单选题 Questions 15 ～ 18 are based on the following conversation.

单选题Public officials and candidates for public office routinely use public opinion polls to keep track of what the people are thinking. An important question is the degree to which these polls should guide leaders in their actions. There are arguments for and against the use of polls as the basis for policy decisions. Polls can contribute to effective government by keeping political leaders from getting too far out of line with the public's thinking. In a democratic society, the effectiveness of a public policy often dep. ends on the extent of its public support. When a policy is contrary to the public's desires, people may choose to disregard or undermine it, thus making it counterproductive or inefficient. Further, when government pursues a course of action with which a large proportion of the public disagrees, it risks a loss of public confidence, which can have a negative effect on its ability to lead. The Reagan administration, flying high from 1981 to 1985 ,was brought low in 1986 by public reaction to news of its secret sales of weapons to Iran. The administration had not paid sufficient attention to polls that revealed the deep antagonism American still felt toward Iran be cause the Ayatollah Khomeini's regime has held sixty-three American hostages in 1979 - 1981. However, leaders can also do a disservice to the public they represent by using poll results as a substitute for policy judgment. "Effective government", as Walter Lippmann wrote, "cannot be conducted by legislators and officials who, when a question is presented, ask themselves first and last not what is the truth and which is the right and necessary course, but what does the Gallup Poll say?" During his presidential term, Jimmy Carter proposed five consecutive inflation-fighting programs, changing his plans with each shift in public sentiment without having invested the political capital necessary to get Congress and the country behind any of the efforts. The nation -- and Carter -- would probably have been better served by a steadfast commitment to a single course of action.

单选题 For more than a decade, dieticians and nutritionists {{U}}harangue{{/U}} us to lower the amount of fat in our diet. As it happens, their message is only partly correct. Although all fats are high in calories, certain fats, like the omega-3 fatty acids commonly found in fish, are actually good for us, provided we consume them in moderation. Not only do ome-ga-3s reduce the risk of clot formation in blood vessels, they also lower the amount of triglycerides, another fatty substance in the blood. The bottom line is that people who eat 6 to 8 ounces of fatty fish a week experience significantly fewer heart attacks and strokes. Still on the consume-sparing fists are saturated fats, commonly found in red meats and whole-milk dairy products. Recent studies also suggest that another group of fats, called trans-fatty acids, found in abundance in crackers and cookies prepared with hydrogenated oils, may be an even more dangerous promoter (引发物) of high cholesterol than saturated fats. The most immediate benefit from adopting a healthy diet is that it can lower blood pressure. Even if you don't have hypertension, decreasing your blood pressure makes your blood vessel springier (有弹性的) and can help stabilize potentially dangerous plaques in the arteries. Two major studies have shown that DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stopping Hypertension) diet, which emphasizes fruits and vegetables, promotes low-fat dairy and high-fiber grains, permits modest portions of lean meat and reduces sodium intake, can lower blood pressure as effectively as taking medicine. Just as important, the foods taste good and aren't too different from what most Americans are used to eating.

单选题It''s very interesting to note where the debate about diversity is taking place. It is taking place primarily in political circles. Here at the college Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate leaders; none of them is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity. In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative. They also say that the need for talented, skilled Americans means we have to expand the pool of potential employees. And in looking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, corporate America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to, more minorities, more women, and more immigrants. Corporate leaders know that if that doesn''t occur in our society, they will not have the engineers, the scientists, the lawyers, or the business managers they will need. 　　Likewise, I don''t hear people in the academy saying, "Let''s go backward. Let''s go back to the good old days, when we had a meritocracy" ( which was never true ― we never had a meritocracy, although we'' ve come closer to it in the last 30 years). I recently visited a great little college in New York where the campus has doubled its minority population in the last six years. I talked with an African American who has been a professor there for a long time, and she remembers that when she first joined the community, there were fewer than a handful of minorities on campus. Now, all of us feel the university is better because of the diversity. So where we hear this debate is primarily in political circles and in the media ― not in corporate board rooms or on college campuses.

单选题 {{I}} Questions 18-21 are based on the following passage. You now have 20 seconds to read the questions 18-21.{{/I}}

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单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}} {{I}}You will hear 10 short dialogues. For each dialogue, there is one question and four possible answers. Choose the correct answer--A, B, C or D, and mark it in your test booklet. You will have 15 seconds to answer the question and you will hear each dialogue ONLY ONCE. Now look at Question 1.{{/I}}

单选题Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics, the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arMs. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy— far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves— goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can"t yet give a robot enough "commonsense" to reliably interact with a dynamic world." Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain"s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented, and human perception far more complicated than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can"t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don"t know quite how we do it.

