问答题 The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.{{/U}} Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}We are obliged to them because some of them languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.{{/U}} Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from "exotic" language, were not always so grateful. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.{{/U}} Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages. Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorl developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.{{/U}} He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.{{/U}} Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.

问答题Exactly where we will stand in the long war against disease by the year 2050 is impossible to say. (61) But if developments in research maintain their current pace, it seems likely that a combination of improved attention to dietary and environmental factors, along with advances in gene therapy and protein targeted drugs, will have virtually eliminated most major classes of diseases. From an economic standpoint, the best news may be that these accomplishments could be accompanied by a drop in health-care costs. (62) Costs may even fall as diseases are brought under control using pinpointed, short term therapies now being developed. By 2050 there will be fewer hospitals, and surgical procedures will be largely restricted to the treatment of accidents and other forms of trauma(外伤). Spending on nonacute(慢性病的) care, both in nursing facilities and in homes, will also fall sharply as more elderly people lead healthy lives until close to death. One result of medicine's success in controlling disease will be a dramatic increase in life expectancy. (63) The extent of that increase is a highly speculative matter, but it is worth noting that medical science has already helped to make the very old (currently defined as those over 85 years of age) the fastest growing segment of the population. Between 1980 and 1995,the U.S. population as a whole increased by about 45%, while the segment over 85 years of age grew by almost 300%. (64) There has been a similar explosion in the population of centenarians, with the result that survival to the age of 100 is no longer the newsworthy feat that it was only a few decades ago. U.S. Census Bureau projections already forecast dramatic increase in the number of centenarians in the next 50 years: 4 million in 2050, compared with 37,000 in 1990. (65) Although Census Bureau calculations project an increase in average life span of only eight years by the year 2050, some experts believe that the human life span should not begin to encounter any theoretical natural limits before 120 years. With continuing advances in molecular medicine and a growing understanding of the aging process, that limit could rise to 130 years or more.

问答题1.Many of us find it hard to say NO to a friend. 2. Do not hesitate to say NO. 3. Skills of saying NO at the same time not hurting feelings.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayof160～200wordsinwhichyoushould1)Describethedrawing;2)Interpretitsmeaning;3)Supportyourviewwithexamples.

问答题For this part, you are allowed 35 minutes to write a composition based on the following directions: 1) The topic is Unemployment. 2) Your composition should be based on the outline given in Chinese below. A．下岗被视为目前中国面临的头号问题。 B．政府已采取了一系列措施来解决这一问题。 C．随着政府和社会的共同努力，我们相信一定能解决下岗问题。 You should write 160 -200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题HousingisoneofthemostimportantissuesconcerningChinesepeoplenow.Thefollowinggraphshowsthepriceofhousein1987andin1999(Yuanpersquaremeter).Youaretowriteacompositionwithin35minutes.Youshouldwrite160～200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题For this part, you are allowed 35 minutes to write a composition based on the following directions:Traveling is more important than reading books in order to understand the people and the world well. Let's suppose that you agree with the statement. Write an article about it.You should write 160 - 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Interlocutor:Now,I"dlikeyoutotalkaboutsomethingbetweenyourselvesandspeakloudlysothatwecanhearyou.Youshouldtakecaretosharetheopportunityofspeaking.(PutPictureforCandidatesinfrontofbothcandidatesandgiveinstructionswithreferencetothepicture.)Youareaskedtotalkaboutthephenomenonthatmoreandmorepeoplearenowhavingtheirowncars.Everydaytheybringabouttrafficjam.Giveyourcommentonwhatyouseeinthepicture.Thispictureisforyourreference.Youhavethreeminutesforthis.Wouldyouliketobeginnow,please?

问答题Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.June 8th, 2011, was World IPv6 Day—the first major deployment of Internet Protocol version 6. Hundreds of Internet service providers and Web companies tested IPv6 on their websites. This new numbering system for Internet addresses has been available for years. But very few companies have switched to it. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Yet the old system could run out of addresses this year because of all the growth in online devices.{{/U}} Doug Szajda, a computer science professor at the University of Richmond in Virginia, explains. Doug Szajda says: "It's sort of like the post office of the Internet. It tells you how to get information from one computer to another. Currently, and since around 1980, the addressing system has been IP version 4. But the problem with that is that we've run out of addresses. So it's almost as if, when a new house is built, you can't give it an address because you don't have any more." IPv4 was designed to handle just over four billion IP addresses. Doug Szajda says that seemed like more than enough. Doug Szajda says: "{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}At the time that IP version 4 was designed, the designers were anticipating perhaps thousands of users of the Internet someday, and certainly thinking that four billion addresses were many more than we would ever need."{{/U}} Yet now, not just computers but smartphones, cars, televisions, game systems and plenty of other devices all connect to the Internet. Each uses a different IP address. The basic standards for IPv6 were first published in 1998. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Doug Szajda says its most important feature is the ability to provide what seems like an unlimited number of IP addresses.{{/U}} Well, there is a limit—three hundred forty trillion trillion trillion in fact, or three hundred forty undecillion. That's three hundred forty followed by thirty-six zeros. Experts say the challenge now is to get the world to use it. Mr. Szajda says that was the real purpose of last week's World IPv6 Day sponsored by the Internet Society. Doug Szajda says: "{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}It was less a worldwide test than a means of generating some incentive for vendors to realize we can't drag our feet anymore. This has to happen."{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}The process of switching to IPv6 can be complex and costly, which could explain why so few companies have made the switch.{{/U}} CompTIA, the Computing Technology Industry Association, recently did an opinion study. The group talked to more than four hundred information technology and business leaders in the United States. Only twenty-one percent said they have started doing work to upgrade their networks to the new system.

问答题In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (61) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (62) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (63) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the Origin of Species is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was Willing to assert that "I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree. " (64) He adds humbly that perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully. " Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: "Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music. " (65)Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.

问答题The world's environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss. If there were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints from local smog (烟雾) to global climate change, from the felling (砍伐) of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad. After all, the world's population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place, smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous. But they don't. The reasons why they don't, and why the environment has not been ruined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in response to popular pressure. That is why today's environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable. Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real terms during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new farming and crop technology. The long term trend has been downwards. It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign(良性的) trend be gins to stumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.1.Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement.