单选题You will hear three dialogues or monologues. Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question. You will hear each piece ONLY ONCE. Questions 11—13 are based on the following dialogue about the nuclear power. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11—13.

单选题The most convincing evidence for the importance of adult influence on a child's intelligence comes from a study of "at risk" children. Ramey and Frances Campbell of the University of North Carolina (1) with children born into poverty-line households. The children entered the study by four months (2) age. During the study, one group spent the day in a center where teachers used games and songs to (3) the infants. Another group had no such (4) , but they were given nutritional supplements in (5) During preschool years the children in the early-education group showed I.Q. advantages of ten to 20 points. The highest-risk children showed the (6) gains, and at age 15 they had higher reading and math scores. What (7) for these gains? Ramey and other scientists say early childhood experiences (8) brain growth. An infant is born (9) billions of brain cells called neurons. Some are wired to other cells before birth to regulate the (10) of life, such as heartbeat and breathing. Others are waiting to be wired to (11) him or her interpret and respond to the outside world. Experience dictates the hookups. As the child (12) , cells reach out and set up pathways to other cells needed to determine a (13) . For instance, the neurons in the eye send branches to the (14) cortex, which interprets (15) the eye sees and, via other branches, (16) the person to react to what is seen. Each time an experience is repeated, the (17) are strengthened. The first two years of life are an explosion of brain (18) and connections. By age two the (19) has more than 300 trillion connections. At the same time, cells that aren't being connected or used are being (20) .

单选题It can be inferred that the provisions of the 1966 Freedom of Information Act permitted all of the following EXCEPT?

单选题 {{I}} Questions 17-20 are based on the following passage. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.{{/I}}

单选题 A psychological issue that began to be discussed in the 1950s was the question of the most appropriate age for second language learning．The ability of young children to learn language“easily”had，from time to time，been noted in psychological literature．But in the 1950s it was the view of Penfield，a medical doctor at McGill University in Montreal， which aroused widespread attention．Partly on the basis of his scientific work as a surgeon and partly on his personal conviction，Penfield put forward the idea that childhood years offered a biological favorable stage for second language learning，and he recommended that the childhood years should be used more intensively for language training．This viewpoint， shared by a growing number of teachers，specialists，and the general public，demonstrated itself in the introduction of language teaching in the early years of schooling in several countries．The debate on this controversial issue has gone on ever since，and in spite of experimentation，some research，and endless theoretical argumentation，the issue of the best age for language learning has remained unresolved even many years after Penfield’s challenge had opened up the debate． The need for a more systematic psychological research on language learning was fully recognized and clearly expressed by Carroll in the 1950s：“We are fundamentally ignorant of the psychology of language learning”．Carroll believed that educational psychology might provide helpful answers to pedagogy (the study of teaching methods) by carrying out research on specific questions of language learning，for example：“Should sounds and meanings be presented at the same time or one after the other？”“Can meanings be presented just as well by verbal definitions as by pictures and concrete materials？”“How can the transfer from speaking and understanding to reading be facilitated？”“Under what conditions does the use of native language delay or facilitate learning？”“When do linguistic explanations facilitate learning？”“At what rate can new materials be introduced？”Following up these and similar questions，Carroll and some of his students began to investigate a few of them．One of the most notable inquiries of that time was Carroll’s own attempt，in collaboration with a professor of Spanish，to develop a new language aptitude test．Around the same time，studies on the social psychology of language learning were initiated by an-other professor and his students at McGill University in Montreal．From about 1960，in the context of emerging followers of psycholinguistics，there was a growing interest in studying second language learning from a psychological perspective．

单选题Questions 17—20 are based on the following passage. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17—20.

单选题Questions 14-17 are based on the following monologue introducing the origin of the expression "Where is the beef".

单选题Most musicians agree that the best violins were made in Cremona, Italy, about 200 years ago. These violins sound better than any others. They even sound (21) violins made today. Violin makers and scientists try to make (22) like the old Italian violins. (23) they aren't the same, Musicians prefer the old ones. No one really knows (24) these old Italian violins are so special, (25) many people think they have an answer. Some people think it is the age of the violins. But not all old violins sound wonderful. Only the old violins from Cremona are (26) . Other people think that the (27) to those violins is the wood. The wood of the violin is very important. It must be from certain kinds of trees. It (28) too young or too old. Perhaps the violin makers of Cremona knew (29) special about wood for violins. But the kind of wood may not be (30) important. (31) may be more important to cut the wood in a special way. Wood for a violin must be cut very carefully. It was to be the right size and (32) The smallest difference will change the sound of the violin. Musicians (33) think that this was the secret of the Italians. (34) they understood more than we do about how to cut the wood. Size and shape may not be the answer (35) .Scientists measured these old violins very carefully. They can make new ones that are exactly the same size and shape. But the violins do not sound (36) the old ones. Some scientists think the secret may be the varnish. Varnish is what covers the wood of the violin. It makes the wood (37) shiny. No one knows (38) the Italian violin makers used in their varnish. So no one can make the same varnish today. There may never be other violins (39) the violins of Cremona. And there are not very many of the old violins (40) .

单选题 {{I}} Questions 11 - 13 are based on the following talk introducing Judy Blume. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 -13.{{/I}}

单选题According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to ______.

单选题In the relationship of education to business we observe today a fine state of paradox. On the one hand, the emphasis which most business places upon a college degree is so great that one can almost visualize the time when even the office boy will have his baccalaureate. On the other hand, we seem to preserve the belief that some deep intellectual chasm separates the businessman from other products of the university system. The notion that business people are quite the Philistines sounds absurd. For some reason, we tend to characterize vocations by stereotypes, none too flattering but nonetheless deeply imbedded in the national conscience. In the cast of characters the businessman comes on stage as a crass and uncouth person. It is not a pleasant conception and no more truthful or less unpleasant than our other stereotypes. Business is made up of people with all kinds of backgrounds, all kinds of motivations, and all kinds of tastes, just as in any other form of human endeavour. Businessmen are not ambulatory balance sheets and profit statements, but perfectly normal human beings, subject to whatever strengths, frailties, and limitations characterize man on the earth. They are people grouped together in organizations designed to complement the weakness of one with strength of another, tempering the exuberance of the young with the caution of the more mature, the poetic soarings of one mind with the counting house realism of another. Any disfigurement which society may suffer will come from man himself, not from the particular vocation to which he devotes his time. Any group of people necessarily represents an approach to a common denominator, and it is probably true that even individually they tend to conform somewhat to the general pattern. Many have pointed out the danger of engulfing our original thinkers in a tide of mediocrity. Conformity is not any more prevalent or any more exacting in the business field than it is in any other. It is a characteristic of all organizations of whatever nature. The fact is the large business unit provides greater opportunities for individuality and require less in the way of conformity than other institutions of comparable size--the government service, or the academic world, or certainly the military.

单选题The writer says that travel was important in the past because it ______.