单选题Which of the following is wrong about professionals and amateurs?

单选题{{I}} Questions 17～20 are based on the following passage. You now have 20 seconds to read questions 17～20.{{/I}}

单选题The man idea of this passage is______.

单选题Material culture refers to what can be seen, held, felt, used—what a culture produces. Examining a culture"s tools and technology can tell us about the group"s history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music culture. The most vivid body of material culture in it, of course, is musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra. Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on music and, when it becomes widespread, on the music culture as a whole. One more important part of music"s material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the "information revolution", a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music cultures all over the globe.

单选题In the first paragraph the author believes ______.

单选题If you are what you eat, then you are also what you buy to eat. And mostly what people buy is scrawled onto a grocery list, those ethereal scraps of paper that record the shorthand of where we shop and how we feed ourselves. Most grocery lists end up in the garbage. But if you live in St. Louis, they might have a half-life you never imagined, as a cultural document, posted on the Internet. For the past decade, Bill Keaggy, 33, the features photo editor at The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, has been collecting grocery lists and since 1999 has been posting them online at www.grocerylists.org. The collection, which now numbers more than 500 lists, is strangely addictive. The lists elicit twofold curiosity — about the kind of meal the person was planning and the kind of person who would make such a meal. What was the shopper with vodka, lighters, milk and ice cream on his list planning to do with them? In what order would they be consumed? Was it a he or a she? Who had written "Tootie food, kitten chow, bird food stick, toaster scrambles, coffee drinks"? Some shoppers organize their lists by aisle; others start with dairy, go to cleaning supplies and then back to dairy before veering off to Home Depot. A few meticulous ones note the price of every item. One shopper had written in large letters on an envelope, simply, "Milk". The thin lines of ink and pencil jutting and looping across crinkled and torn pieces of paper have a purely graphic beauty. One of life's most banal duties, viewed through the curatorial lens, can somehow seem pregnant with possibility. It can even appear poetic, as in the list that reads "meat, cigs, buns, treats". One thing Keaggy discovered is that Dan Quayte is not alone — few people can spell bananas and bagels, let alone potato. One list calls for "suchi" and "strimp" . "Some people pass judgment on the things they buy. " Keaggy says. At the end of one list, the shopper wrote "Bud Light" and then "good beer". Another scribbled "good loaf of white bread". Some pass judgment on themselves, like the shopper who wrote "read, stay home or go somewhere, I act like my morn, go to Kentucky, underwear, lemon. "People send messages to one another, too. Buried in one list is this statement: "If you buy more rice, I'll punch you. "And plenty of shoppers, like the one with both ice cream and diet pills on the list, reveal their vices.

单选题 Directions: You will hear three dialogues or monologues. Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question. You will hear each piece once only. Questions 11—13 are based on the following passage. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11—13.

单选题What lesson might be the PR industry take from Ted Turner of CNN?

单选题 What is lean production? Perhaps the best way to describe this innovative production system is to contrast it with craft production and mass production, the two other methods humans have devised to make things. The craft producer uses highly skilled workers and simple but flexible tools to make exactly what the consumer asks for — one item at a time. Custom furniture, works of decorative art, and a few exotic cars provide current-day examples. We all love the idea of craft method — as automobiles once were exclusively — cost too much for most of us to afford. So mass production was developed at the beginning of the twentieth century as an alternative. The mass-producer uses narrowly skilled professionals to design products made by unskilled or semiskilled workers tending expensive, single purpose machines. These churn out standardized products in very high volume. Because the machinery costs so much and it is so intolerant of disruption, the mass-producer adds many buffers -- extra supplies, extra workers, and extra space — to assure smooth production. Because changing over to a new product costs even more, the mass-producer keeps standard designs in production for as long as possible. The result: the consumer gets lower costs but at the expense of variety and by means of work methods that most employees find boring and dispiriting. The lean producer, by contrast, combines the advantages of craft and mass production, while avoiding the high cost of the former and the rigidity of the latter. Toward this end, lean producers employ teams of multiskilled workers at levels of the organization and use highly flexible, increasingly automated machines to produce volumes of products in enormous variety. Lean production is "lean" because it uses less of everything compared with mass production, half the human effort in the factory, half the manufacturing space, half the investment in tools, half the engineering hours to develop a new product in half the time. Also, it requires keeping far less than half the needed inventory on site, results in much fewer defects, and produces a greater and ever growing variety products.

