填空题Confucius has been given a thorough study and review for the sake of capital expansion in

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word． Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards，from{{U}} (31) {{/U}}praise to cold cash，affect motivation and creativity．Behaviorists，{{U}} (32) {{/U}}research the relation{{U}} (33) {{/U}}actions and their consequences argue that rewards Can improve performance at work and school．Cognitive researchers，who study various aspects of mental life，maintain{{U}} (34) {{/U}}rewards often destroy creativity{{U}} (35) {{/U}}encouraging dependence{{U}} (36) {{/U}}approval and gifts from others． The latter view has gained many supporters，especially{{U}} (37) {{/U}}educators．But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks{{U}} (38) {{/U}}in grade-school children，suggesting{{U}} (39) {{/U}}properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness，{{U}} (40) {{/U}}to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology． “If kids know they're working for a{{U}} (41) {{/U}}and can focus{{U}} (42) {{/U}}a relatively challenging task，they show the most creativity”，says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark．“But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for{{U}} (43) {{/U}}performance or creating too{{U}} (44) {{/U}}anticipation for rewards．” A teacher{{U}} (45) {{/U}}continually draws attention to rewards or who hands{{U}} (46) {{/U}}high grades for ordinary achievement ends up{{U}} (47) {{/U}}discouraged students，Eisenberger holds．{{U}} (48) {{/U}}an example of the latter point，he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing{{U}} (49) {{/U}} In earlier grades，the use of so-called token economies，in{{U}} (50) {{/U}}students handle challenging problem sand receive performance-based points toward valued rewards，shows promise in raising effort and creativity，the Delaware psychologist claims．

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填空题The Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station made headlines in April when the doctor for that remote science facility was taken seriously ill in the middle of the dark, frigid Antarctic winter. Thankfully, Canadian pilots successfully evacuated the stricken physician—but he was not all that was ailing at the bottom of the world. The station itself has been deteriorating for years, prompting the National Science Foundation to begin this past year a $153 million modernization, which should be completed by early 2006. 1 But construction at this remote site is no small task. All materials have to be carried in by air from McMurdo Station on the coast using special ski-equipped transport planes. And workers have to contend with temperatures that average around -32 degrees Celsius over the summer months. 2 The South Pole also provides astrophysicists with a remarkable laboratory to study high-energy neutrinos: AMANDA (Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array) uses deeply buried sensors at the South Pole to register the rare interactions between these particles and the ice itself. Such rationale for a base at the South Pole do not, however, hold up very well under scrutiny. AMANDA could, for example, be installed at any Antarctic site where the glacial ice is thick and free of dust. 3 Indeed, these problems make the South Pole appropriate for only a limited number of astronomical observations, primarily those in the sub-millimeter to millimeter regime. Shorter wavelengths (infrared and optical) can be better studied in places like Mauna Kea in Hawaii, which lacks a troublesome inversion layer. And longer wavelengths (centimeter and longer-wave radio frequencies) are so little bothered by atmospheric absorption that siting the receiving antennas at the ends of the earth is not necessary. 4 So some astronomers are quite keen to set up their instruments in Antarctica to take advantage of the thin, cold air. Still, the South Pole is probably not the best place to conduct these operations from a purely scientific perspective, because higher elevations on the Antarctic Plateau offer even thinner and colder air. 5 Peter Timbie, a physicist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, who plans to study the microwave background radiation from Antarctica, says that although Dome C might be a slightly better place to deploy his instrument, he plans to use South Pole Station because he is reluctant to ask the NSF for money to do astronomy at a French-Italian base: "My guess is that they would not be real excited about that." Timbie notes that there is really very little difference between the two sites for his research, but he points out that the turbulent inversion layer may be absent at Concordia, making it superior to the Pole for optical and infrared astronomy. A. One such place is Dome C (located in the Australian sector, at roughly 73 degrees South latitude), where French and Italian scientists are now setting up a permanent base, called Concordia Station. B. The logistical difficulties and great expense prompt one to ask: Why maintain a permanent science base at the South Pole at all? One answer is that certain kinds of research can be done in no other spot. In particular, the South Pole is said to offer an ideal setting for astronomers, because the air is exceptionally cold, thin and dry, making this locale the next best place for sitting a telescope. C. European and Australian astronomers are indeed quite interested in the opportunities that Dome C affords. Still, U.S. participation will probably not amount to much, because, as Bally notes, "the U. S. has put all its eggs in the South Pole." This strategy is hard to defend on the basis of doing the best astronomy, the discipline most often cited in official statements about the scientific importance of Amundsen-Scott Station. D. The submillimeter to millimeter-scale observations are, however, critical to the study of the cosmic microwave background radiation, and they are useful, too, for examining molecular clouds in stellar nurseries. E. Also, the air at the South Pole is, in fact, not so perfect for astronomy, because it is colder at the surface than a few hundred meters above. John Bally, an astronomer now at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who was responsible for site testing at the South Pole, points out that this temperature inversion combined with the stiff winds there give rise to a turbulent layer of air that blurs optical and infrared images. Bally also notes that there is a perpetual ice fog at the South Pole in winter and that the base is situated on the auroral circle, the locus where charged particles in the upper atmosphere light up the sky most intensely: "You would not go about picking astronomical sites the way this was done." F. Built in the 1970s to replace an even older South Pole base (which is now buried under nine meters of snow), the Amundsen-Scott Station consists of a large geodesic dome and several smaller outbuildings. The dome is half-buried in drifts and suffers from an unstable foundation that threatens its integrity. Many other parts of the infrastructure—from fuel distribution to waste disposal—are also in dire need of refurbishment.

