单选题The author points out that the Greeks who studies conic section ______.

单选题{{B}}Passage 4{{/B}} How efficient is our system of criminal trial? Does it really do the basic job we ask of it — convicting the guilty and acquitting the innocent? It is often said that {{U}}the British trial system is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice{{/U}}. The lawyers on each side are so engrossed in playing bard to win, Challenging each other and the judge on technical points, that the object of finding out the truth is almost forgotten. All the effort is concentrated on the big day, on the dramatic cross examination of the key Witnesses in front of the jury. Critics like to compare our "adversarial" system (resembling two adversaries engaged in a contest) with the continental "inquisitorial" system, under which the judge play a more important inquiring role. In early times, in the Middle Ages, the systems of trial across Europe were similar. At that time trial by "ordeal" — especially a religious event — was the main way of testing guilt or innocence. When this way eventually abandoned the two systems parted company. On the continent church-trained legal officials took over the function of both prosecuting and judging, while in England these were largely left to lay people, the Justice of the Peace and the jurymen who were illiterate and this meant that all the evidence had to be put to them orally. This historical accident dominates procedure even today, with all evidence being given in open court by word of mouth on the crucial day. On the other hand, in France for instance, all the evidence is written before the trial under supervision by an investigating judge. This exhaustive pretrial looks very undramatic; much of its is just a public checking of the written records already gathered. The Americans adopted the British system lock, stock and barrel and enshrined it in their constitution. But, while the basic features of our systems are common, there are now significant differences in the way serious cases are handled. First, because the USA has virtually no contempt of court laws to prevent pretrial publicity in the newspaper and on television, Americans lawyers are allowed to question jurors about knowledge and beliefs. In Britain this is virtually never allowed, and a random selection of jurors who are presumed not to be prejudiced are empanelled. Secondly, there is no separate profession of barrister in the United States, and both prosecution and defense lawyers who are to present cases in court prepare themselves. They go out and visit the scene, track down and interview witnesses, and familiarize themselves personally with the background. In Britain it is the solicitor who prepares the case, and the barrister who appears in court is not even allowed to meet witnesses beforehand. British barristers also alternate doing both prosecution and defense work. Being kept distant from the preparation and regularly appearing for both sides, barristers are said to avoid becoming too personally involved, and can approach cases more dispassionately. American lawyers, however, often know their cases better. Reformers rightly want to learn from other countries' mistakes and successes. But what is clear is that justice systems, largely because they are the result of long historical growth, are peculiarly difficult to adapt piecemeal.

单选题The truth is, when we say of a gentleman that he lives elegantly on nothing a year, we use the word "nothing" to signify something unknown; meaning simply, that we don't know how the gentleman in question defrays the expenses of his establishment. Now, our friend the colonel had a great aptitude for all games of chance; and exercising himself, as he continually did. with the cards, the dice-box, or the cue, it is natural to suppose that he attained a much greater skill in the use of these articles than men can possess who only occasionally handle them. To use a cue at billiards well is like using a pencil, or a German flute, or a small-sword-you can not master any one of these implements at first, and it is only by repeated study and perseverance, joined to a natural taste, that a man can excel in the handling of either. Now, Crawley, from being only a brilliant amatcaur had grown to a consummate master of billiards. Like a great general, his genius used to rise with the danger, and when the luck had been unfavourable to him for a whole game, and the bets were consequently against him, he would, with consummate skill and boldness, make some prodigious hits which would restore the battle, and come a victor at the end, to the astonishment of everybody-of everybody, that is, who was a stranger to his play. Those who were accustomed to see it were cautious how they staked their money against a man of such sadder, resources, and brilliant and overpowering skill. At games of cards he was equally skillful; for though he would constantly lose money at the commencement of an evening, playing so carelessly and making such blunders, that newcomers were often inclined to think meanly of his talent; yet when roused to action, and awakened to caution by repeated small losses, it was remarked that Crawley's play became quite different, and that he was pretty sure of beating his enemy thoroughly before the night was over. Indeed, very few men could say that they ever had the better of him. His successes were so repeated that no wonder the envious and the vanquished spoken sometimes with bitterness regarding them. And as the French say of the Duke of Wellington. who never suffered a defeat, that only an astonishing series of lucky accidents enabled him to be an invariable winner; yet even they allow that he cheated at Waterloo, and was enabled to win the last great trick: so it was hinted at headquarters in England. that some foul play must have taken place in order to account for the continuous success of Colonel Crawley. Though Frascati and the Salon were open at that time in Paris. the mania for play was so widely spread, that the public gambling-rooms did not suffice for the general ardour, and gambling went on in private houses as much as if there had been no public means for gratifying the passion. At Crawley's charming little reunions of an evening this fatal amusement commonly was practiced-much to good natured little Mrs. Crawley's annoyance. She spoke about her husband's passion for dice with the deepest grief; she bewailed it to everybody who came to her house. She besought the young fellows never, never to touch a box; and when young Green, of the Rifles, lost a very considerable sum of money, Rebecca passed a whole night in tears, as the servant told the unfortunate young man, and actually went on her knees to her husband to beseech him to remit the debt, and burn the acknowledgment. How could he? He had lost just as much as himself to Blackstone of the Hussars, and Count Punter of the Hanoverian Cavalry. Green might have any decent time; but pay? -of course he must pay-to talk of burning IOU's was child's play. Other officers, chiefly young-for the young fellows gathered round Mrs. Crawley-came from her parties with tong faces, having dropped more or less money at her fatal card tables. Her house began to have an unfortunate reputation. The old hands warned the less experienced of their danger. Colonel O'Dowd, of the regiment, one of those occupying in Paris, warned Lieutenant Spooney of that corps. A loud and violent fracas took place between the infantry-colonel and his lady, who were dining a the Caré de Paris. and Colonel and Mrs. Crawley, who were also taking their meal there. The ladies engaged on both sides. Mrs. O'Dowd snapped her fingers in Mr. Crawley's face, and called her husband "no better than a blackleg", Colonel Crawley challenged Colonel O'Dowd, C. B. The commander-in-chief hearing of the dispute sent for Colonel Crawley, who was getting ready the same pistols, "which he shot Captain Marker, " and had such a conversation with him that no duel took place. If Rebecca had not gone on her knees to General Tufto, Crawley would have been sent back to England; and he did not play, except with civilians, for some weeks after.

单选题We have escaped the battle field and now can, with modem guidance system on missies, touch virtually every square yard of the earth' s surface. It no longer involves only the military profession, but engulfs also entire civilian populations. Nuclear weapons have made major war un thinkable. We are forced, however, to think about the unthinkable because a thermonuclear war could come by accident or miscalculation. We must accept the paradox of maintaining a capacity to fight such a war so that we will never have to do so. War has also lost most of its utility in achieving the traditional goals of conflict. Control of territory carries with it the obligation to provide subject people certain administrative, health, education, and other social services; such obligations far outweigh the benefits of control. If the ruled population is ethically or racially different from the rulers, tensions and chronic unrest often exist which further reduce the benefits and increase the costs of domination. Large populations no longer necessarily enhance state power and, in the absence of high levels of economic development, can impose severe burdens on food supply, jobs and the broad range of services expected of modem governments. The non economic security reasons for the control of territory have been progressively undermined by the advances of modem technology. The benefits of forcing another nation to surrender its wealth are vastly outweighed by the benefits of persuading that nation to produce and exchange goods and services. In brief, imperialism no longer pays. Making war has been one of the most persistent of human activities in the 80 centuries since men and women settled in cities and became thereby "civilized", but the modernization of the past 80 years has fundamentally changed the role and function of war. In pre-modernized societies, successful warfare brought significant material rewards, the most obvious of which were the stored wealth of the defeated. Equally important was human labor--control over people as slaves or levies for the victor's army--and the productive capacity of agricultural lands and mines. Successful warfare also produced psychic benefits. The removal or destruction of a threat brought a sense of security, and power gained over others created pride and national self-esteem . Welfare was also the most complex, broad-scale and demanding activity of pre-modernized people. The challenges of leading men into battle, organizing, moving and supporting armies, attracted the talents of the most vigorous , enterprising, intelligent and imaginative men in the society. "Warrior" and "Statesman" were usually synonymous, and the military was one of the few professions in which an able, ambitious boy of humble origin could rise to the top. In the broader cultural context, war was accepted in the premodernized society as a part of the human condition, a mechanism of change, and an unavoidable, even noble, aspect of life. The excitement and drama of war made it a vital part of literature and legends.

单选题Emily Dickinson was a nineteenth-century American woman who lived her life completely unknown to anyone except her family and a few friends. Less than a dozen of her poems were published during her lifetime. In spite of this, she is regarded today as a great poet, perhaps the greatest poet the United States has produced. Along with the Greek poet Sappho, she may be one of the two greatest women poets who have ever lived. Dickinson was born on December 10,1830, in a small Massachusetts town called Amherst. Hers was an old family, and her ancestors had come to the United States 200 years before" Her parents were not really rich, but they were certainly not poor. She had an older brother, Austin, and a younger sister, Lavinia. Her parents seem to have been rather withdrawn people, and the members of the family spent a good deal of time by themselves. She doesn’t seem to have liked her mother very much. She spoke once of never really having a mother. She was educated at the local Amherst Academy and Mount Holyoke Women’s Seminary. Although she was sometimes described as pretty, she never married. In all outward respects, her life appeared to be rather boring. The time and place in which she lived was not a good one for a woman artist to succeed. Women are expected to be obedient to men and to remain in their place at home. Rather than waste her life in the meaningless round of social events that were open to women, she decided at some point to retreat from the world in order to write her poetry. From then on, she spent a great deal of time in her bedroom writing. In later years when she was standing in front of her bedroom door, she looked at her niece and said, "It’s just a turn --and freedom, Mary !" It was when she closed the door of her room and turned the key that locked the door that the most important and creative hours of her life were spent, the hours when she wrote her poetry. She was regarded as a recluse by many of her neighbors, that is, as a person who spent a good deal of time by herself.

