty minutes. We do not wake in this stage. Instead, we go through a stage of vivid dreams. In this stage we do not toss or turn or even snore. The brain temperature and the blood flow get much higher. The body goes as limp as a rag doll. And the large muscles in the arms, legs, and trunk go stiff. The eyeballs begin to move back and forth very quickly, even though the eyes are closed. This is called the stage of Rapid Eye Movement or the REM stage. We go into the REM stage about six times a night. That's once every hour and a half or so. This hour and a half pattern is part of many things in our lives. Lots of body functions happen every hour and a half. Things like stomach contractions (收缩) and hormone secretions (分泌). Why do we dream? Research tells us that dreams can help us with our problems. When we have big problems in the day, we may spend more time in REM sleep at night, because dreams can bring answers to problems.

单选题Nearly all "speed reading" courses have a "pacing" element--some timing device which lets the student know how many words a minute he is reading. You can do this simply by looking at your watch every five or ten minutes and noting down the page number you have reached. Check the average number of words per page for the particular book you are reading. How do you know when five minutes has passed on your watch if you are busy reading the book7 Well, this is difficult at first. A friend can help by timing you over a set period, or you can read within hearing distance of a public clock which strikes the quarter hours. Pace yourself every three or four days, always with the same kind of easy, general interest books. You should soon notice your accustomed w. p. m. rate creeping up. Obviously there is little point in increasing your w. p. m. rate if you do not understand what you are reading. When you are consciously trying to increase your reading speed, stop after every chapter ( if you are reading a novel) or every section or group of ten or twelve pages ( if it is a textbook) and ask yourself a few questions about what you have been reading. If you find you have lost the thread of the story, or you cannot remember clearly the details of what was said, reread the section or chapter. You can also try "lightning speed" exercise from time to time. Take four or five pages of the general interest book you happen to be reading and read them as fast as you possibly can. Do not bother about whether you understand or not. Now go back and read them at what you feel to be your "normal" w. p. m. rate, the rate at which you can comfortably understand. After a "lightning speed" reading through probably 600 w. p. m. you will usually find that your "normal" speed has increased--perhaps by as much as 50-100 w. p. m. This is the technique sportsmen use when they usually run further in training than they will have to on the day of the big race.

单选题On June 17,1744, the officials from Maryland and Virginia held a talk with the Indians of the Six Nations. The Indians were invited to send boys to William and Mary College. In a letter the next day they refused the offers as follows: We know that you have a (26) opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges, and that the (27) of living of our young men, while (28) you, would be very great to you. We are (29) that you mean to do us (30) by your proposal; and we thank you (31) . But you must know (32) different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will (33) not be (34) if our ideas of this kind of education happen (35) be the same as yours. We have had some experience of it. Several of our young people were (36) brought (37) at the colleges of the northern provinces: they were taught all your sciences; but, when they came back to us, they were bad runners, (38) of every means of living in the woods — they were totally (39) for nothing. We are, however, (40) , (41) by your kind (42) , though we refuse to accept it; and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a (43) of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in (44) we know, and make (45) of them.

单选题Before the 20th century the horse provided day to day transportaition in the United States. Trains were used only for long distance transportation. Today the car is the most popular (26) of transportation in all of the United States. It has completely (27) the horse as a means f everyday transportation. Americans use their car for (28) 90 percent of personal (29) Most Americans are able to (30) cars. The average price of a (31) made car was 2, 050 in 1950, 2, 740 (32) 1975. During this period American car manufacturers set about (33) their products and work efficiency. As a result, the yearly income of the (34) family increased from 1950 to 1975 (35) than the price of cars. For this reason (36) a new car takes a smaller (37) of a family's total earnings today. In 1951 (38) it took 8 months of an average family's (39) to buy a new car. In 1962 a new car (40) 8.3 of a family's annual earnings. By 1975 it only took 4.75 (41) income. In addition, the 1975 cars were technically (42) to models from previous years. The (43) of the automobile extends throughout the economy (44) the car is so important to Americans. Americans spend more money to (45) their cars running than on any other item.

单选题 IQuestions 11～13 are based on the following dialogue./I

单选题You will hear 4 short dialogues. For each dialogue, there is one question and four possible answers. Choose the correct answer—A, B, C, or D. You will hear each dialogue ONLY ONCE.

单选题Whatdoesthewomanmean?

单选题Like many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship. At some point, however, we all begin to question our heroes and our need for them. This leads us to ask: What is a hero? Despite immense differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number of Characteristics that instruct and inspire people. A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a community who will listen. But a hero goes beyond mere fame. Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high- voltage transformers, hem take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people. The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning. A sure test for would - be heroes is what or whom do they serve? What are they willing to live and die for? If the answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes. Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant? Heroes are catalysts (催化剂)for change. They have a vision from the mountaintop. They have the skill and the charm to move the masses. They create new possibilities. Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire. Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr. , we might still have segregated (隔离的)buses, restaurants, and parks. It may be possible for largescale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities, but the pace of change would be slow, the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless.

单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}}{{I}} You will hear 10 short dialogues. For each dialogue, there is one question and four possible answers. Choose the correct answer—A, B, C or D, and mark it in your test booklet. You will have 15 seconds to answer the question and you will hear each dialogue ONLY ONCE. Now took at Question 1.{{/I}}

单选题The author's style of writing in the passage is ______.

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单选题When a 13-year-old Virginia girl started sneezing, her parents thought it was merely a cold. But when the sneezes continued for hours, they called in a doctor. Nearly two months later the girl was still sneezing, thousands of times a day, and her case had attracted worldwide attention. Hundreds of suggestions, ranging from "put a clothes pin on her nose" to "have her stand on her head" poured in. But nothing did any good. Finally, she was taken to Johns Hopkins Hospital where Dr. Leo Kanner, one of the world's top authorities on sneezing, solved the baffling (难以理解的) problem with great speed. He used neither drugs nor surgery for, curiously enough, the clue for the treatment was found in an ancient superstition about the amazing bodily reaction we call the sneeze. It was all in her mind, he said, a view which Aristotle, some 3,000 years earlier, would have agreed with heartily. Dr. Kanner simply gave a modern psychological interpretation to the ancient belief that too much sneezing was an indication that the spirit was troubled; and he began to treat the gift accordingly. "Less than two days in a hospital room, a plan for better scholastic and vocational adjustment, and reassurance about her unreasonable fear of tuberculosis quickly changed her from a sneezer to an ex-sneezer," he reported. Sneezing has always been a subject of wonder, awe and puzzlement. Dr. Kanner has collected thousands of superstitions concerning it. The most universal one is the custom of begging for the blessing of God when a person sneezes--a practice Dr. Kanner traces back to the ancient belief that a sneeze was an indication that the sneezer was possessed of an evil spirit. Strangely, people the world over still continue the custom with the traditional, "God bless you" or its equivalent. When scientists look at the sneeze, they see a remarkable mechanism which, without any conscious help from you, takes on a job that has to be done. When you need to sneeze you sneeze, this being nature's clever way of getting rid of an annoying object from the nose. The object may be just some dust in the nose which nature is striving to remove.

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