单选题 Education is primarily the responsibility of the states. State constitutions set up certain standards and rules for the establishment of school. State laws require children to go to school until they reach a certain age. The actual control of the schools, however, is usually a local matter. The control of the schools does not usually come directly from the local government. In each of the three types of city government, public schools are generally quite separate and independent. They cooperate with local officials but are not dominated by the municipal government. Most Americans believe that schools should be free of political pressures. They believe that the separate control of the school systems preserves such freedom. Public schools are usually maintained by school districts. The state often sets the district boundaries. Sometimes the school district has the same boundaries as the city. Sometimes it is larger than the city. In the South, county boards of education members are elected. In some places they are appointed by the mayor or city council. The state legislature decides which method should be used. Most district boards of education try to give all pupils a chance to get a good education. A good education prepares a person to live a better life. It helps him to become a better citizen. Nearly all states give financial aid to local school districts. State departments of education offer other kinds of aid. States offer help with such things as program planning and the school districts. The federal government also helps. The National Defense Education Act allows school districts to get financial aid for certain purposes. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 added many other kinds of financial help. But neither the state nor the federal government dictates school policy. This is determined by local school boards.

单选题 Questions 14～16 are based on a dialogue between a part-time student and a school registrar. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14～16.

单选题 Eskimo villages today are larger and more complex than the traditional nomadic groups of Eskimo kinsmen. Village decision-making is organized through community councils and co-operative boards of directors, institutions which the Eskimos were encouraged by the government to adopt. They have been more readily accepted in villages like Fort Chimo where there is an individualistic village ethos and where ties of kinship are less important than in the rural village such as Port Burwell, where communal sharing between kinsmen is more emphasized. Greater contact with southern Canadians and better educational facilities have shown Fort Chimo Eskimos that it is possible to argue and negotiate within the government rather than to acquiesce (勉强接受) passively in its policies. The old-age paternalism of southern Canadians over the Eskimos has died more slowly in rural villages where Eskimos have been more reluctant to voice their opinions aggressively. This has been a frustration to government officials trying to develop local leadership among the Eskimos, but a blessing to other departments whose plans have been accepted without local obstruction. In rural areas the obligations of kinship often run counter to the best interests of the village and potential leaders were restrained from making positive contributions to the village council. More recently, however, the educated Eskimos have been voicing the interests of those in the rural areas. They are trying to persuade the government to recognize the rights of full-time hunters, by protecting their hunting territories from mining and oil prospectors, for example, the efforts of this active minority are percolating through to the remoter villages whose inhabitants are becoming increasingly vocal. Continuing change is inevitable but future development policy in Ungava must recognize that most Eskimos remain much of their traditional outlook on life. New schemes should focus on resources that the Eskimos are used to handling, as the Port Burwell projects have done, rather than on enterprises such as mining where effort is all too easily harmed over to an unskilled labour force. The musk-ox project at Fort Chimo and the tourist lodge at George River are new directions for future development but there are traps.

单选题A study of the physical and chemical (1) of life must begin, not on the Earth, (2) in the Sun: in fact, at the Sun's (3) center. It is here that is to be found the (4) of the energy that the Sun constantly pours out into space (5) light and heat. This energy is (6) at the center of the Sun as billions upon billions of nuclei of hydrogen atoms (7) with each other and fuse together to form nuclei of helium, and, in doing so, release some of the (8) that is stored in the nuclei of the atoms. The output of light and heat of the Sun (9) some 600 million tons of hydrogen to be (10) into helium in the Sun every second. The Sun has been doing (11) for several thousands of millions of years. The nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic (12) like light and radio waves, only (13) a much shorter wave length. This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun, to be remitted (14) slightly longer wave lengths. This radiation, in its (15) , is absorbed and remitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the X-ray part of the spectrum, (16) becoming light. At this (17) , it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space without being absorbed (18) by the solar atoms. A very small (19) of the Sun's light and heat is emitted in such directions that, after passing a long distance through interplanetary space, it (20) the Earth.

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单选题In Anglo-America there are three major ethnic groups. The first is the original Indian population, who today represents a minority group. The second is the descendants of European colonists who emigrated to the two countries before the end of the nineteenth century. These majority populations normally speak English, are highly-educated, and most of them are culturally homogeneous (同类的) in broad cultural values. A third group is made up of ethnic minorities, from Asia, Latin America, Africa, or parts of Europe who have either linguistic, religious, racial, or other cultural attributes that distinguish them from the majority population. The United States has a varied ethnic minority pattern, without the dominance of one minority group in a specific geographical area. The largest ethnic group in America is the blacks, totaling an estimated 26 million in 1980, or 12 percent of the population. Unlike the French, the black population of the United States is not culturally and geographically isolated in one area. Slightly more than half of American blacks live in the South, and 49 percent reside in the East and the West. The black American speaks English, has a tendency to share, the characteristics of competition, materialism, and individualism with other United States citizens, and has no distinctive religion. The Spanish-speaking minority in America is reluctant to adopt the values of the dominant cultural group. There is increasingly a demand for bilingual (双语的) education to allow Spanishspeaking children to use English in their educational programs. The existence of a large and growing minority population such as the Spanish-speaking Americans, who are increasingly committed to their own food and newspapers in Latin, is one of the issues facing Anglo-America in the future. The old concept of a melting pot is being replaced by the concept of a plural society.

