问答题Directions:Itisoftenclaimedthatwomenhaveachievedgreaterfreedomandhaveaccesstothesameopportunitiesasmen.ThepiechartsbelowshowsomeemploymentpatternsinGreatBritain.Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationinthechartsbelow.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

问答题Interlocutor:Now,I'dlikeyoutotalkaboutsomethingbetweenyourselvesandspeakloudlysothatwecanhearyou.Youshouldtakecaretosharetheopportunityofspeaking.(PutPicturesforCandidatesinfrontofbothcandidatesandgiveinstructionswithreferencetothepicture.)Youaregoingtotalkaboutgoodmannersinpublic.Whyaregoodmannerssoimportanttoeveryone?Thepicturesareforyourreference.Youhavethreeminutesforthis.Wouldyouliketobeginnow,please?

问答题Chinese families' expense structure has changed dramatically since 1990s. The change, its possible reasons, and its effect on individuals and the whole Chinese society have provoked many people into thinking about China's rapid development. The following table shows the change of family expenses in Shanghai, one of China's biggest cities. Write an essay to(1)根据此表描述上海市家庭支出的变化；(2)分析产生这些变化的原因；(3)说明这些变化对个人和社会产生的影响。 In your essay, make full use of the information provided in the table and it must include the above ideas given in Chinese. You should write 160～200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Statistics of Family Expenses in Shanghai 1990 2000 2007 Food ＆Clothing 68% 45% 20% Recreation 3% 5% 8% Education 6% 16% 22% Health Care 6% 10% 16% Others 17% 24% 35%

问答题Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayonit.Inyouressay,youshould(1)describethecartoonbriefly,(2)interpretitsmeaningand(3)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Women make up 40 percent of the world's work force in agriculture, a quarter in industry, and a third in services. {{/U}}Women farmers in the developing countries grow at least 50 percent of the world’s food, as much as 80 percent in some African countries. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}In addition to income and generating activities ( in cash and kind), women’s household activities include caring for the sick, house maintenance, and such vital work as caring for children, preparing food, and fetching firewood and water.{{/U}} Yet women's productivity remains low. both in income-generating work and in home production. Improving women's productivity can contribute to growth, efficiency, and poverty reduction. Key development goals everywhere. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Investing in women —in education, health, family planning--is thus an important part of development strategy as well as a matter of social justice.{{/U}} It is an integral part of the World Bank's overall strategy for poverty reduction that calls for broadly based, labour-absorbing economic growth and improved human resource development. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}If long-change in the conditions of women is to be achieved, the actions and attitudes of men must change, and it is important that men be brought along in the process of change.{{/U}} For example, family planning information campaigns should be aimed at men as well as women because it is when men and women are able to make joint informed decisions on family size, child spacing, and appropriate methods of contraception, that these programs are most successful. Likewise, problems affecting women are often close-related to the social relationships between men and women. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}For example, many women’s health problems are embedded in unequal gender relation in work loads, responsibilities for family welfare, and access to resources and decision-making. It is impossible to deal effectively with women's health problems through approaches that deal only with women.{{/U}}

问答题 During the early period of the earth' s history, the weather on earth apparently fluctuated between bright sun and showers. In recent times, however, the mountains and valleys on land and under water have had a great influence on the earth' s weather. They effect the movements of the thin film of water we call the sea and the thin layer of air around the earth. These movements produce changes in the temperature and humidity prevailing at the surface. Although the sun is approximately 93 million miles away, its rays warm the earth. The areas that receive the sun' s rays vertically are, naturally, warmer than those areas that receive only slanting raya. 61. {{U}}Vertical rays do not need to make as long a journey through the atmosphere before reaching the surface of the earth.{{/U}} Therefore, less of their heat is lost in the air and more of their heat is saved to warm the earth. Furthermore, slanting rays are spread over available at a given point. The sun' s rays do not heat the vast stretches of space between the sun and the earth. 62. {{U}}If they did, we should expect to be warmer on top of a high mountain or riding in an airplane than we are on the ground.{{/U}} Actually, however, we feel cooler at the top of a mountain; and, if we fly a plane high enough, we encounter freezing temperatures, even over the equator. This is true because the sun' s rays are like the waves used in radio broadcasting. Music sent out by a radio transmitter does not fill the air with sounds for all to hear. Instead, the music travels in the form of electromagnetic waves, which must pass through a receiver and an amplifier to be heard. 63. {{U}}Similarly, the sun' s rays cross our atmosphere and are absorbed by the surface of the earth.{{/U}} These rays warm the surface, which sends back some of this heat into the air. When the air near the earth' s surface has been warmed, it rises and is replaced by cooler air which comes down to take its place. This cool air, in turn, is warmed and rises to be replaced by more cool air. As air rises it becomes cooler because it expands and is less concentrated, the air is suddenly let out of a tire, the air expands rapidly and becomes much cooler. On the other hand, when air is put under greater pressure, it becomes warmer. This is what happens to the cold air that comes down to take the place of rising warm air. The earth is much cooler than the sun, and the wave length of the earth' s radiations is much longer than that of sun rays. 64. {{U}}These longer heat waves cannot pass through the atmosphere as easily as the short waves coming from the sun.{{/U}} 65. {{U}}Similarly, radio stations that transmit programs to distant countries broadcast in short waves, which can travel all round the world.{{/U}} Stations that broadcast local programs send out longer waves, which can be received more easily, but only in a limited area.