填空题 Andrena Gravida is the name of a wild bee declining in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. A {{U}}(31) {{/U}} of months ago the recent drop in migratory bird populations was known, based on a study {{U}}(32) {{/U}} in the Netherlands. Now there's more troubling news from that part of the world: a study released today by the journal Science reports that there's been a dramatic loss of {{U}}(33) {{/U}} among wild bees over the past 25 years in Holland. There's {{U}}(34) {{/U}} to a 70% decline in the variety and {{U}}(35) {{/U}} of bee {{U}}(36) {{/U}} in some areas in Britain. A loss of biodiversity is more subtle {{U}}(37) {{/U}} an overall drop in absolute numbers of {{U}}(38) {{/U}} or plants, but it's still {{U}}(39) {{/U}} a problem because the {{U}}(40) {{/U}} species in an ecosystem, the more the system {{U}}(41) {{/U}} on each one of them, and if disease or some other {{U}}(42) {{/U}} wipes out a species, its function could go unfilled. In the {{U}}(43) {{/U}} of bees, that {{U}}(44) {{/U}} is to pollinate plants, both wild and crop plants. And {{U}}(45) {{/U}} the authors of the study show, there's been a {{U}}(46) {{/U}} decline in plants that were once pollinated {{U}}(47) {{/U}} the disappearing bees. Indeed, it isn't clear {{U}}(48) {{/U}} came first, the plant decline or the decline in bees. It's also not clear {{U}}(49) {{/U}} any crops are in trouble, only that there's a potential for it if this trend continues. It's also not clear {{U}}(50) {{/U}} it's happening. Climatic changes caused by global warming are a possibility, but so is the destruction of wild habitat in both countries, as population and industry both expand.

填空题Our demand for electricity is climbing so fast that over the next decade U.S. generating capacity must increase by a third. Fossil fuels supply nearly three-quarters of this energy. But the smoke-belching stacks of coal-fired, gas-fired and oil-fired plants are also responsible for about half of our air pollution. That, we used to think, is a small price to pay for progress. But there is an alternative, one that produces no smoke and can actually create more fuel than it consumes. In many regions it is even cheaper than coal-fired electricity: nuclear power. Already nuclear power is the second largest source of our electricity, and a new family of "failsafe" nuclear reactors — some now under construction in Japan — may one day make nuclear power even cheaper and more plentiful. The only major difference between nuclear and conventional plants is that nuclear fuel is far more radioactive. For this reason, the core must be sealed from the outside environment — and so must the spent fuel, which remains radioactive for year. If other types of power didn't present equal or worse problems, it would make no sense to consider nuclear power at all. But they do: Coal is much dirtier than it used to be. The U.S. reserves of clean-burning anthracite are virtually exhausted. Today, power plants must use soft coal, often contaminated with sulfur. When the smoke from this coal is dissolved by precipitation, it results in "acid rain". Burning coal produces carbon dioxide as well, which can act as a blanket, trapping solar heat in our atmosphere. Eventually, this could contribute to global warming, the greenhouse effect, though there is no conclusive evidence that this has begun. Coal also contains a surprising amount of radioactive material. Indeed, a coal-fired electric plant spews more radioactive pollution into the air than a nuclear plant. Oil and natural gas are too scarce to meet our electrical needs now, let alone in the next century. We already import over 40 percent of our oil from abroad, and that will likely increase. Solar power seems to be a wonderful idea: Every square yard of sunshine contains about 1000 watts of inexhaustible energy, free for the taking. The trouble is, the taking isn't free. To meet our electrical needs, we'd have to build enough collector plates to cover the state of Delaware. No serious student of solar power expects it to be anything but a supplement to conventional electricity for decades. Wind power generated a lot of excitement in the early 1980s, when magazines featured photographs of a "wind farm" at Altamont Pass, California, with hundreds of windmills. Everyone seemed to forget that taxpayers' money helped buy the farm. Today, the giant blades spin productively only half a year, because winds frequently aren't strong enough to cover costs. Hydro power is the cleanest practical source of electricity. But in the United States, most rivers that can be profitably dammed already are. Other, more exotic energy schemes would harness ocean tides and waves, nuclear fusion (the process that powers the sun) or heat from the eath's crust or the sea. But even proponents admit that none of these will become a major source of energy soon. Now Let's look at the advantages of nuclear power. 1. It's clean. Radioactive emissions are negligible, much less than the radioactivity released into the air naturally from the earth or produced by cosmic rays. Standing next to a nuclear plant, I am exposed to only one-half of one percent more radiation than when sitting in my living room. A coal station, on the other hand, requires huge dumps of fuel and ashes that menace the environment. Despite a widespread misconception, nuclear waste is not a technical problem. The 108 nuclear plants in the United States generate less than 4,000 tons of fuel waste each year. In fact, all 33 years' worth of the nation's spent nuclear fuel would only fill a football field to a depth of five feet. Non-nuclear hazardous waste, by contrast, totals 275 million tons annually. And nuclear waste is easy to monitor and control. The spent fuel can be kept on the premises of years until it decays to a radiation level suitable for trucking to long-term storage sites. 2. It's inexhaustible. The U.S. uranium reserves will last many decades, and our long-term supply is guaranteed. Through a process called "breeding", a reactor can convert uranium into plutonium—an even better fuel. Breeder reactors, now in use in France, could thus extend the reserves for millions of years. 3. It's secure. Because it needs so little fuel, a nuclear plant is less vulnerable to shortages produced by. strikes or by natural calamities. And since uranium is more evenly scattered about the globe than fossil fuels, nuclear power is less threatened by cartels and international crises. 4. It's cheap. In France, where nuclear power supplies 70 percent of the electricity, nuclear power costs 30 percent less than coalfired power. This enables France to export electricity to its neighbors. In Canada, where nuclear power supplies 15 percent of the electricity, Ontario Hydro has proposed building ten more nuclear reactors over the next 25 years.A=Hydro powerB=Nuclear powerC=Coal-fired powerD=Solar powerWhich power ...· results in "Acid rain"? 71. ______· is already the 2nd largest source of electricity in the U.S.? 72. ______· may give off more radioactive pollution into the air than a nuclear plant? 73. ______· can be taken only when large enough collector plates are built? 74. ______· is the cleanest practical source of electricity? 75. ______· cost 30% less than coal-fired power in France? 76. ______· is less easy to subject to shortages caused by strikes and natural disasters? 77. ______· is less threatened by international crises? 78. ______· will not be considered as a supplement to conventional electricity for several decades? 79. ______· could contribute to global warming? 80. ______

填空题WhendidDr.Hubergethisowntelescope?

填空题 When Donald Olayer enrolled in nursing school nine years ago, his father took it hard. "Here's my father, a steelworker, hearing about other steelworkers' sons who were becoming welders or getting football scholarships," Mr. Olayer recalls. "The thought of his on becoming a nurse was too much." 66. ______ That's not an unusual turnabout nowadays. Just as women have gained a footing in nearly every occupation once reserved for men, men can be found today working routinely in a wide variety of jobs once held nearly exclusively by women. The men are working as receptionists and flight attendants, servants, and even "Kelly girls". The Urban Institute, a research group in Washington, recently estimated that the number of male secretaries rose 24% to 31,000 in 1978 from 25,000 in 1972. The number of male telephone operators over the same span rose 38%, and the number of male nurses 94%. Labor experts expect the trend to continue. For one thing, tightness in the job market seems to have given men an additional incentive to take jobs where they can find them. Although female-dominated office and service jobs for the most part rank lower in pay and status, "they're still there," says June O'Neil, director of program and policy research at the institute. Traditionally male blue-collar jobs, meanwhile, "aren't increasing at all." 67. ______ Although views have softened, men who cross the sexual segregation line in the job market may still face discrimination and ridicule. David Anderson, a 36-year-old former high school teacher, says he found secretarial work "a way out of teaching and into the business world". He had applied for work at 23 employment agencies for "management training jobs that didn't exist", and he discovered that "the best skill I had was being able to type 70 words a minute". 68. ______ He took a job as a secretary to the marketing director of a New York publishing company. But he says he could feel "a lot of people wondering what I was doing there and if something was wrong with me". Males sometimes find themselves mistaken for higher-status professionals. Anthony Shee, a flight attendant with U.S. Air Ine., has been mistaken for a pilot. Mr. Anderson, the secretary, says he found himself being "treated in executive tones whenever I wore a suit". In fact the men in traditional female jobs often move up the ladder fast. Mr. Anderson actually worked only seven months as a secretary. Then he got a higher-level, better-paying job as a placement counselor at an employment agency. "I got a lot of encouragement to advance," he says, "including job tips from male executives who couldn't quite see me staying a secretary." Experts say, for example, that while men make up only a small fraction of elementary school teachers, a disproportionate number of elementary principals are men. Barbara Bergmann, an economist at the University of Maryland who has studied sex segregation at work believes that's partly because of "sexism in the occupational structure" and partly because men have been raised to assert themselves and to assume responsibility. Men may also feel more compelled than women to advance, she suspects. 69. ______ "Men are more likely than women to see nursing as a full-time careen" Mr. Olayer says. He also says the men are more assertive. "Men don't buy the Florence Nightingale garbage they teach in nursing school — that the doctor is everything, and the nurse is there just to take orders," he says. "Men will ask questions more and think for themselves." 70. ______A. Mr. Anderson's boss was a woman. When she asked him to fetch coffee, the other secretaries' eyebrows went up. Sales executives who came in to see his boss, he says, "couldn't quite believe that I could and would type, take dictation, and answer the phones."B. But in asserting themselves, the males in female-dominated fields may be making life easier for the women, too. "Guys get together and organize and are willing to fight for more," Mr. Olayer says. "Once we get a 30% to 40% ratio of men in nursing, you'll see salaries and the whole status of the job improve."C. Today, Mr. Olayer, a registered nurse trained as an anesthetist, earns about $ 30,000 a year at Jameson Memorial Hospital in New Castle, Pennsylvania. His father, he says, has "done an about face". Now he tells the guys he works with that their sons, who can't find jobs even after four years of college, should have become nurses.D. Donald Olayer, the nurse, is typical. Almost as soon as he graduated from nursing school, he says he decided "not to stay just a regular floor nurse earning only $12,000 a year". Now he can look forward to earning three times that much. "Enough to support a family, on." he says, and he also has "much more responsibility".E. Beginning in the 1960s. American women started entering jobs and professions that had been dominated almost completely by men. In the'1970s, another pattern emerged in employment: Men began entering jobs and professions previously dominated by women.F. At the same time, she says, "The outlooks of young people are different." Younger men with less rigid views on what constitutes male or female work "may not feel there's such a stigma to working in a female-dominated field".

填空题 Not every President is a leader, but every time we elect a President we hope for one, especially in times of doubt and crisis. In easy times we are ambivalent(有矛盾心理的)—the leader, after all, makes demands, challenges the status quo, shakes things up. Leadership is as much as question of timing as anything else. 66. ______ And when he comes, he must offer a simple, eloquent message. Great leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who cut through argument, debate and doubt to offer a solution everybody can understand and remember. Churchill warned the British to expect "blood, toil, tears and sweat"; FDR told Americans that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; Lenin promised the warweary Russians peace, land and bread. Straightforward but potent messages. We have an image of what a leader ought to be. We even recognize the physical signs: Leaders may not necessarily be all, but they must have bigger-than-life, commanding features — LBJ's nose and ear lobes, Ike's broad grin. A trademark also comes in handy: Lincoln's stovepipe hat (礼帽), JFK's rocker. We expect our leaders to stand out a little, not to be like ordinary men. Half of President Ford' trouble lay in the fact that, if you closed your eyes for a moment, you couldn't remember his face, figure or clothes. A leader should have an unforgettable identity, instantly and permanently fixed in people's minds. It also helps for a leader to be able to do something most of us can't: FDR overcame polio(小儿麻痹症); Mao swam the Yangtze River at the age of 72. We don't want our leaders to be "just like us". We want them to be like us but better, special, more so. 67. ______ Even television, which comes in for a lot of knocks as an imagebuilder that magnifies form over substance, doesn't altogether obscure the qualities of leadership we recognize, or their absence. Television exposed Nixon's insecurity, Humphrey's fatal infatuation(迷恋)with his own voice. A leader must know how to use power, but he also has to have a way of showing that he does. He has to be able to project firmness — no physical clumsiness (like Ford), no rapid eye movements (like Carter). A Chinese philosopher once remarked that a leader must have the grace of a good dancer, and there is a great deal of wisdom to this. 68. ______ He should be able, like Lincoln, FDR, Truman, Ike and JFK, to give a good, hearty, belly laugh, instead of the sickly grin that passes for good humor in Nixon or Carter. Ronald Reagan's training as an actor showed to good effect in the debate with Carter, when by his easy manner and apparent affability(和蔼可亲), he managed to convey the impression that in fact he was the President and Carter the challenger. If we know what we're looking for, why is it so difficult to find? The answer lies in a very simple truth about leadership. People can only be led where they want to go. The leader follows, though a step ahead. 69. ______ The British believed that they could still win the war after the defeats of 1940, and Churchill told them they were right. A leader rides the waves, moves with the tides, understands the deepest yearnings of his people. He cannot make a nation that wants peace at any price go to war, or stop a nation determined to fight from doing so. His purpose must match the national mood. His task is to focus the people's energies and desires, to define them in simple terms, to inspire, and make what people already want seem attainable, important, within their grasp. 70. ______ Winston Churchill managed, by sheer rhetoric, to turn the British defeat and the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 into a major victory. FDR's words turned the sinking of the American fleet at Pearl Harbor into a national rallying cry instead of a humiliating national scandal. A leader must stir our blood, not appeal to our reason ... A great leader must have a certain irrational quality, a stubborn refusal to face facts, infectious optimism, the ability to convince us that all is not lost even when we're afraid it is. Confucius suggested that, while the advisers of a great leader should be as cold as ice, the leader himself should have fire, a spark of divine madness. A. Yet if they are too different, we reject them. Adlai Stevenson was too cerebral. Nelson Rockefeller, too rich. B. The leader must appear on the scene at a moment when people are looking for leadership, as Churchill did in 1940. as Roosevelt did in 1933. as Lenin did in 1917. C. Americans wanted to climb out of the Depression and needed someone to tell them they could do it, and FDR did. D. Our strength makes him strong; our determination makes him determined; our courage makes him a hero. He is the symbol of the best in us. E. Above all, he must dignify our desires, convince us that we are taking part in the making of great history, give us a sense of glory about ourselves. E A leader should know how to appear relaxed and confident. His walk should be firm and purposeful.

填空题Block Scheduling Block scheduling is (1) to do many positive things such as reduce truancy, make school (2) stressful, increase planning time for teachers, improve teacher-student relationships, and provide time for off-site work experiences at local businesses. However, the critical issue is (3) it does for actual learning. The desire for a (4) on academic achievement has been criticized by some proponents of block scheduling, (5) some parents feel that academic achievement is what public education is (6) The studies and trade articles that are used in (7) of block scheduling frequently base their conclusions on (8) criteria, e.g., many teachers enjoy it, kids seem to (9) having fun, the atmosphere is more relaxed, etc. However, proponents are unable to demonstrate academic benefits with hard, scientific data. On the (10) , the largest scientific study (11) objective student performance in block classes with student performance in full year classes found that the full year students outscored the block students (12) every measure. Dr. David J. Bateson of the University of British Columbia studied 30,000 10th grade students in British Columbia (13) took science courses in year-long or semester-long blocks. Students in year-long science courses significantly outperformed (14) those taking science in the first semester and students taking science in the second semester. Furthermore, Bateson's study (15) that first semester students had forgotten a significant amount of class material (16) the time they took the test at the end of the year, contrary to the popular myth (17) retention is not a problem. Considering that typical block schedules cause a gap of three to thirteen months between consecutive classes, (18) an average gap of 7 months, many parents (19) that students may have serious problems in classes which (20) on retention of material taught in the last course.

填空题A=Maturationist Theory B=Environmentalist Theory C=Constructivist Theory Which theory's advocates believe that... · young children are expected to learn repetitively both in class and at home? (71) · each child is given individual attention and can express his ideas freely? (72) · young children are not ready for school unless they can recite the alphabet and count? (73) · building blocks and large puzzles are helpful toys stimulating children's interaction? (74) · as young children grow older, they will learn naturally and automatically? (75) · young children are ready for school when they initiatively interact with the environment and people around them? (76) · young children are best taught by their parents to learn to recite the alphabet and count before they go to the kindergarten? (77) · children are both the designers and participants in classroom activities? (78) · children with learning disabilities have to attend special classes if they can't respond properly? (79) · young children are not ready for school unless they can follow instructions from adults? (80) A Maturationist Theory The maturationist theory was advanced by the work of Arnold Gessell. Maturationists believe that development is a biological process that occurs automatically in predictable, sequential stages over time. This perspective leads many educators and families to assume that young children will acquire knowledge naturally and automatically as they grow physically and become older, provided that they are healthy. School readiness, according to maturationists, is a state at which all healthy young children arrive when they can perform tasks such as reciting the alphabet and counting; these tasks are required for learning more complex tasks such as reading and arithmetic. Because development and school readiness occur naturally and automatically, maturationists believe the best practices are for parents to teach young children to recite the alphabet and count while being patient and waiting for children to become ready for kindergarten. If a child is developmentally unready for school, maturationists might suggest referrals to transitional kindergartens, retention, or holding children out of school for an additional year. These practices are sometimes used by schools, educators, and parents when a young child developmentally lags behind his or her peers. The young child's under performance is interpreted as the child needing more time to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to perform at the level of his or her peers. B Environmentalist Theory Theorists such as John Watson, B. F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura contributed greatly to the environmentalist perspective of development. Environmentalists believe the child's environment shapes learning and behavior; in fact, human behavior, development, and learning are thought of as reactions to the environment. This perspective leads many families, schools, and educators to assume that young children develop and acquire new knowledge by reacting to their surroundings. Kindergarten readiness, according to the environmentalists, is the age or stage when young children can respond appropriately to the environment of the school and the classroom (e. g. , roles and regulations, curriculum activities, positive behavior in group settings, and directions and instructions from teachers and other adults in the school). The ability to respond appropriately to this environment is necessary for young children to participate in teacher-initiated learning activities. Success is dependent on the child following instructions from the teacher or the adult in the classroom. Many environmentalist-influenced educators and parents believe that young children learn best by rote activities, such as reciting the alphabet over and over, copying letters, and tracing numbers. This viewpoint is evident in kindergarten classrooms where young children are expected to sit at desks arranged in rows and listen attentively to their teachers. At home, parents may provide their young children with workbooks containing such activities as coloring or tracing letters and numbers—activities that require little interaction between parent and child. When young children are unable to respond appropriately to the classroom and school environment, they often are labeled as having some form of learning disabilities and are tracked in classrooms with curriculum designed to control their behaviors and responses. C Constructivist Theory The constructivist perspective of readiness and development was advanced by theorists such as Jean Piaget, Mafia Montessori, and Lev Vygotsky. Although their work varies greatly, each articulates a similar context of learning and development. They are consistent in their belief that learning and development occur when young children interact with the environment and people around them (Hunt, 1969). Constructivists view young children as active participants in the learning process; In addition, constructivists believe young children initiate most of the activities required for learning and development. Because active interaction with the environment and people are necessary for learning and development, constructivists believe that children are ready for school when they can initiate many of the interactions they have with the environment and people around them. Constructivist-influenced schools and educators pay a lot of attention to the physical environment and the curriculum of the early childhood classroom. Kindergarten classrooms often are divided into different learning centers and are equipped with developmentally appropriate materials for young children to play with and manipulate. Teachers and adults have direct conversations with children, children move actively from center to another, and daily activities are made meaningful through the incorporation of children's experiences into the curriculum. At home, parents engage their young children in reading and storytelling activities and encourage children's participation in daily household activities in a way that introduces such concepts as counting and language use. In addition, parents may provide young children with picture books containing very large print, and toys that stimulate interaction (such as building blocks and large puzzles). When a young child encounters difficulties in the learning process, the constructivist approach is neither to label the child nor to retain him or her; instead, constructivists give the child some individualized attention and customize the classroom curriculum to help the child address his or her difficulties.

填空题Among the raft of books, articles, jokes, romantic comedies, self-help guides and other writings discussing marriage, some familiar ideas often crop up. Few appear more often than the 1 that many old couples look alike. You have probably seen it before—two elderly people walking hand-in-hand down the street or sitting at a care, 2 each other so strongly that they could be siblings. Do these couples actually look alike, and if 3 what has caused them to develop this way? A study published in the March 2006 issue of Personality and Individual Differences may have the 4 Twenty-two people, divided equally 5 male and female, 6 in the study. They were asked to judge the looks, personalities and ages of 160 married couples. The participants viewed photographs of men and women separately and were 7 told who was married to 8 The subjects consistently judged people who were married 9 being similar 10 appearance and personality. The researchers also found that couples who had been together longer appeared 11 similar. This result 12 itself may not seem surprising, but the study also offered some answers on 13 couples may look alike. To start, consider that life experiences can end up 14 reflected physically. Someone 15 is happy and smiles more will develop the facial muscles and wrinkles related to smiling. The years of experience of an elderly couple"s marriage, happy 16 not, would then be reflected in their 17 Genetic influences are 18 factor. A past study showed that genetically similar people have better marriages. Such families have 19 incidents of child abuse and a lower rate of miscarriages. People also appear to be more selfless 20 involved with genetically similar partners.

填空题 Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from{{U}} (31) {{/U}}praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, {{U}}(32) {{/U}}research the relation{{U}} (33) {{/U}}actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain{{U}} (34) {{/U}}rewards often destroy creativity{{U}} (35) {{/U}}encouraging dependence{{U}} (36) {{/U}}approval and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially{{U}} (37) {{/U}}educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks{{U}} (38) {{/U}}in grade-school children, suggesting{{U}} (39) {{/U}}properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, {{U}}(40) {{/U}}to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they're working for a{{U}} (41) {{/U}}and can focus{{U}} (42) {{/U}}a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity", says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for{{U}} (43) {{/U}}performance or creating too{{U}} (44) {{/U}}anticipation for rewards." A teacher{{U}} (45) {{/U}}continually draws attention to rewards or who hands{{U}} (46) {{/U}}high grades for ordinary achievement ends up{{U}} (47) {{/U}}discouraged students, Eisenberger holds. {{U}}(48) {{/U}}an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. In earlier grades, the use of se-called token economies, in{{U}} (50) {{/U}}students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

填空题Besidestheformofreports,inwhatotherformscanwegiveoralpresentations?

填空题Changes in the way people live bring about changes in the jobs that they do. More and more people live in towns and cities instead on farms and in villages. Cities 53. ______. and states have to provide services city people want, such like more police protection, 54. ______. more hospitals, and more schools. This means that more policemen, more nurses and technicians, and more teachers must be hired. Advances in technology has also changed 55. ______. people's ways of work. Dishwashers and washing machines do jobs that were once done by the hand. The widespread use of such electrical appliances means that there is 56. ______. a need for servicemen to keep it running properly. 57. ______. People are earning higher wages and salaries. This leads changes in the way of life. 58. ______. As income goes down, people may not want more food to eat or more clothes to wear. 59. ______. But they may want more and better care from doctors, dentists and hospitals. They are likely to travel more and to want more education. Nevertheless, many more jobs are 60. ______. available in these services. The government also affects the kind of works people do. The governments of 61. ______. most countries spend huge sums of money for international defence. They hire 62. ______. thousands of engineers, scientists, clerks, typists and secretaries to work on the many different aspects of defence.

填空题 {{B}}Columbia University{{/B}} Columbia University is one of the toughest universities to get into in the U.S. Coursework at Columbia University is challenging, most notably in a number of required courses within the core curriculum. The core accounts for 90 percent of the work here. Without it, Columbia would be a breeze. The University is teeming with tremendous intellectual activity in just about any field imaginable, and accomplished scholars with mind-boggling brainpower can be found in nearly every department if they are available~ Columbia is a haven for the self-motivated. No one is going to hold your hand. Though students say their school is run pretty efficiently, many students see considerable room for improvement. The administration sometimes restricts you instead of helping you, as one student put it. The library and research resources are poorly lit but truly dazzling. Almost half of Columbia's graduates enter some type of professional school within a year and one in four graduates becomes a lawyer. Columbia offers and Ivy League education in the heart of wonderfully diverse New York City, the greatest city in the world. Students take full advantage of the benefits of their location, especially on the weekends. Life for Columbia students doesn't revolve around Columbia, thus the campus is often dead and lifeless. First-year students are required to live on campus, where there is strict alcohol policy and food services need improvement. While many students are completely satisfied with campus housing options, others view the dorms as rat-and-roach-infested closets. {{B}}Yale University{{/B}} Yale University is truly one of America's great universities. As a major national research center, Yale attracts many of the world's great scholars. But unlike other research institutes, Yale also devotes a lot of attention to undergraduates, The professors here enjoy teaching, and the students do learn a lot in classes. However, students complain that too many classes at all levels are taught by TAs and that they occasionally encounter professors who are poor teachers. Conflict on campus over TAs' demands for higher wages and union representation has also been a cause of concern, heated debate, high anxiety, and student anger at the administration. Academic departments are all excellent here. Among the school's many fine departments, standouts, include drama, English, history, and the premedical program. Yale has no core curriculum, instead requiring students to complete a broad range of general education requirement. Students say they like the "shopping period" registration system: they don't formally register for classes until two weeks into the semester, so the likelihood of getting stuck with a lousy class is minimized. It would be foolish to pass up a chance to attend Yale University for just about any reason, provided you can deal with New Haven. Yale students have survived there for centuries, but they are not thrilled about it. Yalies give their home city extremely low marks. Yale's worst problem is New Haven. It is dangerous and unreceptive to students. Life on and immediately around campus is great, but otherwise it's a real problem. {{B}}Michigan State University{{/B}} Michigan State University is a large university, which leads necessarily to some lack of personal attention. There are even six classes taught via television. TAs play a large role on campus because large lecture classes exist for most introductroy subjects. Students here have a wide range of majors to choose from — over 150, and if you don't find a major you like, you can design your own. Michigan State University also has extensive international connections and offers the opportunity to study at seventy-six universities around the world. The students enjoy the contact they have with the professors. The administration is helpful and hardworking. Michigan State University is located in East Lansing, a good college town. Almost half the students live in college housing, and Greek life is strong here. The annual spring concert and Greek Week are especially popular events. As in any very large school, there is a diversity of opinions as to what makes up Michigan State University life. Some students enjoy it for its academic rigor. Others note the fanatical frenzy of the sports program, and student spirit for the Michigan State Spartans. Over 45 percent of Michigan State University students participate in intramural sports. A=Columbia University B=Yale University C. Michigan State University Which university ... ·is most likely to attract world-famous scholars? 71. ______ ·has established extensive international connections with other universites? 72. ______·requires the students to spend most of their time on core curriculum? 73. ______ ·gives the students a long time to choose the courses they like? 74. ______ ·is strongly influenced by the Greek culture? 75. ______ ·usually has a quiet and lifeless campus on weekends? 76. ______·requires the students to have a wide range of knowledge instead of core curriculum? 77. ______ ·has some classes taught via television? 78. ______ ·offers the students more freedom to choose their courses? 79. ______ ·doesn't require all the students to live on campus? 80. ______

填空题Questions 4--8 Complete the following sentences with NO MORE THAN three words for each blank.

填空题·implies that work-sharing schemes have so far been unsatisfactory?

