问答题Ecological economics recognizes that humans and their economies are parts of larger natural ecosystems and co-evolve with those natural systems. 1 There is a material and energy basis for the relations between human economies and their ecosystems, defining not only economic, but social, structures and processes. Economies possess general ecosystem properties, such as dynamism, evolution, integrity, stability and sustenance. Economies are embedded in larger natural ecosystems, and exchange flows of materials and energy with natural systems. 2 What makes humans and their economies unique as a sub-ecosystem is their ability, through willful effort, ignorance and human designed tools, to dramatically restructure and reform processes in ecosystems of which they are a part; The ability is to such a magnitude that human welfare can be diminished or enhanced by those original actions. Some types of economic activities, and the welfare that originates from them, would not be sustainable if they substantially adversely impact natural systems. 3 The willful effort to extract useful things from natural systems is motivated by the satisfaction of basic biological needs and the seemingly limitless search for pleasure through consumption of goods and through social associations. The magnitude of potential impact on their own welfare through effects on natural systems requires that human decisions be guided by some notion of the value of their actions and the value of their impacts on ecosystems, either in terms of benefits of use or costs of abuse. Some concept of value is required for rational activities of human economies within their natural systems. Both the structures and processes of natural systems have identifiable instrumental value to the human economy. These narrow use values may be reflected by the summation of individual values, to the extent they are private. However, natural systems also have aesthetic, moral and cultural values. These values are more intrinsic and unmeasurable using traditional human preferences. 4 Valuation is made more complicated by the fact that our natural environment is highly likely to shape values through establishing social and economic relations, aesthetic standards and culture. If so, our decisions now about the natural environment will shape future value systems, making values endogenous and, therefore, a poor guide to behavior. 5 A way out of this dilemma is to make valuations of natural systems based on "What we would like to see society become" rather than to ask what current valuations are. The value of natural systems is then based on their ability to assist us in becoming what we wish to be.

问答题You are allowed 35 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Friendship. You should base your composition on the following outline, and write it coherently and neatly.　　(1) Friendship is important to us. (2) But real friendship is not easy to come by. (3) Real friendship should be able to stand all sorts of tests. (4) It is advisable to have as many good friends as we can.You should write 160 - 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2

问答题Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawing,interpretitsmeaning,and2)giveyourcommentonit.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Interlocutor:NowI'dlikeyoutotalkaboutsomethingbetweenyourselvesbutspeakloudlysothatwecanhearyou.Youshouldtakecaretosharetheopportunityofspeaking.(PutthepictureforCandidatesinfrontofbothcandidatesandgiveinstructionswithreferencetothepicture.)YouaregoingtotalkaboutadvertisementsonTV.Whydopeopledislikeadvertisements?Whatinfluencedoadvertisementshaveonpeople?Thispictureisforyourreference.Youhavethreeminutesforthis.Wouldyouliketobeginnow,please?

问答题You are allowed 35 minutes to write a composition about the trend of aged people to live alone. Your composition should contain the following points: (1) Present situation. (2) Possible reasons for such situation. (3) Your own opinion. You should write 160--200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题　　At our house, nobody gets more mail than Jake: catalogs, coupons, and offers to subscribe to magazines.{{U}} (61) He is also urged to donate to worth causes and take advantage of some pretty incredible credit-card offers.{{/U}} He ignores all of them. What do they expect? He's a dog.　　{{U}} {{U}} {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}It all started when I used Jake's name as an assumed name on the Internet. in an attempt to protect what's left of my privacy.{{/U}} Before I knew it, junk was pouring in, proving once again that these days every move you make online can be, and often is, carefully watched and recorded by people who don't know you from your dog--everyone from ad and insurance agencies to nonprofit groups and even the dreaded telemarketers. And let's not forget the more, shall we say, unscrupulous characters.　　{{U}}(63) We've all heard horror stories about people whose identities, in the form of credit card or Social Security numbers, were assumed by crooks. Identity theft is one of the fastest-growing crimes around.{{/U}} Even if you never buy anything online, your privacy can be compromised by Web "cookies." A cookie is a small file that a Web site stores on your computer containing information it can use to "recognize" you if you return to that site. Most cookies pose little risk to privacy on their own. The problem comes when others get hold of your cookies. In a highly publicized case earlier this year, DonbleClick Inc planned to cross reference consumer cookie data with information from a marketing database, such as name, address and credit card purchase history.{{U}} (64) Seen as an unethical violation of consumers' privacy, a lawsuit followed. DoubleClick backed off the plan. for now.{{/U}} In the meantime, other threats to your cyber privacy still exist. Example: Anyone who knows where to look can buy stolen credit card numbers in chat rooms, and spends up every penny on your card in minutes. {{U}}(65) As new technologies bring out the creativity in crooks, your best bet may be plain old-fashioned vigilance.{{/U}} Keep track of each penny, balance your checkbook and follow up on discrepancies in your statements immediately. However much the world change, it still pays to be your own watchdog.

问答题PartBInterlocutor:NowI'dlikeyoutotalkaboutsomethingbetweenyourselves,butspeakloudlysothatwecanhearyou.Youshouldtakecaretosharetheopportunityofspeaking.(PutthepictureforCandidatesinfrontofbothcandidatesandgiveinstructionswithreferencetothepicture.)TalktoeachotheraboutviolenceonTVandinfilms.Thispictureisforyourreference.Youhavethreeminutesforthis.Wouldyouliketobeginnow,please?

问答题Directions:WiththeappearanceoftheInternet,anewlifestyle—Soho,namely,smallorhomeoffice,isdevelopingquicklyintheworld.Thefollowinggraphshowitsgrowthtendercy.Youaresupposedtowriteacompositiononthissubject.Youshouldwriteapproximately160—200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

问答题

问答题When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.