问答题 1 If people can become angry because there is somebody else around who is angry; if students become intelligent because teachers expect them to be intelligent, it is obvious that a study of human behavior requires a study of the social contexts within which people move, the expectations as to how they will behave, and the authority which tells them who they are and what they are supposed to do. And, to understand the true nature of women, we must understand the social expectations about them and the social conditions under which they live. 2 How are women characterized in our culture, and in psychology? They are inconsistent, emotionally unstable, weak, intuitive rather than intelligent, and, if they are at all normal, suited to the home and the family. In short, if they know their place, which is in the home, they are really quite lovable, happy, child-like, loving creatures. 3 In a review of the intellectual differences between little boys and little girls, a psychologist has shown that there are no intellectual differences until about high school, or, if there are, girls are slightly ahead of boys. At high school, girls begin to do worse on a few intellectual tasks, such as arithmetic reasoning, and beyond high school, the achievement of women drops off more rapidly. There are a number of non-intellectual tests showing sex differences. I choose this one because it is seen clearly that women start becoming inferior. It is no use to talk about women being different but equal; all the tests I can think of have a "good" outcome. Women always end up at the "bad" outcome. 4 In light of social expectations about women, what is surprising is that some women resist this message even after high school, college and graduate school. 5 Many psychologists assume that people move in a context-free condition either. Until they begin to respect evidence, and until they begin looking at the social context within which people move, psychology will have nothing to offer. I don"t know what unalterable differences exist between men and women. Probably there are a number of differences. But it is clear that until social expectations for men and women are equal, until we provide equal respect for both men and women, our answers to this question will simply reflect our prejudices.

问答题Our reactions are formed on the terror level. We fear the worst, expect the worst, thus invite the worst.

问答题HousingisoneofthemostimportantissuesconcerningChinesepeoplenow.Thefollowinggraphshowsthepriceofhousingin1987andin1999(yuanpersquaremeter).Youaretowriteacompositionwithin35minutes.Youshouldwrite160--200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Forthispart,youareallowed35minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthegraphbelow.Rememberthatyourcompositionbewrittenaccordingtothefollowingoutline:(1)Riseandfalloftherateofcaraccidentsasindicatedbythegraph;(2)Possiblereason(s)forthedeclineofcaraccidentsinthecity;(3)Yourpredictionsofwhatwillhappenthisyear.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.{{/I}}62. {{U}}While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.{{/U}} Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew that is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process. 62. {{U}}Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.{{/U}} While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 63. {{U}}During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.{{/U}} Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 64. {{U}}There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.{{/U}} Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method," frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy." Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 65. {{U}}It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activities with specific techniques.{{/U}}

问答题For this part, you are allowed 35 minutes to write a composition based on the following graph which shows the change in Expenses in Shanghai. You should write not less than 150 words for your composition and it must include the following ideas (given in Chinese ) : Statistics of Family Expenses in Shanghai 1980 1990 200 Food & Clothing 68% 45% 20% Recreation 3% 5% 8% Education 6% 16% 22% Health Care 6% 10% 16% Others 17% 24% 35%　　(1)根据上图描述该城市家庭支出的变化；　　(2)分析产生这些变化的原因；　　(3)说明这些变化对个人和社会产生的影响。

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}} For this part you are allowed thirty-five minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Cope with Personal Crisis. You should base your composition on the outline be low: (1) The causes of personal crisis. (2) Ways to deal with personal crisis. You should write 160 - 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.{{/I}}

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} From your life experience you find that a sense of humor is very important in dealing with the problems in your life as well as in your relationship with other people. There is a discussion among your classmates about the importance of humor in everyday life. Write an essay to join the discussion by induding the following two points: 1) the definition of humor; 2) an example of its use in daily life. You should write 160-200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题 Laws of nature are of two basic forms: (1) a law is universal if it states that some conditions, so far as are known, invariably are found together with certain other conditions; and (2) a law is probabilistic if it affirms that, on the average, a stated fraction of cases displaying a given condition will display a certain other condition as well. In either ease, a law may be valid even though it obtains only under special circumstances or as a convenient approximation. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Moreover, a law of nature has no logical necessity; rather, it rests directly or indirectly upon the evidence of experience.{{/U}} Laws of universal form must be distinguished from generalizations, such as "All chairs in this office are gray," which appear to be accidental. Generalizations, for example, cannot support counterfactual conditional statements such as "If this chair had bees in my office, it would be gray" nor subjunctive conditionals such as "If this chair were put in my office, it would be gray." On the other hand, the statement "All planetary objects move in nearly elliptical paths about their star" does provide this support. All scientific laws appear to give similar results. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}The class of universal statements that can be candidates for the status of laws, however, is determined at any time in history the theories of science then current.{{/U}} Several positive attributes are commonly required of a natural law. Statements about things or events limited to one location or one date cannot be lawlike. Also, most scientists hold that the predicate must apply to evidence not used in deriving the law: though the law is founded upon experience, it must predict or help one to understand matters not included among these experiences. Finally, it is normally expected that a law will be explainable by more emhracing laws or by some theory. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Thus, a regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds for expecting it will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories.{{/U}} Universal laws are of several types. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Many assert a dependence between varying quantities measuring certain properties, as in the law that the pressure of a gas under steady temperature is inversely proportional to its volume.{{/U}} Others state that events occur in an invariant order, as in "Vertebrates always occur in the fossil record after the rise of invertebrates." Lastly, there are laws affirming that if an object is of a stated sort it will have certain observable properties. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Part of the reason for the ambiguity of the term law of nature lies in the temptation to apply the term only to statements of one of these sorts of laws, as in the claim that science deals solely with cause and effect relationships, when in fact all three kinds are equally valid.{{/U}}