单选题 {{B}}Paragraph One:{{/B}} According to the record in the inscriptions(题字，碑铭), ancient China Post originated in the Yin-Shang Dynasty, prosperous (繁荣)in the Zhou Dynasty, popular in the Spring-Autumn and the Warring States Periods (770-221 B. C). Confucius said, "The propagation (传播) of moral is as rapid as post delivery", which described the popularity of the post.{{B}}Paragraph Two:{{/B}} Ancient Chinese post system was the special communication organization for govern ment, which only delivered official documents and not private letters. Public communication which was organized by individuals developed slowly. By the coddle stage of Ming Dynasty, with the progress of productive forces and the increase of the requirements for public communication, private-owned post offices were created. By late Qing, the number of private owned post offices had exceeded several thousands, forming their own communication network, which became the public communication organization in parallel with official posts.{{B}}Paragraph Three:{{/B}} The spread of modem post to China appeared in the form of so called "Guest Post", which was the post organization set up by western powers which violated (侵犯) Chinese sovereignty (主权). The invasion of "Guest Post" to China originated from the trading of western merchants in China after the discovery of shipping line on seas.{{B}}Paragraph Four:{{/B}} After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, China Post entered a new development period. China Post was created on the basis of the post in the liberated area and the Chinese Postal Administration which had been taken over and transformed. After the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications was founded, it undertook to establish new management system, restore and develop postal network, unify the service categories and the standards of postage, pose the service principle as Speed, Accuracy, Security and Convenience, and establish and perfect the business management system. By doing so, the postal cause in China gained an initial development.{{B}}Paragraph Five:{{/B}} In the early 1960s, with the vigorous upsurge (高潮、上升) of the national independence movement in Africa, China established direct postal relations with many newly independent African countries. By the end of 1965, 77 countries and regions in all the continents of the world had established the direct postal relations with China, which was a two time increase compared to that of 26 in 1949. African countries increased from 2 to 18. {{I}}Now match each paragraph to the appropriate title.{{/I}} {{I}}Note: there are two extra titles.{{/I}}{{B}}Titles{{/B}} [A] The Relationship between China Post and Overseas post office [B] Origin and Characteristics of Post [C] Modification and Reorganization of Post [D] The Development of the Ancient Public Communication [E] Appearance of Special Public Communication [F] Invasion of "Guest Post" [G] Establishment and initial Development of Post in P.R. China

单选题Questions 14～17 are based on the following dialogue on traveling.

单选题The conclusion which can be drawn safely from the second paragraph is that ______.

单选题"People seldom feel neutral about poetry" (in Para. 1) in this context means that______.

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单选题Whatdoesthewomanwantthemantodo?

单选题For millennia man has exploited and often destroyed the riches of the land. Now man covets the wealth of the oceans, which cover nearly three-quarters of the earth. But the scramble for minerals and oil, for new underwater empires, could heighten international tensions and set a new and wider stage for world conflict. Even the most conservative estimates of sources in the seabed stagger the imagination. In the millions of miles of ocean that touch a hundred nations live four out of five living things on earth. In the seabed, minerals and oil have been proved to exist in great supply. The oceans are a source of pure water and food protein, of drugs and building materials; they are even possibly a living place for man himself and a key to survival for doubling population on the land. Man may yet learn to use a tiny fraction of this wealth. Unless international law soon determines how it shall be shared, that fraction alone could set off a new age of colonial war. Is the deep seabed, like the high seas, common to all? Or, like the wilderness areas of land, is it open to national claim by the use and occupation of the first or the strongest pioneer? The question of what is to be done to regulate and control exploitation of the seabeds is no longer a theoretical matter. It is a problem of international concern. We must decide how to divide this great wealth equitably among nations. But wealth is not the only thing at stake. We must also learn how to protect the oceans from the threat of pollution. A few years ago, "practical" men dismissed speculations about wealth in the sea. "That is economic foolishness," they said. It will never be economically profitable to exploit the seabeds, no matter how great the riches to be found there. Unfortunately, they underestimated the temptation of gold as the mother of invention.

单选题Art exhibition: More than one hundred art works about American life are showing now. All the works are from Chinese who live in America. They use their brushes and pencils to draw what they have seen and experienced in America. All the works are spoken very high, and some of them have won prizes in International matches. Time: 8:00 a.m.～8:00 p.m., the first week of July. Place: International Exhibition Center Telephone: 67937284 Australian dance: The Australian Dance Company, one of the best dance group in the world, is going to give shows in five cities around China: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu and Nanjing. The names of their show are "Search for the Sun" and "The Dance of Sea" The dancers are all famous ones, for example, Patricia Ella, first of the Australian dancing match, Louis Jackson and Lily Wang. The dancing group will give three shows at the Renming Theatre. Time: 7: 30pm, July 24～26 Place: Renming Theatre, 40 Renming Road, Beijing Telephone: 65534988