单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Myths, fallacies and fads (一时的风尚) have been built up over centuries. They change a bit but they are endurable and keep coming back in a slightly different form. From the medicine man to the present food faddist, it has been a profitable business to exploit them. But many people sincerely believe them. The primitive hunter believed that his courage would be increased if he ate the heart of a hero or a lion. This is one myth that most of us can laugh about, but don't be too sure someone doesn't still believe this. The belief that fish is brain food may have orginated in some areas where protein foods were scarce except for fish. It may well have been that those pregnant women and infants who ate fish were more intelligent than those who ate exclusively vegetables, fruits and grains. A relatively new fact resulting from research has shown that the number of brain cells is smaller when the protein eaten by the mother and the baby is lower than it should be. In that case, fish was a brain food, but so are all sources of protein. Many religions use food for symbolism as in the bread and wine of communion or in the restriction of certain foods on special occasions such as the use of meats on fast days by the Catholic or the use of pork by the Jews and Mohammedans(伊斯兰教徒). The rules for slaughtering animals by the Jews and the Mohammedans are another example. And to a Hindu(印度教的信仰者), a cow is a sacred animal protected from slaughter and from use as food. Other foods are forbidden to Hindus and the most pious are strict vegetarians who do not even eat eggs. Many young people today are turning to Hinduism and Buddhism and adopting the food restrictions of those religions. Class and wealth determine food habits also. In many cultures, the lower classes were forbidden to eat some foods. These were usually reserved for the higher classes. The use of white rice in many Asian countries was limited to the wealthy because they could afford the cost of milling. This constituted status. When people came to Hawaii they found that white rice was available to everyone, but they still felt that they had reached a higher status even though the white rice was lower in nutritional value than the whole grain rice. Food gives emotional satisfaction in many ways. Some people eat because they are frustrated and unhappy. The reducing diets which promise that you can eat your weight off appeal to this kind of person. Milk is tied of memories of home and mother so people away from home drink more milk. The scare technique of telling people that their food is poisoned by sprays or chemical fertilizers, or does not have adequate nutritive value because it is grown on worn-out soil, seems to be modern. These people claim that organic fertilizer is the only way to grow high value foods. Actually, if soil is worn out, the nutritive value of a pound of food grown on it is the same as that grown on soil fertilized either organically or inorganically. There simply will be more pounds growing on the fertilized field. The highest yield of all is reported by some as coming from soil which is fertilized both ways.

单选题Which of the following works written by Charles Dickens is different from the other ones? [A] Oliver Twist [B] Dombey and Son [C] Pickwick Papers [D] The Old Curiosity Shop

单选题{{B}}{{I}}Questions 11～13 are based on a lecture about what you need to pay attention to while reading. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11～13.{{/I}}{{/B}}

单选题ThepigoriginallylivedinA.Asia,AfricaandAmerica.B.Asia,SouthAmericaandEurope.C.Asia,EuropeandAmerica.D.Asia,EuropeandAfrica.

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单选题 You will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A, B, C, or D. You will hear the recording ONLY ONCE.

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单选题{{I}}Questions 11 ～ 13 are based on the following talk. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 ～ 13.{{/I}}

单选题An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services; for instance, electricity supply water, rail and road transport, the harbours. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger. It is this interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries'' economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labour force is highly organized. About 55% of Britain workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain''s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve. There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have not many members because of industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members'' disappearing jobs to the point where the jobs of other unions'' members are threatened or destroyed. The printings of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain have frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs. Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be re-elected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade union officials have to work with a system of shop stewards in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.