单选题The "standard of living" of any country means the average person's share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country's standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealth. "Wealth" in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy: "goods" such as food and clothing, and "services" such as transport and entertainment. A country's capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of which have an effect on one another. Wealth depends to a great extent upon a county's natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on. Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals, and have a fertile soil and a favorable climate; other regions possess perhaps only one of these things, and some regions possess none of them. The USA is one of the wealthiest regions of the world because she had vast natural resources within her borders, her soil is fertile, and her climate is varied. The Sahara Desert, on the other hand, is one of the least wealthy. Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to use. China is perhaps as well off as the USA in natural resources, but suffered for many years from civil and external wars, and for this and other reasons was unable to develop her resources. Sound political conditions, and freedom from foreign invasion, enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country equally well served by nature but less well ordered. Another important factor is the technical efficiency of a country's people. Old countries that have, through many centuries, trained up numerous skilled craftsmen and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilled. Wealth also produces wealth. As a country becomes wealthier, its people have a large margin for saving, and can put their savings into factories and machines which will help workers to turn out more goods in their working day.

单选题How do the professional timekeepers of the world determine, to the precise nanosecond, when a new year begins? They simply consult an atomic clock. At the end of last month, just in time to ring in the new year, the Hewlett-Packard company, of Palo Alto, California, unveiled the latest of these meticulous time- pieces. For nearly 30 years, the firm has been supplying military and scientific clients with atomic clocks; the most advanced models neither gain nor lose more than a second every 800,000 years. But the newest version, a $54,000 device the size of desktop computer, is accurate to one second in 1.6 million years — far longer than all of human history to date. It is natural to wonder who could possibly need such precision. The answer: practically everyone, at least indirectly. Telephone and computer networks rely on atomic clocks to synchronize the flow of trillions of bits of information around the nation and the world, thus avoiding mammoth electronic logjams. Television and radio stations use the clocks to time their broadcasts. Satellite- based navigation systems depend on the devices to measure the arrival time of radio signals to within a tiny fraction of a second, allowing users to gauge their location to within a few feet. The armed forces use atomic clocks to help steer smart missiles and time secret calls to nuclear submarines around the world. And scientists depend on atomic clocks to help track the almost imperceptible motions of continents across the surface of the earth and galaxies and stars across the sky. Even the people who dropped the ball in New York City's Times Square to signal the start of 1992 relied on a timekeeping source that was pegged ultimately to an atomic clock. The principle that lies behind all this precision comes out of quantum physics. When an atom is bombarded with electromagnetic radiation — in this case, microwaves — its electrons shift into a new energy state. Each type of atom responds most readily to a particular frequency of radiation. That means that when a microwave beam inside the clock is set exactly to that frequency, the maximum number of atoms will undergo the energy shift. This signals the clock's internal computer that the device is correctly tuned. And in fact, it is the vibrating microwaves that keep time; the atoms are used just to keep them on track. Theoretically, an atomic clock could keep perfect time, but the actual performance depends on engineering details — exactly how the microwaves hit the cesium atoms, how sophisticated the electronics are and so on. It was by improving factors like these that Hewlett-Packard boosted its clocks' performance from incredibly good to even better. The next generation of clocks should do better still, but no one is sure when that generation will come along. For now, a second every million and a half years will have to do.

单选题On the island of Zakinthos, measures to protect the turtles meet resistance chiefly for ______.