单选题{{B}}PartB{{/B}}Inthefollowingarticlesomeparagraphshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions66～70,choosethemostsuitableparagraphfromthelistA～Ftofitintoeachofthenumberedgaps.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.{{B}}ScientistsWatchtheBiologicalClockatWork{{/B}}InsideasmallchamberataKentStateUniversitylaboratory,hamsterssleep,eat,playandrestwhilefluidflowsinandoutoftubesthreadedthroughtheirtinybrains.IttookbiologyprofessorJ.DavidGlasstwoyearstosetupthefinickydialysissystem,whichmeasuresakeyneurotransmitterinthebiologicalclocksofthesenocturnalrodents.Hispayoffcamein1996,whenhebecametilefirstresearchertomeasureserotoninlevelsrisingandfallinginthebiologicalclockareaofthebrainduringananimal'sdailycycle.Serotoninisthe"feelgood"chemicalmanipulatedbywidelyprescribeddrugssuchasProzac.66.______.Glass'sresearchandthatofotherscouldhaveimplicationsforthemillionsofpeoplewhotakecommonanti-depressantsandotherdrugsthataffectserotonininthebrain.Ithaslongbeenknownthatthesubstanceisakeyplayerinthebiologicalclock,andthattheregionhasanunusuallyhighconcentrationofreceptorsfortheneurotransmitter.67.______.Likeotheranimalsandevenplants,humanshavebuilt-inclocksthatregulateinternalfunctionsona24-hourbasis.Formostmammals,theclockstriggersleepandwaking,aswellasmetabolism,hormonelevels,bodytemperatureandmanyotherchanges.68.______.Sittingontopoftheopticnerve,theclockisheavilyinfluencedbylight.Butotherfactors,too,areinvolvedinresettingthemechanism,mostnotablyphysicalactivityandsubstanceslikeserotonin.Glassandhisstudentsfoundthat,whenlightsinthehamsterChamberwereswitchedoff,theserotoninlevelsintherodents'clockregionshotup:hamstersarenocturnal,meaningtheyrestduringthedayandareawakeatnight:Butwhenhamstersinthemidstoftheirsleepcyclewereputontoanactivitywheel,asignificantriseinserotoninlevelswasmeasuredinthosehamstersthatwokeupenoughtoexercise.Ithaslongbeenknownthatserotoniniskeytobodyclockfunction,accordingtoThomasWehr,ascientistwiththeNationalInstituteofMentalHealthinBethesda,Maryland.ResearchersattheMarylandInstitutetookcellsfromtheclockregionofthebrain,sprinkledserotoninonthemand,bymonitoringelectricalimpulses,watchedthecells"reset"themselves.69.______.Studieshavefoundthatserotoninaffectstheclockindifferentways,dependingonthepointinthecell'sdailycyclethatitisadministered.Glassrecentlycompletedanexperimentusingmarmosets,smallmonkeysnativetoCentralandSouthAmerica.Researchersmovedasleepingmarmosettoanothercage,thenmonitoreditasitscurriedarounditsnewenvironment.Afterthisburstofactivity,themarmosetshifteditscyclesforwardorbackwardafewhours,andtheyremainedshifted,apparentlyindefinitely.Cycleswerepushedbackwhenthedisruptionoccurredearlyinthesleepperiod;theyshiftedforwardwhenthedisruptionoccurredlateinthecycle.70.______.A.AccordingtoGlass,theexperimentdemonstrateswhatscientistshaveknownanecdotallyforalongtime:thatexercise,whenperformedatcertaintimes,shiftsourclocks.Exercisehaslongbeenrecommendedtospeedrecoveryfromjetlag,forexample.Thatmayhebecauseexerciseboostssero-tonin.Glassfoundhecouldmimictheeffectofthearousalexperimentbyinjectingasero-toninlikedrugandbelievesthefindingssuggestsomethingsimilarcouldbeexpectedinpeople."We'regettingcloserandclosertomakingthelinkthathumanscanadjusttheircircadianclockthroughnaturalmeanssuchasexercise,"Glasssays.B."Therearecertaindrugsusedwithhumansthathavealsobeensquirtedonthesecellsindishesandhavebeenshowntoresettheclockinthedish,soitseemsquitepossibletherearesimilareffectsinhumanswhotakethesedrugs."Wehrsays.Indeed,somepeopletakingantidepressantsdoreportsleepdisorderssuchasinsomniaordaytimedrowsinessthatcouldberelatedtochangesintheirbiologicalclocks.Humanstudieshaveyettofocusontheissue.C.Laterscientistswonderedaboutcircadianrhythmsinhumans.Theylearnedthatman'sbiologicalclockactuallykeepstimewithadayofalittlelessthan25hoursinsteadofthe24hoursonaman-madeclock.D.Glass'sworkispartofthefast-growingfieldofcircadian(ordaily)rhythmresearchfocusedonaregionatthebaseofthebrain,thesizeofacornkernel,thatscientistsdiscovered25yearagoisthebody'stimingmechanism.E.Meanwhile,inalargerchamberdownthehall,Glassismonitoringtropicalmonkeys.Hehasfoundthatexerciseandarousalfromsleephavemajorimpactsonthebiologicalrhythmsofthemonkeys,permanentlyshiftingtheirclocksintheabsenceofnormaldaylightanddarknesscues.F.Thisisaparticularlyexcitingtimeforcircadian-rhythmresearchers.Inrecenttimes,scientistsatuniversitiesinIllinois,TexasandJapanhavefoundgenesinvolvedwiththeclock,includingonethatappearstobeabasicbuildingblockofthemechanismandiscommonacrossallspecies,fromfruitfliestohumans.Meanwhile,researcherslikeGlass,whoseworkhasattractedUS1.2million(9.6millionRMB)ingrantsfromtheNationalInstituteofHealth,aretryingtounderstandhowtheclockworks.

单选题{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} In 1959 the average American family paid $ 989 for a year's supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $1 311. That was a price increase of nearly one-third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible? Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and cheese that are stored for sale. According to the US Department of Agriculture, the farmer's share of the $1 311 spent by the family in 1972 was $ 521. This was thirty-one percent more than the farmer had received in 1959. But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold. They are among the "middlemen" who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices? Of the $1 311 family food bill in 1972, middlemen received $ 790, which was thirty-three percent more than they had received in 1959. It appears that the middleman's profit has increased more than the farmer's. But some economists claim that the middlemen's actual profit was very low. According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one percent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than five percent. By comparison with other members of the economic system, both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices. Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don't want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market.

单选题World leaders met recently at United Nations headquarters in New York City to discuss the environmental issues raised at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The heads of state were supposed to decide what further steps should be taken to halt the decline of Earth's life-support systems. In fact, this meeting had much the flavour of the original Earth Summit. To wit: empty promises, hollow rhetoric, Bickering between rich and poor, and irrelevant initiatives. Think U. S. Congress in slow motion. Almost obscured by this torpor is the fact that there has been some remarkable progress over the past five years—real changes in the attitude of ordinary people in the Third World toward family size and a dawning realisation that environmental degradation and their own well-being are intimately, and inversely, linked. Almost none of this, however, has anything to do with what the bureaucrats accomplished in Rio. Or it didn't accomplish. One item on the agenda at Rio, for example, was a renewed effort to save tropical forests. (A previous UN-sponsored initiative had fallen apart when it became clear that it actually hastened deforestation.) After Rio, a UN working group came up with more than 100 recommendations that have so far gone nowhere. One proposed forestry pact would do little more than immunizing wood-exporting nations against trade sanctions. An effort to draft an agreement on what to do about the climate changes caused by CO2 and other greenhouse gases has fared even worse. Blocked by the Bush Administration from setting mandatory limits, the UN in 1992 called on nations to voluntarily reduce emissions to 1990 levels. Several years later, it's as if Rio had never happened. A new climate treaty is scheduled to be signed this December in Kyoto, Japan, But governments still cannot agree on these limits. Meanwhile, the U. S. produces 7% more CO2 than it did in 1990, and emissions in the developing world have risen even more sharply. No one would confuse the "Rio process" with progress. While governments have dithered at a pace that could make drifting continents impatient, people have acted. Birth-rates are dropping faster than expected, not because of Rio but because poor people are deciding on their own to reduce family size. Another positive development has been a growing environmental consciousness among the poor. From slum dwellers in Karachi, Pakistan, to colonists in Rondonia, Brazil, urban poor and rural peasants alike seem to realize that they pay the biggest price for pollution and deforestation. There is cause for hope as well in the growing recognition among business people that it is not in their long-term interest to fight environmental reforms. John Browne, chief executive of British Petroleum, Boldly asserted in a major speech in May that the threat of climate change could no longer be ignored.

单选题Almost a century after his death, the well-known French author Jules Verne has once again managed to fire the imagination of people around the world, this time with an unpublished novel, Paris in the 20th Century. The manuscript, completed in 1863 but long locked away in a safe, was uncovered only in 1989 by Verne's great- grandson, and it appeared in English translation just a few months ago. This 19th-century vision of the future describes life among skyscrapers of glass and steel, high-speed trains, gas-powered automobiles, calculators, fax machines and a global communications network. The prescience of these forecasts matches what one would have expected from the author who introduced countless readers of his age to a host of technological marvels, from submarines to helicopters and spacecraft. But in fact, Paris in the 20th Century is a tragedy. It describes the life of an idealistic young man who struggles to find happiness in the fiercely materialistic dystopia that Paris has become by 1920. Like George Orwell's 1984, Verne's novel is a grim and troubling comment on the human costs of technological progress. That such a message should come from Jules Verne proves surprising to many. Most people--particularly in America--assume that Verne wrote about the wonders of technology because he was himself an optimistic scientist. Many also believe Verne wrote primarily for children, crafting novels that were invariably exciting but intellectually shallow. These misconceptions show how Verne's current status has completely shadowed the reality of his life and writings. They are part of the continuing misunderstanding of this author, a result of some severely abridged translations and simplified adaptations for Hollywood cinema. In truth, Verne was neither a scientist nor an engineer: he was simply a writer--and a very prolific one. Over his lifetime, Verne produced more than 2 novels. Yet his works were carefully grounded in fact, and his books inspired many leading scientists, engineers, inventors and explorers, including William Beebe (the creator and pilot of the first bathysphere), Admiral Richard Byrd (a pioneer explorer of Antarctica), Yuri Gagarin (the first human to fly in space) and Nell Armstrong (the first astronaut to walk on the moon). Verne's novels were thus profoundly influential, and perhaps uniquely so. Although novels with scientific foundation had been written before, Verne raised the technique of scientific description to a fine art. And this type of science fiction, based on accurate descriptions of science and technology, has tended to dominate the trend ever since. But Verne's devotion to technical detail does not reflect an confidence in the virtues of science. Indeed, his earliest writings--a mixture of plays, essays and short stories--were distinctly critical of science and technology. It was only the strict monitor of his publisher, Pierre-Jules Hetzel, that steered Verne toward what eventually made him famous: fast-paced adventure tales heavily flavored with scientific lessons and an optimistic ideology. And although his own attitude was quite different, Verne offered little resistance to Hetzel. After the release of his initial book in 1863, the first in a series of novels published under the banner "Extraordinary Voyages: Voyages in Known and Unknown Worlds", Verne explained to his friends at the Paris stock market (where he had been working part-time to make ends meet) about his accomplishment. "My friends I've just written a novel in a new style ... If it succeeds, it will be a gold mine." He was right. Under Hetzel's continual guidance, Verne created one novel after another, each fundamentally of this same type. But most of the works published after Hetzel's death in 1886 show Verne returning to his original themes championing environmentalism, anticapitalism and social responsibility while questioning the benefits that science and technology could bring to an imperfect world. To understand how Verne's later writings could differ so completely from popular image of him requires a closer understanding of the man and his times.

