单选题A City of the Future A city of the future—where there will be no housing shortage, no unemployment, no pollution, but plenty of good schools, efficient transportation, fruit trees, and gardens—is under construction near Anchorage, Alaska, only a few miles from the Arctic Circle. The temperature-controlled, indoor city will be the headquarters for oil exploration and development of Alaska"s north slope, and will provide housing for the expected influx of residents, estimated ultimately to number fifty thousand. A huge power plant, which will operate with natural gas from the oil reserves, will provide heat for the entire city. The temperature will never fall below 68 degrees. People will stroll in comfort in the glass-enclosed streets while their neighbours in nearby Anchorage suffer at thirty below zero. The wonder city will be connected with Anchorage by high speed monorail, while interior transportation will be via minirail and electric taxis. Automobiles will be left near Anchorage. The primitive beauty of the surrounding area will be left almost untouched to provide a satisfying natural environment for hiking, fishing, and other outdoor activities. Lakes on the side will be for sailboats and canoes. If people want to go into the wilderness, they will have to go on skates or snow shoes. No snowmobiles or motorboats will be allowed. The $7,200,000 purchase of Alaska from Russia, which was arranged in 1867 by US Secretary of State, William Seward, was called Seward"s Folly. In contrast, the name of the futuristic Alaskan city is Seward"s Success.

单选题The relative pronoun "which" in the last paragraph refers to ______.

单选题 Questions 11～13 are based on a talk about how to become a doctor in the United States. You now have 15 seconds to rend Questions 11～13.

单选题By saying that "Coke has hardly been sitting on its thumbs", the author means that ______.

单选题[此试题无题干]

单选题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} Until the last few years, giant IBM was most workers' ideal of a company with great human relations. Getting a job there meant you were set for life at one of the most enlightened firms in the world. Company benefits sounded like a "who's who" of worker-friendly programs. There was job security for life. You could leave work two hours early if you arrived two hours early. You could put children and elderly parents in IBM-paid care programs. You could go to graduate school full-time while still being paid. And there were no {{U}}hourly{{/U}} workers. Everyone was considered important and mature, so everyone was paid a salary and didn't have to punch a time clock. The firm was one of the first to institute job enrichment programs; way before the term was even invented. Everything it did was aimed at making employees feel important. And for years IBM had a highly motivated work force. But things have changed. IBM chairman John Akers told a startled group of management trainees that employees are "too damned comfortable at a time when the business is in crisis". He also said there are "too many people standing around the water cooler waiting to be told what to do". Obviously, Akers thought shock therapy was in order, Between an economic recession and competition, IBM suffered a major drop m revenue in 1991. "What we need around here is a higher tension level," Akers said. So they're making some changes at IBM. The firm slashed about 17 000 jobs. And suddenly IBM wants its managers to encourage certain workers to leave the firm. The whole situation is a dilemma for IBM. Policies such as no layoffs have done a lot to motivate workers and make them loyal. Yet in a highly competitive world it may be unwise to let employees feel too secure.

单选题 Education is primarily the responsibility of the states. State constitutions set up certain standards and rules for the establishment of school. State laws require children to go to school until they reach a certain age. The actual control of the schools, however, is usually a local matter. The control of the schools does not usually come directly from the local government. In each of the three types of city government, public schools are generally quite separate and independent. They cooperate with local officials but are not dominated by the municipal government. Most Americans believe that schools should be free of political pressures. They believe that the separate control of the school systems preserves such freedom. Public schools are usually maintained by school districts. The state often sets the district boundaries. Sometimes the school district has the same boundaries as the city. Sometimes it is larger than the city. In the South, county boards of education members are elected. In some places they are appointed by the mayor or city council. The state legislature decides which method should be used. Most district boards of education try to give all pupils a chance to get a good education. A good education prepares a person to live a better life. It helps him to become a better citizen. Nearly all states give financial aid to local school districts. State departments of education offer other kinds of aid. States offer help with such things as program planning and the school districts. The federal government also helps. The National Defense Education Act allows school districts to get financial aid for certain purposes. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 added many other kinds of financial help. But neither the state nor the federal government dictates school policy. This is determined by local school boards.

单选题[此试题无题干]

单选题What's the writer's primary purpose in writing this passage?

单选题The most subversive question about higher education has always been whether the college makes the student or the student makes the college. Along with skepticism, though, economic downturns also create one big countervailing force that pushes people toward college: many of them have nothing better to do. They have lost their jobs, or they find no jobs waiting for them after high school. In economic terms, the opportunity cost of going to school has been reduced. Over the course of the 1930s, the percentage of 17-year-old who graduated from high school jumped to 50 percent, from less than 30 percent. Boys--many of whom would have been working in better times--made up the bulk of the influx. In our Great Recession, students have surged into community colleges. So who is right--these students or the skeptics? It isn't too much of an exaggeration to say that the field of labor economics has spent the past 30 years trying to come up with an answer. In one paper after another, economists have tried to identify the portion of a person's success for which schooling can fairly claim credit. One well-known study, co-researched by Alan Krueger, a Princeton professor now serving as the Treasury Department's chief economist, offered some sup port for the skeptics. It tracked top high-school students through their 30s and found that their alma maters had little impact on their earnings. Students who got into both, say, the University of Pennsylvania and Penn State made roughly the same amount of money, regardless of which they chose. Just as you might hope, the fine-grain status distinctions that preoccupy elite high-school seniors (and more to the point, their parents) seem to be overrated. The rest of the evidence, however, has tended to point strongly in the other direction. Several studies have found a large earnings gap between more--and less-educated identical twins. Another study compared young men who happened to live close to a college with young men who did not. The two groups were similar except for how easy it was for them to get to school, and the upshot was that the additional education attained by the first group lifted their earnings. "College can't guarantee anybody a good life, " says Michael McPherson, an economist who runs the Spencer Foundation in Chicago, which finances education research. " But it surely ups the odds substantially.