问答题Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayonit.Inyouressay,youshould(1)describethecartoonbriefly,(2)analyzethissituation,and(3)giveyourcomments.

问答题 Islamic law is a particularly instructive example of "sacred law". Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—61) {{U}}notwithstanding. of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned{{/U}}—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. Even the two other representatives of sacred law that are historically and geographically nearest to it, Jewish law and Roman Catholic canon law, are perceptibly different. Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; {{U}}62) Islamic law is the result of an examination. from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.{{/U}} All this was unified by being subjected to the same kind of religious scrutiny, the impact of which Varied greatly, being almost nonexistent in some fields, and in others originating novel institutions. 63){{U}} This central duality of legal subject matter and religious norm is additional to the variety of legal, ethical, and ritual rules that is typical of sacred law.{{/U}} In its relation to the secular state, Islamic law differed from both Jewish and canon law. Jewish law was buttressed by the cohesion of the community, reinforced by pressure from outside; rules are the direct expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending toward the accommodation of dissent. 64){{U}} Canon and Islamic law. on the contrary, were dominated by the dualism of religion and state. where the state was not. in contrast with Judaism. an alien power but the political expression of the same religion.{{/U}} But the conflict between state and religion took different forms in Christianity appeared, as the struggle for political power on the part of a tightly organized ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of political weapons. Islamic law, on the other hand, was never supported by an organized institution; consequently, there never developed an overt trial of strength. 65){{U}} There merely existed discordance between application of the sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamic states: this antagonism varied according to place and time.{{/U}}

问答题Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-ac-celerating.{{/U}} Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.{{/U}} It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions, will arise which will require specific scientific answers, it is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.{{/U}} This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting "good" as opposed to "bad" science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.{{/U}}

问答题 Many people believe that the life of an individual man or woman goes on even after the death of the body. Even 60, 000 years ago, our distant ancestors were burying their dead with food and tools. They probably did this because they thought that the dead person could use the food and tools in another world. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}The ancient Egyptians took a great deal of trouble to preserve the bodies of dead people because they believed that they would live again. Today, the major religions still believe in some sort of life after death.{{/U}} Today, there are two principal beliefs concerning a life after death. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}The three religions that originated in the Middle East—Judaism, Christianity, and Is—lam—believe that we have one life here followed by one life after death. The two religions that originated in India—Hind, ism and Buddhism—believe that we have a succession of different lives.{{/U}} Each life is spent in a different body. After we "die" in one body, we will be born again in a different body. This belief in a succession of lives in different bodies is often called reincarnation or rebirth. Many of those who believe in rebirth believe that we were not human beings in all of our past lives. In some of them we might have been gods or supernatural beings. In some, on the other hand, we might have been animals. Not harming or eating animals is sometimes part of the ethics of believers in rebirth. This is because the souls or minds of animals might have been in human bodies at one time. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Believers in rebirth see life as an endless succession of lives in different bodies. They do not think this cycle of rebirth ever had a beginning.{{/U}} However, both Hindus and Buddhists believe it is possible for this process to have an end. They regard it as desirable to escape from this endless process of birth and death, which they call sansara. The escape from sansara is to a state called nirvana. This state is difficult to describe but seems to be a state of pure consciousness free from the material world. Buddhists believe that when the Buddha died he attained nirvana rather than being born in another body. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Tibetan Buddhists believe that when the body dies the soul or self goes to an in-between region called the Bardo before being born again. The stay in the Bardo may last as long as forty-nine days.{{/U}} There are three stages in the Bardo. In the first, the person is aware of a clear pure light. This stage provides an opportunity for people to free themselves from life-and-death and attain a nirvana-like state. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Eventually this light fades and the person passes on to the next stage, in which he or she is met by a number of supernatural beings. Finally, in the third stage, the person moves towards the tomb in which he or she is to be reborn.{{/U}}