单选题In parts of Brazil"s poor northeast, snakes and parrots are on sale by the roadside for a few reais. In Brazil, as elsewhere in Latin America, wild animals have been kept as pets for centuries. But in recent years they have become the target of a vast and flourishing illegal trade that is threatening the survival of some species. Governments and others are now trying to do more to end the trafficking. In Brazil alone, the trade in animals is worth $1 billion a year, according to the National Network Against the Trafficking of Wild Animals (RENCTAS), a coalition of NGOs. Some of the sellers are simply the rural poor, seeking a means of subsistence. Others, especially those involved in exports, are organised networks. The buyers include pet shops, pharmaceutical laboratories and foreign collectors. The international trade in animals is regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which most Latin American countries have signed. Brazil has gone further, banning all trade in wild animals, whether endangered or not. Critics say that by pushing the trade underground, this has made it harder to regulate. In any event, Brazil lacks inspectors, and perhaps the will, to enforce the ban. Some of Brazil"s neighbours have looser rules. Many Brazilian animals are smuggled across the country"s long northern borders to Venezuela, Colombia or the Guyanas, whence they are exported with fake documentation. Efforts are now under way to improve regional co-operation. In July, in the first meeting of its kind, representatives from the United States government, Interpol and CITES met Latin American officials and NGOSA in Brasilia. What about the importing countries? The United States Fish and Wildlife Service carries out inspections at airports, and investigates smuggling networks. Each year it handles 4,500 cases involving the import or export of animals. Under the Lacey act, American animal traffickers who break foreign laws can be prosecuted at home. Smugglers are regularly picked up in Miami: a Nicaraguan was caught last year at the airport with "Christmas gifts" that included over 1,100 sea turtles" eggs. Tony Silva, a well-known exotic-bird fancier based in Chicago, was jailed in the mid-1990s for heading a ring importing rare parrots from South America. In an effort to deter would-be buyers, RENCTAS is working with tourism bodies to teach unsuspecting foreigners visiting Brazil that they should forget about wild life souvenirs. But in the long run the trade will be stopped only if incentives are generated to deter the rural poor from providing the raw material. Eco-tourism projects have spread across Latin America over the past decade, and the CITES secretariat is backing plans for more. The best hope for parrots is to become more valuable in the wild than in a plastic tube.

单选题What is one of the mistakes in the recent conservation movement?

