单选题George Valensi's patent lasted until 1971 because ______.

单选题Proper arrangement of classroom space is important to encouraging interaction. Most of us have noticed how important physical setting is to efficiency and comfort when we work. Today's corporations hire human engineering specialists and spend a great deal of time and money to make sure that the physical environments of buildings are fit to the activities of their inhabitants. Similarly, college classroom space should be designed to encourage the activity of critical thinking. We will move into the twenty-first century, but step into almost any college classroom and you will step back in time at least a hundred years. Desks are normally in straight rows, so students can clearly see the teacher but not all their classmates. The assumption behind such an arrangement is obvious: everything important comes from the teacher. With a little imagination and effort, unless desks are fixed to the floor, the teacher can correct this situation and create space that encourages interchanges among students. In small or standard-sized classes, chairs, desks and tables can be arranged in different ways: circles, U-shapes, or semicircles. The primary goal should be for everyone to be able to see everyone else. Larger classes, particularly those held in lecture halls, unfortunately, allow much less flexibility. Arrangement of the classroom should also make it easy to divide students into small groups for discussion or problem-solving exercises. Small classes with moveable desks and tables present no problem. Even in large lecture halls, it is possible for students to turn around and form groups of four to six. Breaking a class into small groups provides more opportunities for students to interact with each other, think out hard, and see how other students' thinking processes operate -- all these are the most important elements in developing new modes of critical thinking. In courses that regularly use a small group format, students might be asked to stay in the same small groups throughout the course. A colleague of mine allows students to move around during the first two weeks, until they find a group they are comfortable with. He then asks them to stay in the same seat, with the same group, from then on. This not only creates a comfortable setting for interaction but helps him learn students' names and faces.

单选题Why should anyone buy the latest volume in the ever-expanding Dictionary of National Biography? I do not mean that it is bad, as the reviewers will agree. But it will cost you 65 pounds. And have you got the rest of volumes? You need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. Of course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries want the new volume. After all, it adds 1,068 lives of people who escaped the net of the original compilers. Yet in 10 years' time a revised version of the whole caboodle, called the New Dictionary of National Biography, will be published. Its editor, Professor Colin Matthew, tells me that he will have room for about 50,000 lives, some 13,000 more than in the current DNB. This rather puts the 1,068 in Missing Persons in the shade. When Dr Nicholls wrote to The Spectator in 1989 asking for names of people whom readers had looked up in the DNB and had been disappointed not to find, she says that she received some 100,000 suggestions. (Well, she had written to "other quality newspapers" too.) As soon as her committee had whittled the numbers down, the professional problems of an editor began. Contributors didn't file copy on time; some who did send too much: 50,000 words instead of 500 is a record, according to Dr Nieholls. There remains the dinner-party game of who's in, who's out. That is a game that the reviewers have played and will continue to play. Criminals were my initial worry. After all, the original edition of the DNB boasted: Malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. Mr John Gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murderer Christie is in, Crippen is out. One might say in reply that the injustice of the hanging of Evans instead of Christie was a force in the repeal of capital punishment in Britain, as Ludovie Kennedy (the author of Christies entry in Missing Persons)notes. But then Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy (he had tried to escape by ship to America). It is surprising to find Max Miller excluded when really not very memorable names get in. There has been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the Middle Ages. About their lives not much is always known. Of Hugo of Bury St Edmunds, a 12th-century illuminator whose dates of birth and death are not recorded, his biographer comments: "Whether or not Hugo was a wall-painter, the records of his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to his versatility." Then there had to be more women, too (12 per cent, against the original DBN's 3), such as Roy Strong's subject, the Tudor painter Levina Teerlinc, of whom he remarks: "Her most characteristic feature is a head attached to a too small, spindly body. Her technique remained awkward, thin and often cursory." Doesn't seem to qualify her as a memorable artist. Yet it may be better than the record of the original DNB, which included lives of people who never existed (such as Merlin) and even managed to give thanks to J.W.Clerke as a contributor, though, as a later edition admits in a shamefaced footnote, "except for the entry in the List of Contributors there is no trace of J.W. Clerke/