问答题A one-month survey results indicate that smoking, alcohol and marijuana use increase among residents of Manhattan during the five to eight weeks after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center which took place on September 11,2001. Almost one-third of the nearly 1 000 persons interviewed reported an increased use of alcohol, marijuana, or cigarettes following the September 11 attacks. About one-fourth of the respondents said they were drinking more alcohol in the weeks after September 11; about one tenth reported an in- crease in smoking, and 3.2% said they had increased their use of marijuana. 62)The investigators found survey Participants by randomly, dialing New York City phone numbers and screened Potential respondents for Manhattan residents living in areas close to the World Trade Center. Interviews were conducted with 988 individuals between October 16 and November 15,2001. Participants were asked about their cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and marijuana use habits before and after September 11. During the week prior to September 11,2001,22.6% of the participants reported smoking cigarettas,59.1% drinking alcohol, and 4.4% using marijuana. After September 11,23.4% reported smoking cigarettes, 64.4% drinking alcohol, and 5.7% smoking marijuana. Among those who smoked, almost 10% reported smoking at least an extra pack of cigarettes a week and among those who drank alcohol, more than 20% reported imbibing at least one extra drink a day. The researchers found that people who reported an increase in substance abuse were more likely to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and from depression. 63)People who reported an increase in cigarette smoking or marijuana use were also more likely to have both PTSD and depression, while those people who reported an increase in alcohol use were more likely to have depression only. 64)Persons who were living closer to the World Trade Center were more likely to increase their cigarette smoking, but other factors such as being displaced from one's home, losing possessions during the attacks, or being involved in the rescue efforts were not consistently associated with increased substance use. Symptoms of panic attack were associated with an increase in the use of all substances. Increase in substance abuse did not differ significantly between men and women or among racial or ethnic groups. 65)Demographic factors such as age, marital status, and income seemed to play a more critical role in determining if the events of September 11 led to an increase in substance use.

问答题Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world's favorite academic title: the MBA (Master of Business Administration). 61) The MBA, a 20th-century product, always has borne the mark of lowly commerce and greed on the tree-lined campuses ruled by purer disciplines such as philosophy and literature. But even with the recession apparently cutting into the hiring of business school graduates, about 79,000 people are expected to receive MBAs in 1993. 62) This is nearly 16 times the number of business graduates in 1960, a testimony to the widespread assumption that the MBA is vital for young men and women who want to run companies some day. "If you are going into the corporate world it is still a disadvantage not to have one," said Donald Morrison, professor of marketing and management science. "But in the last five years or so, when someone says, 'Should I attempt to get an MBA, ' the answer a lot more is. It depends." 63) The success of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs, such as the late Sam Walton of Wal-Mart Stores Inc. , has helped inspire self-conscious debates on business school campuses over the worth of a business degree and whether management skills can be taught. The Harvard Business Review printed a lively, fictional exchange of letters to dramatize complaints about business degree holders. 64) The article called MBA hires "extremely disappointing" and said "MBAs want to move up too fast, they don't understand politics and people, and they aren't able to function as part of a team until their third year. But by then, they' re out looking for other jobs. " The problem, most participants in the debate acknowledge, is that the MBA has acquired an aura of future fiches and power far beyond its actual importance and usefulness. Enrollment in business schools exploded in the t970s and 1980s and created the assumption that no one who pursued a business career could do without one. The growth was fueled by a backlash against the anti-business values of the 1960s and by the women's movement. 65) Business people who have hired or worked with MBAs say those with the degrees often know how to analyze systems but are not so skillful at motivating people. "They don't get a lot of grounding in the people side of the business. " said James Shaffer, vice-president and principal of the Towers Perrin management consulting firm.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayonit.Inyouresssay,youshould(1)describethepicturebriefly,(2)analyzethissituation,and(3)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题HousingisoneofthemostimportantissuesconcerningChinesepeoplenow.Thefollowinggraphshowsthepriceofhousein1987andin1999(Yuanpersquaremeter).Youaretowriteacompositionwithin35minutes.Youshouldwrite160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题I used to find notes left in the collection basket, beautiful notes about my homilies and about the writer's thoughts on the daily scriptural readings. The person who penned the notes would add reflections to my thoughts and would always include some quotes from poets and mystics he or she had read and remembered and loved. The notes fascinated me. Here was someone immersed in a search for truth and beauty. Words had been treasured, words that were beautiful. And I felt as if the words somehow delighted in being discovered, for they Were obviously very generous to the as yet anonymous writer of the notes. And now this person was in turn learning the secret of sharing, them. Beauty so shines when given away. The only truth that exists is, in that sense, free.

问答题"Intelligence" at best is an assumptive construct—the word"s meaning has never been clear. 1 There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person who has high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and use verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child"s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to—it was not designed for such purposes. 2 To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. The other thing we should notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair. 3 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one"s best, the knowledge required for understanding what you must do, and the intellectual ability to do it. 4 The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. Nobody is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require "general intelligence". 5 On the whole, such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.