单选题 Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their con sequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards." A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades. In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity ,the Delaware psychologist claims.

单选题听下面一段对话，回答第22至第25题。

单选题

单选题 {{I}} Questions 21-23 are based on the talk you've just heard.{{/I}}

单选题Whatdoesthisconversationimply?A.Thegoodstoreshavebeendesertedrecently.B.Shopperscanonlyfindgoodstoresinthemall.C.Lotsofpeoplemovedouttothedowntownarea.D.Thereisn'tmuchbusinessdowntownnowadays.

单选题 {{B}}Text{{/B}} Reading is very important in learning foreign languages. Do some foreign language reading every day and try to finish one foreign language book at{{U}} (26) {{/U}}every week. You are no doubt{{U}} (27) {{/U}}, with little spare time, and this{{U}} (28) {{/U}}sound to a certain degree unrealistic.{{U}} (29) {{/U}}if you read in the way described, it is perfectly possible. The{{U}} (30) {{/U}}is to be honest with yourself about{{U}} (31) {{/U}}you really enjoy: thrillers, women's magazines, newspapers — it really doesn't matter what you read as{{U}} (32) {{/U}}as it genuinely attracts or{{U}} (33) {{/U}}.you, because that is the only certain way to make yourself read. It is{{U}} (34) {{/U}}to reach good speeds by practicing{{U}} (35) {{/U}}material that is difficult or dull. If you pursue this{{U}} (36) {{/U}}for only a few months, you should achieve a very marked increase in your reading{{U}} (37) {{/U}}. What you do with your foreign language reading skill{{U}} (38) {{/U}}you have developed it is{{U}} (39) {{/U}}to you: you may want to go back to the classics or use it to study for a further qualification. The{{U}} (40) {{/U}}is that in order to develop the{{U}} (41) {{/U}},a great deal of practice on{{U}} (42) {{/U}}interesting material is essential. If you can{{U}} (43) {{/U}}this to yourself by developing your own reading skill{{U}} (44) {{/U}}this method, your teaching will carry the certainty that comes only from{{U}} (45) {{/U}}.

单选题In California the regulators, the utilities and the governor all want the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to cap spot (现货的) market prices. The Californians claim it will rein in outrageous prices. Federal regulators have refused. The battle is on. Governor Gray Davis says, "I''m not happy with the Federal Regulatory Commission at all. They''re living in an ivory tower. If their bills were going up like the people in San Diego, they would know that this is a real problem in the real world. " As part of deregulation, price caps were removed to allow for a free market. Timing is everything; natural gas prices had already skyrocketed. Demand was high from California''s booming economy. No new power plants had been built here in ten years, and power producers had the right to hike prices along with demand. And hike them they did. Loretta Lynch of the Public Utilities Commission says, " This commission and all of California was beating down the door of federal regulators to say, * Help us impose reasonable price caps to help to keep our market stable. Federal regulators did ask for longer-term contracts between power producers and the utilities to stabilize prices. The federal commission, unavailable for comment on this story, released a recent statement defending its position not to re-regulate. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Dec. 15, 2000: "The commission''s intention is to enable the markets to catch up the current supply and demand problems and not to reintroduce command and control regulation that has helped to produce the current crisis. " Some energy experts believe that, without temporary price caps, the crisis will continue. Severin Borenstein of the U. C. Energy Institute says, "Some federal regulators have a blind commitment to making the market work and I think part of the problem is they really don''t understand what''s going on. " Gary Ackerman of the Western Power Trading Forum says, " He''s dead wrong about that. The federal regulators understand far better than any individual state that, though it might be painful and it certainly is painful in California, price caps don''t work. They never work. "

单选题Whereisthenearestrestaurant?[A]It'sfaraway.[B]It'stwoblocksaway.[C]Thewomandoesn'tknow.

单选题Shopping for clothes is not the same experience for a man as it is for a woman. A man goes shopping because he needs something. His purpose is settled and decided in advance. He knows what he wants and his objective is to find it and buy it, the price is a secondary consideration. All men simply walk into a shop and ask the assistant for what they want. If the shop has it in stock, the salesman promptly produces it, and the business of trying it on proceed at once. All being well, the deal can be and often is completed in less than five minutes, with hardly any chat and to everyone's satisfaction. For a man, slight problems may begin when the shop does not have what he wants, or does not have exactly what he wants. In that case the salesman, as the name implies, tries to sell the customer something else. He offers the nearest he can to the article required. No good salesman brings out such a substitute bluntly, he does so with skill and polish, "I know this jacket is not the style you want, sir, but would you like to try it for size? It happens to be the colour you mentioned." Few men have patience with this treatment, and the usual response is: "This is the right colour and may be the right size, but I should be wasting my time and yours by trying it on." Now how does a woman go about buying clothes? In almost every respect she does so in the opposite way. Her shopping is not often based on need. She has never fully made up her mind what she wants, and she is only "having a look round." She is always open to persuasion, indeed she sets great store by what the saleswoman tells her, even by what companions tell her. She will try on any number of things. Uppermost in her mind is the thought of finding something that everyone thinks suits her. Contrary to a lot of jokes, most women have an excellent sense of value when they buy clothes. They are always on the lookout for the unexpected bargain. Faced with a roomful of dresses, a woman may easily spend an hour going from one rail to another, to and fro, often retracing her steps, before selecting the dresses she wants to try on. It is a laborious process, but apparently an enjoyable one. Most dress shops provide chairs for the waiting husbands.

单选题Who are most likely to blame their parents for obesity?

单选题 {{I}}Questions 14～17 are based on the following dialogue.{{/I}}

单选题Wheredoesthisconversationmostprobablytakeplace?

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice of finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in executive circle, beauty can become a liability. While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman. Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success. Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck. All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes. Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is perceived to be more feminine and an attractive man more masculine than the less attractive ones. Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack the "masculine" qualities required. This is true even in politics. "When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently," says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduate students to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them. The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes.

单选题{{B}}{{I}}Questions 11～13 are based on the following interview.{{/I}}{{/B}}

单选题What will the man most probably do?