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单选题 Heroin addictions today is found chiefly among young men of minority groups in ghetto (犹太人区) areas. Of the more than 60 000 known addicts, more than half live in New York State. Most of them live in New York City. Recent figures show that more than half of the addicts are under 30 years of age. Narcotic addiction in the United States is not limited to heroin users. Some middle-aged and older people who take narcotic drugs regularly to relieve pain can also become addicted. So do some people who can get drags easily, such as doctors, nurses, and pharmacists. Studies show that this type of addict has personality and emotional problems very similar to those of other regular narcotic users. Many addicts admit that getting a continued supply is the main object of their lives. An addict's concentration on getting drugs often prevents continuing an education or working at a job. His health is often poor. He may be sick one day from the effects of withdrawal and sick the next day from an overdose. Statistics show that an addict's life span may be shortened by 15 to 20 years. The addict is usually in trouble with the family and almost always in trouble with the law. Some studies suggest that many of the known narcotic addicts had some trouble with the law before they became addicted. Once addicted, they may become even more involved with crime because it costs so much to support the heroin habit. Most authorities agree that the addict's involvement with crime is not a direct effect of the drug itself. Turning to crime is usually the only way to get that much money. The addicts' crimes are nearly always thefts or other crimes against property. Federal penalties for illegal narcotics usage were established under the Harris on Act of 1914. The Act provides that illegal possession of narcotics is punishable by fines and/or imprisonment. Sentences can range from 2 to 10 years for the first offense, 5 to 20 years for the second, and 10 to 20 years for further offends. Illegal sale of narcotics can mean a fine of $ 20 000 and a sentence from 20 to 40 years for later offenses. A person who sells narcotics to someone under 18 is refused parole and probation, even for the first offense. If the drug is heroin, he can be sentenced to life imprisonment or to death.

单选题 Questions 14--16 are based on the following passage. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14--16.

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}} Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.{{/I}} Text After an hour or so, the bus stopped in a small town, and a few passengers got on. One of them was a blonde girl, very good {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}in a fresh but sort of careless way. I thought that she was{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}a farm girl, and I wished she'd sit by me. By God, she{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}. She was really attractive and she smiled a bit so I felt{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}she d be approachable. Oh boy, what luck! I didn't want to be too{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}, so I closed my eyes pretending to sleep. I hoped to talk to her later on. But I did fall{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}. The last thing I remember was that I smiled at her and she smiled back! About four hours later we were pounding along the road in complete darkness{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}I opened my eyes. Her leg was{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}mine, and the way it {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}and moved with the motion of the bus woke me up. This was more than I'd {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}of. I was terribly excited, and when I stirred a little the steady pressure of leg didn't{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}away. By this time I was{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}myself with joy. I was{{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}to say hello when we{{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}into a gas station for a stop, and when the light came through the window, she wasn't there at all! She must have left while I was asleep. A fat man with a growth of beard and a dead cigar{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}ash on his vest was sprawled next to me,{{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}asleep. It was his leg pressing against me, and he was so fat that even when I{{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}myself away, his sloppy flesh{{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}against me. I was so{{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}that I got up and moved to {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}seat.

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单选题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} Everyone of us lives and works on a small part of the earth's surface, moves in a small circle, and of these acquaintances knows only a few intimately. Of any public event that has wide effects we see at best only a phase and an aspect. This is true that the eminent insiders, who draft treaties, make laws, and issue orders, are like those who have treaties framed on them, laws promulgated to them, orders given at them. Inevitably our opinions cover a bigger space, a longer reach of time, many things, that we can directly observe. So they have to be pieced together out of what others have reported and what we can imagine. Yet even the eyewitness does not bring back a naive picture of the scene. For experience seems to show that he himself brings something to the scene which later he takes away from it, that oftener than not what he imagines to be the account of an event is really a transfiguration of it. Few facts in consciousness seem to be merely given. Most facts in consciousness seem to be partly made. A report is the joint product of the knower and known, in which the role of the observer is always selective and usually creative. The facts we see depend on where we are placed, and the habits of our eyes.

单选题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-mirror--the glass in the roof of a green-house which allows the sun' s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping. According to a weather expert' s prediction, the atmosphere will be warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up took place, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several meters and severely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of the earth' s chief food-growing zones. In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels. Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warm the earth. However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to falling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is: Which natural cause has most effect on the weather? One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and "cold" spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sun rotated, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter of "colder" faces to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth' s atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward. Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia of the earth' s climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter-balance to the sun's diminishing heat.

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单选题It can be inferred from the passage that the Soviet collapse because of______.