单选题 Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America need hardly be stressed. Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass or soap making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers of the Noah American continent. The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers exports in potash making. The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs was piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash. In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was ex- ported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For de- spite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts "to encourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.

单选题It can be inferred from the passage that the most possible cheaters are ______.

单选题The different ways men and women move their body indicate that ______.

单选题Didthegirlseethefilmduringschoolhours?[A]No.Shesawitafterschool.[B]Yes,shedid.[C]Shedidn'tseethefilmatall.

单选题 The Oyster Bar at Grand Central Station in New York provided Fleming with his best meal in America. The oyster stew he liked so much is made separately for each customer; part of the charm of the place is to observe the off-hand expertise of the silent chefs as they stir the oysters, the cream, the Worcester sauce, the paprika, bring them to the boil and allow them to simmer before slipping the rich, white-foamed, sea-scented stew into your private bowl. Fleming usually came here on his own for a solitary treat, as he did at the beginning of March, 1953, just after he had written his second novel. He had a title for it already--Live and Let Die and was particularly pleased because it had taken him twelve days fewer to write than Casino Royale and was 12,000 words longer. As he sat there finishing his stew and sipping his beer, he had his first chance since he had left Jamaica to read through the last few chapters. He was pleased and still slightly surprised at what he had done. For in this new book he had gone one vital step beyond Casino Royale. There he had drawn on the past, it was a nostalgic book, but now he had discovered a way of making life itself fit into his dream, of seeing the present through the eyes of James Bond and then working it back into the plot in any shape he wanted. Suddenly in this book James Bond became a means for Fleming of observing the world around and of making it more truly his than it had ever been before. For instance, his own arrival in New York had been spoiled by finding that the wrong car had been sent to meet him. Now he had put the whole mistake right with that splendid arrival scene of James Bond's at Idlewild. He did Bond proud: he was met by an official of the U. S. Department of Justice, sidestepping Customs and Immigration, offered a thousand dollars spending money, and chauffeured away to the best hotel in New York. As a fictional character Bond remains shadowy and unreal. It is almost impossible to visualize him; the only time we catch a glimpse of the physical Bond is when he looks in a mirror and then we see how closely Fleming identifies himself with his hero. The black hair, and high cheekbones, and gray-blue eyes are unmistakable. The other characters are basically the same as in all the other books: Mr. Big remains the same lumbering and obscene father-figure as Le Chiffre, and Solitaire the same insufferable bed-fellow as Vesper Lynd. But the tone of zest and enjoyment makes this the most engaging of all his novels.

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单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} When Thomas Keller, one of America's foremost chefs, announced that on Sept. 1 he would abolish the practice of tipping at Per Se, his luxury restaurant in New York City, and replace it with a European-style service charge, I knew three groups would be opposed: customers, servers and restaurant owners. These three groups are all committed to tipping—as they quickly made clear on Web sites. To oppose tipping, it seems, is to be anticapitalist, and maybe even a little French. But Mr. Keller is right to move away from tipping—and it's worth exploring why just about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice. Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes economic sense. "Waiters know that they won't get paid if they don't do a good job" is how most advocates of the system would put it. To be sure, this is a tempting, apparently rational statement about economic theory, but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants. Michael Lynn, an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell's School of Hotel Administration, has conducted dozens of studies of tipping and has concluded that consumers' assessments of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip. Rather, customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled—in other words, customers tip more when they like the server, not when the service is good. Mr. Lynn's studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers while female customers increase their tips for male servers. What's more, consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases. Thus, the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call "upselling": every bottle of imported water, every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server's pocket. Aggressive upselling for tips is often rewarded while low-key, quality service often goes unrecognized. In addition, the practice of tip pooling, which is the norm in fine-dining restaurants and is becoming more common in every kind of restaurant above the level of a greasy spoon, has ruined whatever effect voting with your tip might have had on an individual waiter. In an unreasonable outcome, you are punishing the good waiters in the restaurant by not tipping the bad one. Indeed, there appears to be little connection between tipping and good service.

单选题What is the topic of this passage?