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单选题A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend towards "directed" or "programmed" research, i.e. research whose scope and objectives are predetermined by private or government organizations rather than researchers themselves. Any scientist working for such organizations and investigation in a given field therefore tends to do so in accordance with a plan or programmed designed beforehand. At the beginning of the century, however, the situation was quite different. At that time there were no industrial research organizations in the modern sense: the laboratory unit consisted of a few scientists at the most, assisted by one or two technicians, often working with inadequate equipment in unsuitable rooms. Nevertheless, the scientist was free to choose any subject for investigation he liked, since there was no predetermined programmed to which he had to conform. As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of the problems to be solved and the growing interconnection of different disciplines made it impossible, in many cases, for the individual scientist to deal with the huge mass of new data, techniques and equipment that were required for carrying out research accurately and efficiently. The increasing scale and scope of the experiments needed to test new hypotheses and develop new techniques industrial processes led to the setting up of research groups or teams using highly complicated equipment in elaborately-designed laboratories. Owing to the large sums of money involved, it was then felt essential to direct these human and material resources into specific channels with clearly-defined objectives. In this way it was considered that the quickest and most practical results could be obtained. This, then, was programmed research. One of the effects of this organized and standardized investigation is to cause the scientist to become increasingly involved in applied research (development), especially in the branches of science which seem most likely to have industrial applications. Since private industry and even government departments tend to concentrate on immediate results and show comparatively little interest in long-range investigations, there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to the applied fried, where there are more jobs available, frequently more highly-paid and with better technical facilities than jobs connected with pure research in a university. Owing to the interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this system, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for the future of science and not only pure sciences, but applied science as well.

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单选题Questions 17 to 20 are based on a talk about two means of travelling in America. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.

单选题{{B}}TEXT 3{{/B}} The relationship between the home and market economies has gone through two distinct stages. Early industrialization began the process of transferring some production processes e. g. cloth-making, sewing and canning foods) from file home to the marketplace. Although the home economy could still produce these goods, the processes were laborious and the market economy was usually more efficient. Soon, the more important second stage was evident--the marketplace began producing goods and services that had never been produced by the home economy, and the home economy was unable to produce them (e. g. electricity had electrical appliances, the automobile, advanced education, sophisticated medical care). In the second stage, the question of whether the home economy was less efficient in producing these new goods and services was irrelevant; if the family were to enjoy these fruits of industrialization they would have to be obtained in the marketplace. The traditional way of taking care of these needs in the home, such as in nursing the sick, became socially unacceptable ( and, in most serious cases, probably less successful). Just as the appearance of the automobile made the use of the horse-drawn carriage illegal and then impractical, and the appearance of television changed the radio from a source of entertainment to a source of background music, so most of the fruits of economic growth 'did not increase the options available to the home economy to either produce the goods or services or purchase them in the market. Growth brought with it increased variety in consumer goods, but not increased flexibility for the home economy in obtaining these goods and services. Instead, economic growth brought with it increased consumer reliance on the marketplace. In order to consume these new goods and services, the family had to enter the marketplace as wage earners and consumers. The neoclassical model that views the family as deciding whether to produce goods and services directly or to purchase them in the marketplace is basically a model of the first stage. It cannot accurately be applied to the second (and current) stage.

单选题In face of the numbers of people who are suffering anxiety attacks over AIDS, global warming, ozone sharp decline, and the proliferation of chemical weapons, you have a disturbingly large population easily influenced by the madness aroused with the arrival of the period of the second thousand years. Even supposedly sober observers are taking positions in the millenarian parade. Novelist, poet, and science writer Brad Leithauser is convinced the second millennium is going to bring a "psychological shift" that will "literally redefine what it means to be a human being." Leithauser believes that global weather patterns will undergo random, even chaotic, changes produced by the dreaded greenhouse effect. In his novel Hence set around 2000, Leithauser visualizes religious leaders seizing on the resultant disturbances -flooded cities, soaring cancer rates, and what have you -and taking them as a sign that the end is near. At the same time, Leithauser thinks, a combination of high-speed living and runaway technology will serve further to alienate people from themselves. He predicts that invasive media will bring an inescapable large number of stimuli. In this atmosphere of "evershortening collective memory," books will become pass. Indeed, any form of reflective solitude will become "quietly sinful," says a character in Leithauser's novel, and seeking it out will require "almost an act of social defiance." Economic expert Ravi Bartra is equally convinced that by the dawn of the second millennium people will have undergone a thorough spiritual and economic transformation. He warns that the voices of the rich will soon superheat the global economy to the point of explosion and collapse, in the wake of which "society will border on chaos. There will be a polarization of society into two classes -the haves and the have-nots -and there will be a lot of crime and street demonstrations" as the angry have-nots make strong claim for food, shelter, and social justice. But Batra, unlike Leithauser, sees the coming bimillennial breakdown as a sort of getting rid of sin by fire on the way to a better world. From the ashes of economic and social collapse, he says, will rise a "higher consciousness"--a climate in which pornography, selfishness, and extreme concentration of wealth are reproached and society becomes "more concerned with the handicapped and the weaker." On the job, he foresees "far more democratic large factories, where employees not only sit on boards of directors but actually run companies." Meanwhile, discipline will capture the home-and-family front, with "children obeying their parents more, and more family stability, fewer divorces./

单选题Questions 10--12 Answer the following questions by using NO MORE THAN four words.

