单选题By saying "an uphill battle", the author means

单选题 Questions 11--13 are based on the following dialogue. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11--13.

单选题 A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people. Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-prod American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability. Accountability isn't hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences. Of the many values that hold civilization together-honesty, kindness, and so on—accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law—and, ultimately, no society. My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people's behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment. Fortunately there are still communities—smaller towns, usually—where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: "In this family certain things are not tolerated—they simply are not done!" Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has done. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him. The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it's the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn't teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn't provide a stable home. I don't believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything. We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.

单选题The practical scientist ______.

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单选题{{B}}Passage 1{{/B}} The demoralizing environment, decrepit (老朽的) building and minimal materials make the high school experience for these children an uphill battle. Merely graduating from such a high school is difficult, much less becoming a high-caliber science or engineering student. Schools with students from a higher socioeconomic level would not tolerate the obstacles I encountered dally. Improvements need to be made efficiently and made soon, or the divisions among people in this country will only become more extreme. Of course, there are things that concerned citizens can do to help. Get involved with a school, especially one in a poor area. Volunteer to give a presentation or just to spend time with the children. My students were excited to talk to an insurance salesperson who came to give a career exploration lecture. They not only were genuinely interested in the opportunities he described but also were amazed that such a man would donate an afternoon to them. Although those measures can help, they are not enough. For teaching to be effective, the entire environment of the inner city needs to be changed. Teaching someone the difference between velocity and acceleration is irrelevant if the person is hungry and scared. Programs that educate parents in child-rearing, organize low-income groups into cooperative units, fight drug trafficking and help to clean up the ghettos physically will improve the life in the community. The small alterations and "new" proposals currently filling the newspapers are certainly not strong enough to transform a decaying and demoralized school structure that has been disintegrating for decades. Inner-city schools need so much more, and the children deserve so much more than our society is willing to give. Like many other people, I entered the teaching profession eager to investigate change and found many institutionalized obstacles in my way. It should not be so difficult to make a difference.

单选题Today family in the United States ______.

单选题The color of bananas is ______. [A] yellow [B] blue [C] red

单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}} Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} If the various advocates of the conflicting options are all smart, experienced, and well-informed, why do they disagree so completely? Wouldn't they all have thought the issue through carefully and come to approximately the same "best" conclusion? The answer to that crucial question lies in the structure of the human brain and the way it processes information. Most human beings actually decide before they think. When any human being —executive, specialized expert, or person in the street — encounters a complex issue and forms an opinion, often within a matter of seconds, how thoroughly has he or she explored the implications of the various courses of action? Answer: not very thoroughly. Very few people, no matter how intelligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds. Yet, those who pride themselves on being decisive often try to do just that. And once their brains lock onto an opinion, most of their thinking thereafter consists of finding support for it. A very serious side effect of argumentative decision making can be a lack of support for the chosen course of action on the part of the "losing" faction. When one faction wins the meeting and the others see themselves as losing, the battle often doesn't end when the meeting ends. Anger, resentment, and jealousy may lead them to sabotage the decision later, or to reopen the debate at later meetings. There is a better way. As philosopher Aldous Huxley said, "It isn't who is right, but what is right, that counts. " The structured-inquiry method offers a better alternative to argumentative decision making by debate. With the help of the Internet and wireless computer technology, the gap between experts and executives is now being dramatically closed. By actually putting the brakes on the thinking process, slowing it down, and organizing the flow of logic, it's possible to create a level of clarity that sheer argumentation can never match. The structured-inquiry process introduces a level of conceptual clarity by organizing the contributions of the experts, then brings the experts and the decision makers closer together. Although it isn't possible or necessary for a president or prime minister to listen in on every intelligence analysis meeting, it's possible to organize the experts' information to give the decision maker much greater insight as to its meaning. This process may somewhat resemble a marketing focus group; it's a simple, remarkably clever way to bring decision makers closer to the source of the expert information and opinions on which they must base their decisions.

单选题WhichofthefollowingdoesnotcontributetoToronto'shealthyeconomy?A.Alargelocalmarket.B.Tremendousopportunitiesformanufacturinganddevelopment.C.Thediversifiedindustrialbase.D.Abundantcapital.