单选题SCHOOL A Ellesmere College is one of the fastest-growing independent schools in the country over the past two years, with pupils'' number rising by almost 20% . The growth has led to a $1 million investment program in 1999 and the building of a new lower school for boys and girls aged nine to thirteen. The new lower school will be the largest single building project at the college since its foundation in 1884. In the senior school, two-thirds of the pupils are boarders, and boarding is available from the age of 11. The six form is strong with over 120 pupils; there is an exceptionally wide-range of subjects on offer and the College has pioneered the use of video conferencing technology as a way of enhancing its curriculum. Microsoft Office qualifications are also available in the sixth form. The College is set in extensive grounds in the beautiful North Shropshire Lake District. Facilities are excellent and various, and include many sports fields, six all-weather tennis courts, indoor and outdoor shooting ranges, a nine-hole golf course and a purpose-built theater. The College sailing club has boats within walking distance on Whitemere. The majority of the day pupils at the College use the College bus service which covers a very wide area. Boarding throughout the School has benefited from a recent multimillion pound refurbishment which has done away with dormitories in favor of modem, comfortable rooms, the largest sleeping six, but most sleeping two or one. Academic standards are high for a school with a broad entry range. Many scholarships are awarded across a range of talents, but the emphasis of an Ellesmere education is firmly on breadth with each pupil achieving his or her full potential, whatever that may be. Recent pupil successes range from international honors in shooting, fencing and canoeing to a recent leaver''s election — after only one year as an undergraduate — to an Exhibition in Chemistry at Jesus College, Oxford. The College has a national reputation for the quality of its dyslexia provision. SCHOOL B The choice of the right school for your son or daughter is important. For over 100 years Edgehill College has proudly prepared independently-minded young people to take their place in a world of rapidly advancing technology. The foundations of a sound education are laid down early in life. Edgehill does this within the friendly walls of its prep school, learning through enjoyment begins at the age of three and continues to the point where pupils can proceed smoothly and confidently into senior school. Entry to the prep school is by interview and to the senior school by examination at 11 + , 12 + , 13 + and 16 + . Edgehill is a friendly, caring and purposeful community with a reputation for high academic achievement. Students are encouraged to reach their potential and develop their talents to the full. A reputation for achievement in music and drama is matched by outstanding results in sports, for which Edgehill students enjoy some of the finest facilities in the West Country. There are excellent recreational opportunities in the contrasting beauties of the North Devon coast and Dartmoor. The College motto " Beyond the Best There Is a Better" can certainly sum up the achievements of Edgehill students. The accolade of winning the Schools Curriculum Award in 1997 gave Edgehill national recognition and, recently, the College has been chosen as a National Coaching Foundation Center, confirming its place as a leading southwest school. Parents naturally worry when their children are away at school so great emphasis is placed on pastoral care. Edgehill is more than a school with high standards of education; it prides itself on tradition, firm but friendly discipline and a keen sense of moral values. The demands of the world of the future, changes in family lifestyle and in work patterns serve only to underline the advantage of an Edgehill education where qualifications matched by confidence and good manners enable students to make their mark in whatever career they choose. All this makes Edgehill College a rather special school — a school that offers the best for your children. SCHOOL C The School has exceptional facilities for academic work, including good laboratories, an attractive circular library and separate areas for music, drama, craft, art and design, technology and business studies. There is a fine chapel and well-equipped medical center. Sporting facilities include a new sports hall, finished and equipped to the highest international standards, as well as an indoor swimming pool, 12 tennis courts and superb playing fields. The School is set in 300 acres, 30 minutes from central London and Heathrow International Airport. The School caters for girls of average ability and above but it is not narrowly academic. The core subjects of the national curriculum provide a balanced basic education. A wide range of GSCE options provides courses for girls of varying abilities and interests. Regular high standard performances in music and drama, public speaking and debating are important preparation for adult life. Brownies, Guides, Duke of Edinburgh''s and young Enterprise schemes all flourish, alongside clubs and societies for all ages. Scholarships for academic merit at every stage. Six scholarships every year are available only the daughters of Freemasons. Additional minor awards for music, art and business studies in the sixth form. The sixth form offers all the traditional academic subjects at A-level alongside more popular additions like psychology and theater studies. GNVQ (advanced) in business studies and health and social care provides an alternative vocational pathway to university or a direct route into employment. Every year a number of new girls join at this stage. All have opportunities for leaderships and responsibility. The emphasis is on each girl fulfilling her own potential and finding an area in which she can excel. We pride ourselves on building self-esteem and nurturing a generosity of spirit which leads naturally on to a desire to serve the community.

单选题The purpose of the home was to rehabilitate patients as far as possible, so that they could face the harsh realities of life outside hospital. Most of them not only suffered from some form of nervous disease but had other handicaps as well. (There were those who were deaf, those who were partially blind, those who were partially paralyzed.) For most of them, the hospital had been their refuge for some time and the idea of being rehabilitated was somewhat frightening. They doubted their own capabilities, and were nervous of the effort which would be required from them. The home contains within a research unit which is mainly concerned with overcoming the technical problems which arise from the patient's physical disabilities. Full rehabilitation involves a need for a patient to be as independent as possible physically. It is in the research center that all types of electronic equipment are pioneered, much of it exceedingly delicate and complex. One of the things I found astonishing as I watched what was going on in the workshop was the ease with which the patients became accustomed to the equipment. This of course has the dual effect of making them physically independent and giving them the psychological satisfaction of having mastered a difficult problem. And this extra confidence is, of course, a further step towards rehabilitation. While I was there, I was fortunate enough to be able to talk to a couple of patients (or rather ex-patients) who had been fully rehabilitated and who had come back for the weekend to visit their friends. One, a former physical education teacher who suffered from paralysis from the waist down, was now teaching general studies in a primary school. After his accident, he told me, he had had a complete nervous breakdown and had indeed tried to commit suicide several times. "But when I got here, I realized that there was still some things I could do, and that there were people worse off than me who were out in the world doing them," he said. "Yes, I expect I shall get depressions again. You can't completely cure that kind of thing. But they'll pull me out of it, at least I know that now." I asked him if he felt that everyone in the home could be rehabilitated. "Well, of course, one can't really tell. There are some people in here with really terrible problems. But I should say that about 70% of them will be fully rehabilitated by this time next year." And that is a fantastic claim, but from my observation of what is going on, may well be substantiated.