单选题Whatdoesthespeakermainlydiscuss?A.Thedistributionofdifferentspeciesofamphibians.B.Possiblereasonsforreductioninthenumberofamphibians.C.Theeffectsofenvironmentalchangeonthefishindustry.D.Guidelinesfortheresponsibleuseofpesticides.

单选题Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following conversation between two friends about a trip. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.

单选题The passage as a whole suggests that Steve's novels were

单选题What does the author mean by, saying "... in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused" in the second paragraph?

单选题{{B}}TEXT 3{{/B}} When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread. The process of vaccination allows the patient's body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body's immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease's defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient's immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in winch genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before. There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient's death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3,000 Americans would be left dead. Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970's, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, winch is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses.

单选题Suppose you lost a lot of blood, what would a doctor do? Replace the blood as quickly as possible by giving you a transfusion of blood donated by another person. But the doctor can't use just anyone's blood. The donor's blood has to be of a type that won't be destroyed by your blood. Blood type? What's that? To find your blood type, the doctor sends your blood to a laboratory. There your red cells are separated from the other parts of your blood. These cells may have certain antigens (special proteins) on their surfaces — "A" antigens and/or "B" antigens. If your red cells have "A" antigens you are Type A; "B" antigens make you Type B; both "A" and "B" make you Type AB; neither "A" nor "B" antigens makes you Type O. How do you find these antigens? A lab technician mixes your red blood cells with two kinds of blood serum. One contains anti-A antibodies. The other kind contains anti-B antibodies. An antibody is a substance that "attacks" a particular antigen, in this case "A" or "B" antigens. The technician then looks at each mixture under a microscope to see what will happen to your red blood cells. Certain mixtures may make your red cells clump together. By finding which mixtures do this and which do not, the technician can figure out your blood type. But blood typing isn't the only reason to have a blood test taken. It can also check for signs of infection. How? When you have an infection, especially a serious one, the number of white blood cells soars. This is normal response of your body to an invasion of germs. This time a sample of blood goes to the lab for a CBC — complete blood count. A technician will examine your blood under a microscope — counting the white cells in a small marked-off area. If the number is much higher than it ought to be, the doctor may need to treat you to be sure the infection doesn't spread. Other blood tests can determine the concentration of various chemicals in your blood or the variety and types of blood cells circulating in the blood. The information hidden in a drop of blood may lead a doctor to suggest ways to treat, or avoid dangerous health conditions. Was the stick in the finger or arm necessary? If protecting yourself from danger is necessary, the answer has got to be ... yes!

单选题Steve Courtney wrote historical novels. Not, he was quick to explain, over-colorful love stories of the kind that made so much money for so many women writers, but novels set, and correctly set, in historical periods. Whatever difference he saw in his own books, his readers did not seem to notice it, and his readers were nearly all women. He had studied in university, and he had been a particularly good student, and he had never afterwards let any academic knowledge he had achieved interfere with his writing. Helen, his wife, who did not have a very high opinion of her husband''s ability as a novelist, had been careful to say when she married him she was not historically minded. Above all, Helen was doubtful whether her relationship with Steve would work at all in the village of Stretton, to which they had just moved. It was Steve who had wanted to move to the country, and she had been glad of the change, in principle, whatever doubts she was now having about Stretton as a choice. But she wondered whether Steve would, before long, want to live in London again, and what she would do if he did. The Stretton house was not a weekend cottage. They had moved into it and given up the London flat altogether, partly at least, she suspected, because that was Steve''s idea of what a successful author ought to do. However, she thought he was not going to feel like a successful author half as much in Stretton as he had in London. On the other hand, she supposed he might just start dashing up to London for the day to see his agent or have dinner with his publisher, leaving her behind in Stretton, and she thought on the whole she would like that.