填空题　　Maintaining an imperial tradition that originated from the Zhou Dynasty( c. 1066-221 BC) ,the Ming emperors selected the location and design of their tombs while they were still alive. The selection of sites, based on the prevailing winds and the water level, ensured that only benevolent spirits were inhabiting the area. Of the 16 Ming emperors, 13 chose to be buried in this serene valley (Shisanling) just north of Beijing.{{B}}　　The Sacred Way.{{/B}} The road to the tombs, which branches off the route to the Great Wall, was once a 6.4km. (4mi.)long sacred way, forbidden to all but the emperor's funeral cottege. The road begins at a five-arched marble gate, built in 1540. A mile further down stands a three-arched gateway, the Dahongmen( Great Red Gate).　　The emperor's body was carried through the central archway. Only on this one occasion was the center door opened. Just beyond the gate sits a huge stone tortoise( symbol of longevity) with a 9.1m. (30ft.) stele mounted on its back. The stele, the largest such tablet in China, was inscribed by the fourth Ming emperor at the time of the death of his predecessor, Yong Le, in 1424. This tortoise marks the beginning of the famous Avenue of the Animals. Lions, camels, elephants, horses, and two sets of mythical ( or at least unrecognizable) beasts, 12 statues in all, line either side of the road, alternately standing and kneeling and most, these days, supporting tourists on their backs while being photo graphed.　　Beyond the animal figures stretches a series of 12 stone human statues, dating from the 15th century: four military men, four civilian officials, and four obedient retainers, all with stately postures and fixed stares—an honor guard for the dead emperor. A legend says that an emperor of the later Qing Dynasty wanted to transport the statues to line the road to his own tomb. One of the emperor's ministers was told, in a dream, that the statues were eternally loyal to the Ming emperors and therefore should not be moved. The Qing emperor took this as a warning that if the statues were disturbed, a deadly wind would blow down from the Ming Tombs upon the capital and he abandoned the project.　　{{B}}A:{{/B}} Of the 13 tombs, only two have been excavated, those of Chang( the burial name for Yong Le, 1403-24) ,and Ding (Emperor Wan Li, 1562-1620). The Chang Ling tomb is the largest and best preserved of the tombs; it served as a model for the remaining 12.　　Visitors enter through a red gate which opens toward a courtyard. From here they pass under the Gate of Eminent Favors (Lingenmen) into a second courtyard, in which stands the marble Hall of Eminent Favors ( Lingendian), surrounded by pine trees ( another ancient symbol of longevity). The roof of the hall is supported by 32 giant tree columns. Beyond this hall is a third courtyard, where the visitor will see a simple stele with the inscription Da Ming—Great Ming. This marks the passage to the sepulcher.　　{{B}}B:{{/B}} Also known as the Underground Palace, this is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China. The work was completed over a period of three years ( 1956-59 ). Ding ( Emperor Wan Li) was buried here in 1620 with two of his wives in a deep marble vault located four stories underground (on the hottest of summer days the vault remains mercifully cool). The entrance to the grounds is marked by a large red gate with a magnificent bronze lion. Gigantic marble doors stand at the entrance to the first of the three burial chambers. (After burial, a "locking stone", similar to the modern "police "lock, was rolled in front of the tomb itself. )Inside are three coffins. Twenty six chests of jewelry and other artifacts were discovered at the foot of the coffins, and many of these finds can be viewed in the two exhibition halls constructed above ground.The broad, tree shaded grounds surrounding the tomb are dotted with stone picnic tables and seats. Tour groups are usually provided with box lunches which may be eaten outdoors or in a" picnic room" at the foot of the Great Wall.　　{{B}}C:{{/B}}In 1978, the tomb of the Qing emperor Qian Long (1736-96), located about 100km. (62. 5mi)east of Beijing, was opened to the public.　　Known as Yu Ling, the tomb is on a grander scale and of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs. Construction began in 1743 and cost 90 tons of silver. The wood used was the durable, fragrant, close-grained nanmu. Some logs weighed up to 20 tons.　　The tomb is, in fact, an underground palace, similar to the tomb of Ding Ling. Nevertheless, Yu Ling has distinctive architectural features. Flanking the roadway leading to the tomb are eight pairs of stone sculptures depicting civil officials, military officers, horses, qilin ( a mythical animal of good a men), elephants, camels, suanni (mythical monsters), and lions. Each figure was carved from a single stone block. The largest weighs about 43 tons.　　The underground palace contains three stone halls and four pairs of stone gates, all arched. The overhanging eaves, tile gutters, ridges, and animal-shaped ornaments on the gate corners are in white marble. Each gate weighs about two tons and contains a Bod-hisattva, each with a different mien. The inner walls and arched ceilings of the gateways and halls are decorated with four celestial guardians (also called Deva kings), seated statues of gods and Buddhas, carvings of potted flowers, and small three-legged tables to hold incense burners and Buddhist scriptures.　　The coffin of Qian Long lies in the innermost recess of the underground palace. It was placed over a well that never runs dry.