单选题The last word "wishy-washy" is closest in meaning to______.

单选题Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?A．Thehumannoseasanorganforbreathingandsmelling.B．Thenoseprovidinguswithvariousexpressions.C．Awomanpoet'swishtohavetwonoses.D．InterestingcommentsmadeonCleopatra'snose.

单选题 A Surely you have often heard (and maybe even said yourself) things like "it's my/your brains that make me/you unhappy", "simple, uneducated people are the happiest", "I wish I was a moron like everyone else and didn't think so much—I would be much happier", and many more variations. A lot of people, both intelligent and unintelligent, really seem to believe that. Which is sad, because, well, they are wrong. Intelligence and awareness can bring you a sense of right and wrong. That sense may cause you to notice many injustices in the world that you wouldn't have seen otherwise. And that can surely bring you pain. But it can also help you to notice good things that you wouldn't have seen without that awareness. Also, with it, maybe you can now make a difference. Still, many people do believe that "the less they see/know/think, the better they are". But is it so? Are those stupid, ignorant, blind people really happy? Have you looked at them? They usually aren't, really. Happiness is not the absence of sadness, happiness is joy. Happiness is not the absence of pain, it is pleasure. Happiness, as a concept, is not defined by what it isn't, but by what it is. B Education systems in countries whose primary interest is in wealth accumulation encourage heroes in movies, war and sports, but not in intellectual development. Super intelligent people manage, but few reach the top of the business or social ladder. Children develop along four streams: intellectual, physical, emotional and social. In classrooms, the smartest kids tend to be left out of more activities by other children. They are "odd", they are the geeks, they are social outsiders. In other words, they do not develop socially as well as they may develop intellectually or even physically where opportunities may exist for more progress. Adults tend to believe that intelligent kids can deal with anything because they are intellectually superior. This inevitably includes situations where the intelligent kids have neither knowledge nor skills to support their experience. They go through the tough times alone. Adults don't understand that they need help. Western society provides the ideal incubator for social misfits and those with emotional coping problems. When it comes to happiness, intelligent people who are socially inept and who have trouble coping emotionally with the urgent needs of life would not be among those you should expect to be happy. C Happiness has nothing to do with intelligence when intelligence is used as a point of reference for self. In other words, if intelligence is something by which you value or measure your worth, this will not bring you happiness. Happiness is a result of acceptance. Those who operate with greater mental constraints, for whatever reason, sometimes seem to have an easier time accepting their circumstances, their environment, and themselves, because they are not given to long-winded inner dialoguing and mental journeys into the various nuances of their perceived reality. And so a so-called simple-minded person can shrug his shoulder and carry on, accept what is, and that is what creates the avenue for the experience of happiness. People with less mental restrictions, having access to greater levels of intelligence, may spend so much time analyzing, dialoging, cataloging, and in general thinking about their environment and the different potentials, that they have difficulty simply accepting the perceived reality. They therefore do not have an avenue through which to experience happiness. Happiness is a function of acceptance. D As "giftedness" has a genetic component, smart parents have a good chance of having smart kids. Yet we have little reason to believe that unhappiness has a genetic component or that people with above average intelligence will necessarily be unhappy. More intelligent people are no more vulnerable to unhappiness naturally than anyone else. However, the circumstances of their lives may make it easier for them to adopt unhappiness as a way of life. When parents are asked what they want for their kids when they grow up, some will be specific about a profession or taking over the family business, both of which show a preference for developing the child intellectually. We tend to go with our strengths, so if we are strong in intellectual ability we will tend to follow that path, perhaps to the detriment of our other streams of development. Think of the four streams of development as the baselines for a pyramid which is the growing child. The interior of the pyramid would be the environment and support systems available to the child. If any one side of the pyramid takes strong precedence in growth over the others, the pyramid may not only not grow straight, it may collapse due to insufficient strength in its weaker sides. A person can have the same strengths and weaknesses. And the same potential for collapse.

单选题

单选题Whatisthepositivesideofpruritus?A.Itarisesfromtheirritationofskincellsornervecells.B.Itcanbeanunbearablenuisance.C.Itisadominantsymptomofmanyskindiseases.D.Itservesasasensoryandself-protectivemechanism.

单选题 Read the following texts' and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.{{B}}Part A{{/B}}Read the following text and answer the questions which appcompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark you answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Text 1 It was a cold, rainy and wholly miserable afternoon in Washington, and a hot muggy night in Miami. It was Sunday, and three games were played in the two cities. The people playing them and the people watching them tell us much about the ever-changing ethnic structure of the United States. American males are more addicted to sports than females are, but not by a huge margin. Females are more addicted to the theatre and concert halls than males are, but not by a huge margin. In our electronic age, addicts and experts alike can be couch potatoes, enjoying their entertainments from the comfort of home. Tree fans get off their butts and go. The three games in the two cities on that miserable Sunday afternoon had respective attendances of 75,061,67,204 and 57,318. The biggest crowd watched professional football, in which the Washington Redskins were beaten by the Blatimore Ravens. The crowds sat in the cold and rain, and most of them endured the weather to the bitter end because the outcome of the game was in doubt. Professional football in the United States is almost wholly played by nativeborn American citizens, mostly very large and very strong, many of them are black. It is a game of physical strength, Linemen routinely weigh more than 300 pounds. Players are valued for their weight and muscles, for how fast they can run and how hard they can hit each other. Football draws the biggest crowds, but the teams play only once a week, because they get so battered. The 67,204 fans were in Miami for the final game of the baseball World Series. Baseball was once America's favourite game, but has lost that claim to basketball. The 1997 World Series was much reviled in the news media of the largest cities, mostly because they had been shut out of it. NBC, which broadcast the Series, wished loudly that it hadn't. Despite all the bad press, every game was sold out and double the tickets could have been sold had the stadiums accommodated more people. Baseball is a game that requires strength, but not hugeness. Agility, quickness, perfect vision and quick reaction are more important than pure strength. Baseball was once a purely American game, but has spread around much of the New World. In that Sunday's finale, the final hit of the extra inning game was delivered by a native of Columbia. The Most Valuable Player in the game was a native of Cuba. The rosters of both teams were awash with Hispanic names, as is Miami, which now claims the World Championship is a game that may be losing popularity in America, but has gained it in much of the rest of the world. Baseball in America has taken on a strong Hispanic flavor, with a dash of Japanese added for seasoning. In soccer, the ethnic tide has been the reverse of baseball's. Until recently, professional soccer in the United States had largely been an import, played by south Americans and Europeans. Now, American citizens in large numbers are finally taking up the most popular game in the world. Basketball, an American invention increasingly played around the world, these days draws large crowds back home. Likewise, hockey, a game largely imported to the United States from neighbouring Canada. Lacrosse, a version of which was played by Native Americans before the Europeans arrived, is also gaining a keen national following. Sports of all kinds are winning support from American armchair enthusiasts from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.

单选题Questions 17～20 are based on the following talk. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17～20.

单选题While it"s true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason. The last thing you want is for your brain cells to start producing stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so-called stem cells haven"t begun to specialize. Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells--brain cells in Alzheimer"s, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few. If doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue. It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stern cells and get them to grow into neural, muscle and bone cells. The process still can"t be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations. But if efforts to understand and master stem-ceil development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power. The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin. True cloning, as first shown with Dolly the sheep two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated ceil can develop into a full-fledged animal, genetically identical to its parent. For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year. Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a tree "miracle cure".

单选题Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the Speech Act Theory? [A] The main idea of the theory is that things can be done with words. [B] This is the first major theory in the study of language in use. [C] There are two types of sentences according to this theory: performatives and constatives. [D] As a sense of this theory, Illocutionary Act refers to the result or effects that are produced by meanings of saying something.

单选题Usually， _______ care for children's ______.

单选题 Cultural globalization, for many, means Westernization or Americanization. An important distinction concerning today's cultural globalization is that it is largely driven by corporations, rather than countries. As such, one of the central concerns is the spread of consumer culture. For many critics, non-Western culture and practices are at risk of being overwhelmed by homogenizing "Mc-Donaldization". Skeptics contend that the erosion of culture has been overstated. They point to evidence that local culture remains strong. Cultural interactions have taken place for centuries so to argue non-Western cultural are somehow pure is naive. In a sense, the cultural degradation argument dismisses the ability of non-Western people to control their destiny and incorporate those attributes they may find useful. What is more, some argue that national identities are founded on real differences that have continued salience. Other skeptics point to the growth of ethnic and nationalist movements in the post-Cold War world as evidence that these sources of identity remain strong. Intense interaction may make people more cognizant of difference and lead to conflict. Information technology may, in fact, intensify traditional identities. Cultural globalization involves processes of unequal power, which brings traditions and identities into question. Where ethnic and religious groups feel threatened by globalization, there is the potential for conflict. Migration is a significant aspect of globalization that has not only economic but also social and cultural effects. While migration is not unique to the present age, communication and transportation technologies allow migrants a greater opportunity to maintain links with their homelands. More porous borders raise questions about notions of citizenship and identity. While challenges to national identity may come from supranational entities such as the European Union, globalization at the same time may facilitate the triggering of more local, particularistic identities. There is some disagreement on where this is all going and whether globalization could come to an end. Clearly the openness and interconnectedness that emerged in the late 1800s was not permanent. The 1930s saw the major powers carving out spheres of influence and blocking out others. From a broader historical perspective, however, that may have been a hiccup. Whereas before the end of the American Civil War it took months to go by ship from one coast of the US to the other. The transcontinental railroad cut the trip to a week by 1870 and today it is a matter of a few hours by plane. There was some discussion after 9.11 whether the need for security would bring an end to the era of globalization. In some areas, such as educational exchanges, there has been an impact. Overall, however, the flow of goods, people, and messages of peace and war continue unabated some five years later. In many respects, therefore, globalization is not going away. The challenge for humanity, then, is to direct these forces in peaceful and beneficial ways.

单选题 Questions 17～20 are based on the following talk. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17～20.

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} Evolutionary theories. The Belgian George Lemaitre proposed the idea that about 20,000 million years ago all the matter in the universe--enough, he estimated, to make up a hundred thousand million galaxies--was all concentrated in one small mass, which he called the "primeval atom". This primeval atom exploded for some reasons, sending its matter out in all directions, and as the expansion slowed down, a steady state resulted, at which time the galaxies formed. Something then upset the balance and the universe started expanding again, and this is the state in which the universe is now. There are variations on this theory: it may be that there was no steady state. However, basically, evolutionary theories take it that the universe was formed in one place at one point in time and has been expanding ever since Will the universe continue to expand? It may be that the universe will expand for ever, but some astronomers believe that the expansion will slow down and finally stop. Thereafter the universe will start to contract until all the matter in it is once again concentrated at one point. Possibly the universe may oscillate for ever in this fashion, expanding to its maximum and then contracting over again. Developed at Cambridge by Hoyle, Cold and Bodi, the steady-state theory maintains that the universe as a whole has always looked the same and always will. As the galaxies expand away from each other, new material is formed in some ways between the galaxies and makes up new galaxies to take place of those which have receded. Thus the general distribution of galaxies remains the same. How matter could be formed in this way is hard to see, but no harder than seeing why it should all form in one place at one time. How can we decide which of these theories is closer to the truth? The method is in principle quite simple. Since the very distant galaxies are thousands of millions of light years away, then we are seeing them as they were thousands of millions of years ago. If the evolutionary theory is correct, the galaxies were closer together in the past than they are now, and so distant galaxies ought to appear to be closer together than nearer ones. According to the steady-state theory there should be no difference. The evidence seems to suggest that there is a difference, that the galaxies were closer together than they are now, and so the evolutionary theory is partially confirmed and the steady-state theory--in its original form at least--must be rejected.

单选题 In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet.

单选题 {{I}}Questions 11～13 are based on the following talk. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11～13.{{/I}}

单选题[此试题无题干]

单选题 Questions 14 to 16 are based on a talk about the food we eat. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 to 16.

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer — government or private — should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women's earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs' support this assumption. Fuchs' results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal. In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of white male and female workers from the 1970 census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown's research design controlled for education, labor force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study's results. Brown's results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed. One can infer from Brown's results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions. Brown's results are clearly consistent with Fuchs' argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact the women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discriminating is not having as much effect on women's earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.

单选题At 18, Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the "bubble-boy disease", named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent), she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source, in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992, she is completely healthy with normal immune function, according to one of the doctors who treated her, W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. "There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease," Anderson says, "within 50 years. " It's not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson's early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $ 432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005, and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don't cause human disease. "The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse," says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. "The cargo is the gene. " At the University of Pennsylvania's Abramsoh Cancer Center, immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University, researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson's disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children's brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise. But somehow, things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment, patients show a response at first, but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999, when Jesse Gelsinger, an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder, died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer, researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a "marathon mouse" by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already, officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of "gene doping". But the principle is the same, whether you're trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. "Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea," says Crystal. "And eventually it's going to work. /