单选题 Directions : Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. In addition to the established energy sources such as gas, coal, oil and nuclear, there are a number of other sources that we ought to consider. Two of these are hydroelectric and tidal power. These two sources are {{U}}(21) {{/U}} in that they are both renewable. {{U}}(22) {{/U}}, hydropower is more widely used than tidal. In {{U}}(23) {{/U}}, a substantial amount of electricity is already produced in HEP (hydroelectric power)stations worldwide, {{U}}(24) {{/U}} tidal stations are still in the very early {{U}}(25) {{/U}} of development. As far as geographical {{U}}(26) {{/U}} is concerned, HEP projects are to be found on lakes and rivers, while tidal {{U}}(27) {{/U}} are constructed only at river mouths where tidal {{U}}(28) {{/U}} is great. Unfortunately these are {{U}}(29) {{/U}} in number. At present HEP stations are found mainly in Norway, Canada, Sweden and Brazil, whereas tidal plants are in {{U}}(30) {{/U}} in France, Russia and China. As regards capital {{U}}(31) {{/U}}, both require very high investment. On the other hand, generating {{U}}(32) {{/U}} are quite low in both cases. In fact, a large scale HEP plant is capable of producing power more {{U}}(33) {{/U}} than conventional sources, such as coal, oil and nuclear plants. Tidal power also compares {{U}}(34) {{/U}} with nuclear and oil generated electricity, {{U}}(35) {{/U}} the amount of money on production. {{U}}(36) {{/U}} HEP stations, tidal constructions have a long life {{U}}(37) {{/U}}. It is estimated that they can operate for over 100 years. With respect to {{U}}(38) {{/U}} of supply, tidal stations {{U}}(39) {{/U}} from HEP ones in that they often can only supply power {{U}}(40) {{/U}}. HEP stations, however, provide a constant supply of electricity.

单选题On 5th December, 1945; five bombers from a United States Naval Air Station left Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on a routine training flight over the Atlantic Ocean, east of Florida. A short time later the base received radio messages from the bombers (Flight 19) ,saying that they were lost. Then radio contact was broken The flight did not return, and the planes that were sent to look for the bombers also failed to return. A massive search operation was mounted, but no trace of the missing planes or their pilots was found. They had simply and inexplicably disappeared. This event was sufficient to confirm in many people's minds that the so-called "Devil's Triangle". or "Bermuda Triangle" —a section of the North Atlantic bounded roughly by Bermuda, Florida and Puerto Rico— really was haunted. and in some mysterious way was responsible for the loss of ships and planes. In all, in this area (3 900 000 square kilometres) of open sea, more than 50 ships and 90 planes have mysteriously disappeared. These include the US Navy ship Cyclops in 1918 and the merchant vessel Marine Sulphur Queen in 1963. In the same year two US Air Force KC 135 planes also disappeared without trace. In other words, it is not only small boats and planes that have vanished in the are4,but the most modem and best-equipped too. Perhaps the most dramatic shipping loss in the area was the US Navy nuclear submarine Scorpion. This vessel, like others before her, disappeared without explanation in May, 1968. Some months later she was found on the bottom of the ocean, but the reason for her loss has not been properly explained. Many theories about the area have been proposed, and whole books have been written on the subject. It has been suggested, for example, that the disappearances are caused by unknown magnetic forces from outer space or from the bottom of the sea. There is also a theory about underwater volcanic action that affects shipping, and another that suggests the lost continent of Atlantis, which according to legend lies somewhere beneath the Atlantic, is involve& However, others state that it is more likely that there is nothing special about this imaginary triangle of water, and that it is a product of sensational journalism. After all, ships, boats and planes are lost at sea in all parts of the world due to weather, mechanical failure or human error, and several of the losses are mysterious. The Marie Celeste, an American cargo boat, for example, was found in 1872 off the coast of Portugal in perfect order but with no crew on board. Their disappearance has never been explained. Did some of them mutiny and then escape? Were all the crew killed by some unknown agent? Did they try to escape from some danger or other? We shall probably never know. However, regardless of the theories which exist about the "Bermuda Triangle", ships, boats and planes continue to travel daily trough the area with great frequency and it has not been proven that a higher percentage of accidents and losses occur in this section of the North Atlantic than in other areas of the world's oceans.

单选题Questions 17～20 are based on the following moving story between a dog named Nubs and Dennis. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17～20.

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单选题Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Eatingchocolatemighthelpyouloseweight.B.Eatingchocolatemighthelpyoudevelopheartattacks.C.Eatingchocolateisabadoptionforfatpeople.D.Eatingchocolatemayhelpyoupreventheartdisease.

单选题Which of the following conclusions can't be drawn from the passage?