单选题Siebes' invention was not a perfect one, because

单选题Whatarethespeakersdoing?A.Visitingthenewrestaurant.B.Watchingaparade.C.Havingapicnic.D.Goingtothebeach.

单选题 Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk on the Oscar nominations for the 79th Academy Awards. You now have l5 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.

单选题The dialect which is influenced by social status is ______. A. regional dialect B. idiolect C. sociolect D. ethnic dialect

单选题Opinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to make ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some primary questions about the future of work. Would we continue to treat employment as the norm? Would we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work? The industrial age has been the only period of human history during which most people's work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could provide the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people's homes. Later, as transportation improved, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people's work lost all connection with their home lives and the place in which they hived. Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial time, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became a custom for the husband to go out to be paid through employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes. It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded--a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives. All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs.

单选题The importance of the independents is a matter not just of acclaim but of commerce, look at the films that make the most money worldwide for each dollar spent in making them. The best performers are often the work of independents; they may be quirky; they may appeal to minorities; they may be funny. What they are almost without exception not is big Hollywood studio dramas. Indeed, many are not even American. The Academy has taken notes. This year two fifths or more of nominees in most major categories came from beyond America. In itself, that's hardly a threat to Hollywood--co-opting foreign and immigrant talent has been one of its great strengths. The documentary maker Keiko Ibi wept when she won: "Who would have thought a girl from Japan could make a movie about Jewish senior citizens and actually receive this award." Martin Scorsese praised Elia Kazan's "lifelong quarrel with his adopted country." But it's not just foreign talent; foreign ideas are slipping in as well. On four out of five of the films nominated for best picture this year, the director apparently had control over the final cut, a power that studio chiefs used to consider at least as un-American as membership in the Communist Party. On top of the foreign ideas and foreign talent, there's also new technology. Of this year's five nominees for best art direction, the two films with the most impressive and expressive looks-- "Pleasantville" and "What Dreams May Gone" --both relied on computerized effects. The craft skills of all sorts of future films will be programming skills, and Hollywood has no lock on them. A full-blown science-fiction-effects extravaganza such as "Lost in Space" can now be put together using the work of the small and medium effects houses of London. One so far unrecognized and far from spectacular aspect of this digital revolution may turn out to be crucial to furthering the internationalization of cinema. Dubbing dialogue into a foreign language is not terribly satisfactory. Cineastes prefer subtitles--which the American public normally shuns. As films become entirely digital, soft-ware to match an actor's mouth movements to dialogue in a different language would come into its own. Such software already exists, and it's a fair bet it will get pretty good pretty quick. When that happens, foreign-language films will be able to enjoy much wider releases within America. None of this means Hollywood is going to stop being a significant cultural influence around the world. But everything at the Oscars suggests it is going to have to come to a new accommodation with that world and its changes. As Whoopi Goldberg told the worldwide audience, "We love that you love what we do, and if you want to do it too, well then, like that young lady who won the documentary Oscar, you come on over." So far, so Hollywood. But then she added something new: "Or say where you are." Just like the Oscar voters, would-be Oscar winners have a choice, too, and the world's films will be the better for it.

单选题What did people think about tower blocks when they were first built?