单选题"Equality between women and men is no longer a negotiable issue." These are strong words of Gertrude Mongella of Tanzania, the Secretary General of the Beijing Women's Conference. She says equality is at the center of everything which touches women worldwide. In many societies women are invisible. They grow the crops, bring up the children, take care of the home, sell food they produce in their gardens and work in the informal sector — that sector, which doesn't get counted when a country's Gross Domestic Product is calculated. Poor women living on the margin of society, refugee women and migrant women are usually more vulnerable than men in the same circumstances. So unless their special needs are recognized and addressed, many of the world's women will continue to be on the bottom, worker ants toiling in appalling conditions. Education is a major need for woman and girls. Today, in spite of repeated calls at international conferences, education for them is often out of reach, or not provided, and is frequently unequal. Educational opportunities for women are limited at best. Women's health needs have in the past often been overlooked, or assumed to be the same as men's At the Cairo Conference last year it was agreed that the consequence of unsafe abortions are part of overall health care. The conferences recognise that women have specific health needs which must be understood, and that women must have full access to adequate health care services. An old phenomenon but one which has only been recognized as a social ill in recent years is violence against women Generally this means domestic violence, as women are far more likely to be injured by their husbands or male partners than they are to initiate physical attacks. Violence against women is found throughout the world. Another fairly new realisation is that women suffer greatly in times of war. They lose their homes, con- fliers disrupt societies and civilian jobs disappear. In the increasing number of ethnic conflicts women and children are just as likely to become victims as men in the armed forces are. The Beijing Programme of Action also draws attention to a key problem, women's lack of power in decision-making at all levels. In the home women may make the important decisions. but they rarely share power with men in their communities, and they are seldom asked for the opinions when policies are formulated. Nor do most societies actively promote the advancement of women. Women's central role in managing natural resources and protecting the environment has been overlooked more often than it has bean acknowledged. Women are the ones who grow most of the food crops in developing countries, and they know from their hands-on experience when agricultural techniques upset the environ- mental balance. As in all the other areas of setting policy, their experience needs to be drawn into the main- stream Women can't be overlooked when environmentally safe sustainable development plans are being worked out. If they are left out of this process, the policies will lose some of their impact. In a "worst case" situation, the policies will fail because they are not grounded in women's experience going back over generations. "As long as women remain unequal they can't have access to resources, they can never Participate in political decision-making, they can't make their own choices in life. That is the bottom line." Mrs Mongella says women round the world are all concerned about equality. In developing countries, in states emerging as industrial powers, in the countries of the West, women are looking for action, action she sometimes calls a revolution.

单选题 Questions 11 ～ 13 are based on the following monologue. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 ～ 13.

单选题Every body gets sick. Disease and injury make us suffer throughout our lives, until finally, some attack on the body brings our existence to an end. Fortunately, most of us in modem industrialized societies can take relatively good health for granted most of the time. In fact, we tend to fully realize the importance of good health only when we or those close to us become seriously ill. At such times we keenly appreciate the ancient truth that health is our most precious asset, one for which we might readily give up such rewards as power, wealth, or fame. Because iii health is universal problem, affecting the individual and society, the human response to sickness is always socially organized. No society leaves the responsibility for maintaining health and treating iii health entirely to the individual. Each society develops its own concepts of health and sickness and authorizes certain people to decide who is sick and how the sick should be treated. Around this focus there arises, over time, a number of standards, values, groups, statuses, and roles: in other words, an institution (体系，机构). To the sociologist (社会学家), then, medicine is the institution concerned with the maintenance of health and treatment of disease. In the simplest pre-industrial societies, medicine is usually an aspect of religion. The social arrangements for dealing with sickness are very elementary, often involving only two roles: the sick and the healer (治疗者). The latter is typically also the priest (牧师), who relies primarily on religious ceremonies, both to identify and to treat disease: for example, bones may be thrown to establish a cause, songs may be used to bring about a cure. In modern industrialized societies, on the other hand, the institution has become highly complicated and specialized, including dozens of roles' such as those of brain surgeon, druggist, hospital administrator, linked with various organizations such as nursing homes, insurance companies, and medical schools. Medicine, in fact, has become the subject of intense sociological interest precisely because it is now one of the most pervasive and costly institutions of modem society.