单选题 We all know that DNA has the ability to identify individuals but, because it is inherited, there are also regions of the DNA strand which can relate an individual to his or her family (immediate and extended), tribal group and even an entire population. Molecular Genealogy (宗谱学) can use this unique identification provided by the genetic markers to link people together into family trees. Pedigrees (家谱) based on such genetic markers can mean a break-through for family trees where information is incomplete or missing due to adoption, illegitimacy or lack of records. There are many communities and populations which have lost precious records due to tragic events such as the fire in the Irish courts during Civil War in 1921 or American slaves for whom many records were never kept in the first place. The main objective of the Molecular Genealogy Research Group is to build a database containing over 100,000 DNA samples from individuals all over the world. These individuals will have provided a pedigree chart of at least four generations and a small blood sample. Once the database has enough samples to represent the world genetic make-up, it will eventually help in solving many issues regarding genealogies that could not be done by relying only on traditional written records. Theoretically, any individual will someday be able to trace his or her family origins through this database. In the meantime, as the database is being created, molecular genealogy can already verify possible or suspected relationships between individuals. "For example, if two men sharing the same last name believe that they are related, but no written record proves this relationship, we can verify this possibility by collecting a sample of DNA from both and looking for common markers (in this case we can look primarily at the Y chromosome (染色体)," explains George Green, a member of the BYU Molecular Genealogy research team.

单选题 The universities have trained the intellectual pioneers of our civilization — the priests, the lawyers, the statesmen, the doctors, the men of science, and the men of letters. The conduct of business now requires intellectual imagination of the same type as that which in former times has mainly passed into those other occupations. There is one {{U}}great difficulty which hinders all the higher types of human effort{{/U}}. In modern times, this difficulty has even increased in its possibilities for evil. In any large organization the younger men, who are novices, must be set to jobs which consist in carrying out fixed duties in obedience to orders. No president of a large corporation meets his youngest employee at his office door with the offer of the most responsible job which the work of that corporation includes. The young men are set to work at a fixed routine, and only occasionally even see the president as he passes in and out of the building. Such work is a great discipline. It imparts knowledge, and it produces reliability of character; also it is the only work for which the young men, in that novice stage, are fit, and it is the work for which they are hired. There can be no criticism of the custom, but there may be an unfortunate effect: prolonged routine work dulls the imagination. The way in which a university should function in the preparation for an intellectual career, is by promoting the imaginative consideration of the various general principles underlying that career. Its students thus pass into their period of technical apprenticeship with their imaginations already practiced in connecting details with general principles. Thus the proper function of a university is the imaginative acquisition of knowledge. Apart from this importance of the imagination, there is no reason why businessmen, and other professional men, should not pick up their facts bit by bit as they want them for particular occasions. A university is imaginative or it is nothing — at least nothing useful.

单选题{{B}}Passage 3{{/B}} Publicity offers several benefits. There are no costs for message time or space. An ad in prime time television may cost $250,000 to $500,000 or more per minute, whereas a five-minute report on a network newscast would not cost anything. However, there are costs for news releases, a publicity department, and other items. As with advertising, publicity reaches a mass audience. Within a short time, new products or company policies are widely known. Credibility about messages is high, because they are reported in independent media. A newspaper review of a movie has more believability than an ad in the same paper, because the reader associates independence with objectivity. Similarly, people are more likely to pay attention to news reports than ads. Readers spend time reading the stories, but they flip through the ads. Furthermore, there may be 10 commercials during a half hour television program or hundreds of ads in a magazine, Feature stories are much fewer in number and stand out clearly. Publicity also has some significant limitations. A firm has little control over messages, their timing, their placement, or their coverage by a given medium. It may issue detailed news releases and find only portions cited by the media; and media have the ability to be much more critical than a company would like. For example, in 1982, Procter ii may follow a report on crime or sports. Finally, the media ascertain whether to cover a story at all and the amount of coverage to be devoted to it. A company sponsored job program might go unreported or receive three-sentence coverage in a local newspaper.

单选题It can be inferred from the text that the retail price o petrol will go up dramatically if ______.

单选题The tradition of hospitality to strangers ___________.

单选题 Questions 17-20 are based on the following dialogue. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.

单选题Early in the age of affluence (富裕) that followed World War Ⅱ，an American retailing analyst named Victor Lebow proclaimed, "Our enormously productive economy...demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction, our ego satisfaction, in consumption. We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate."  Americans have responded to Lebow"s call, and much of the world has followed. Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in social values. Opinion surveys in the world"s two largest economics-Japan and the United States-show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent. Overconsumption by the world"s fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything but perhaps population growth. Their surging exploitation of resources threatens to exhaust or unalterably spoil forests, soils, water, air and climate. Ironically, high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms, too. The time-honored values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches. Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow, that misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things. Of course, the opposite of overconsumption, poverty, is no solution to either environmental or human problems. It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too. Dispossessed (被剥夺得一无所有的) peasants slash, and burn their way into the rain forests of Latin America, and hungry nomads (游牧民族) turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland, reducing it to desert. If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much, we are left to wonder how much is enough .What level of consumption can the earth support ?When dose having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction?

单选题Atleast,howmanyyearswillPeoplewhoareoverweightat40lose?A.OneyearB.TwoyearsC.ThreeyearsD.Fouryears