单选题Thetrampwaslockedinthestore______.A.forhisownmistakesB.duetoamisunderstandingC.byaccidentD.throughanerrorofjudgment

单选题Through long power lines electricity goes ______.

单选题 "The issue of online privacy in the Interact age found new urgency following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, sparking debate over striking the correct balance between protecting civil liberties and attempting to prevent another tragic terrorist act. While preventing terrorism certainly is of paramount importance, privacy rights should not be deemed irrelevant. In response to the attacks, Congress quickly passed legislation that included provisions expanding fights of investigators to intercept wire, oral and electronic communications of alleged hackers and terrorists. Civil liberties groups expressed concerns over the provisions and urged caution in ensuring that efforts to protect our nation do not result in broad government authority to erode privacy rights of U. S. citizens. Nevertheless, causing further concern to civil liberties groups, the Department of Justice proposed exceptions to the attorney-client privilege. On Oct. 30, Attorney General John Ashcroft approved an interim agency rule that would permit federal prison authorities to monitor wire and electronic communications between lawyers and their clients in federal custody, including those who have been detained but not charged with any crime, whenever surveillance is deemed necessary to prevent violence or terrorism. In light of this broadening effort to reach into communications that were previously believed to be "off-limits", the issue of online privacy is now an even more pressing concern. Congress has taken some legislative steps toward ensuring online privacy, including the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, and provided privacy protections for certain sectors through legislation such as the Financial Services Modernization Act. The legislation passed to date does not, however, provide a statutory scheme for protecting general online consumer privacy. Lacking definitive federal law, some states passed their own measures. But much of this legislation is incomplete or not enforced. Moreover, it becomes unworkable when states create different privacy standards; the Internet does not know geographic boundaries, and companies and individuals cannot be expected to comply with differing, and at times conflicting, privacy roles. An analysis earlier this year of 751 U.S. and international Web sites conducted by Consumers International found that most sites collect personal information but fall to tell consumers how that data will be used, how security is maintained and what rights consumers have over their own information. At a minimum, Congress should pass legislation requiring Web sites to display privacy policies prominently, inform consumers of the methods employed to collect client data, allow customers to opt out of such data collection, and provide customer access to their own data that has already been collected. Although various Internet privacy bills were introduced in the 107th Congress, the focus shifted to expanding government surveillance in the wake of the terrorist attacks. Plainly, government efforts to prevent terrorism are appropriate. Exactly how these exigent circumstances change the nature of the online privacy debate is still to be seen.

单选题Dried food Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it, and that tile easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind. In this way the North American indians produce pemmican (dried meat ground into powder and made into cakes), the Scandinavians make stockfish and the Arabs dried dates and 'apricot leather. ' All foods contain water—cabbage and other leaf vegetables contain as much as 93% water, potatoes and other root vegetables 80%, lean meat 75% and fish anything from 80% to 60% depending on how fatty it is. If this water is removed, the activity of the bacteria which cause food to go bad is checked. Fruit is sun-dried in Asia Minor, Greece, Spain and other Mediterranean countries, anti also in California, South Africa anti Australia. The methods used vary, but in general, the fruit is spread out on trays in drying yards in the hot sun. In order to percent darkening, pears, peaches and apricots are exposed to the fumes of burning sulphur before drying. Plums, for making prunes, and certain varieties of grapes for making raisins and currants, are dipped in an alkaline solution in order to crack the skins of the fruit slightly and remove their wax coating, so increasing the rate of drying. Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically. The conventional method of such dehydration is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110℃ at entry to about 43℃ at exit. This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish. Liquids such as milk coffee, tea, soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated horizontal steel cylinder or by spraying them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes. In the first case, the dried material is scraped off the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small, though still relatively coarse flakes. In the second process it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder. Where recognizable pieces of meat and vegetables are required, as in soup, the ingredients are dried separately and then mixed. Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same packed in cans or frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions. For these reasons they are invaluable to climbers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have little storage space. They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them. Usually it is just a case of replacing the dried-out moisture with boiling water.

单选题 {{B}} Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following conversation about population. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.{{/B}}

单选题You will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear the recording only once.

单选题A UCSF study has revealed new information about how the brain directs the body to make movements. The key factor is "noise" in the brain's signaling, and it helps explain why all movement is not carried out with the same level of precision. Understanding where noise arises in the brain has implications for advancing research in neuromotor control and in developing therapies for disorders where control is impaired, such as Parkinson's disease. The new study was developed "to understand the brain machinery behind such common movements as typing, walking through a doorway or just pointing at an object," says Stephen Lisberger, PhD, senior study investigator who is director of the W.M. Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience at the University of California, San Francisco. Study co-investigators are Leslie C. Osborne, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow at UCSF, and William Bialek, PhD, professor of physics at Princeton University. The study findings, reported in the September 15 issue of the journal Nature; are part of ongoing research by Lisberger and colleagues on the neural mechanisms that allow the brain to learn and maintain skills and behavior. These basic functions are carried out through the coordination of different nerve cells within the brain's neural circuits. "To make a movement, the brain takes the electrical activity of many neurons and combines them to make muscle contractions," Lisberger explains. "But the movements aren't always perfect. So we asked, what gets in the way?" The answer, he says, is "noise", which is defined as the difference between what is actually occurring and what the brain perceives. He offers making a foul shot in basketball as an example. If there were no noise in the neuromotor system, a player would be able to perform the same motion over and over and never miss a shot. "Understanding how noise is reduced to very precise commands helps us understand how those commands are created," says Lisberger, who also is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and a UCSF professor of physiology. In the study, the research team focused on a movement that all primates are very skilled at: an eye movement known as "smooth pursuit" that allows the eyes to track a moving target. In a series of exercises with monkeys in which the animals would track visual targets, the researchers measured neural activity and smooth pursuit eye movements. From this data, the team analyzed the difference between how accurately the animals actually tracked a moving object and how accurately the brain perceived the trajectory. Findings showed that both the smooth pursuit system and the brain's perceptual system were nearly equal. "This teaches us that these very different neural processes are limited to the same degree by the same noise sources," says Lisberger. "And it shows that both processes are very good at reducing noise." He concludes, "Because the brain is noisy, our motor systems don't always do what it tells us to. Making precise movements in the face of this noise is a challenge./

单选题The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living. Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the US workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor US economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the US factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts — a result of the training that US workers received on the job. More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work. What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things. As education improved, humanity's productivity increased as well. When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.

单选题By "is just the tip of the iceberg" in the eighth paragraph, Siegel suggests that ______.

单选题{{B}}Part B{{/B}} In the following article some paragraphs have been removed. For questions 66—70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the lists A—F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Over breakfast Florian Ioan Wells, a 33-year-old aerospace engineer, and Craig Parsley, a 25-year-old environmental technician, discussed their plan for that day, May 14,1983.They were going to climb one of Mt. Garfield's western peaks, a minor if perilous crag in the Cascade Range east of Seattle. For them it was a routine climb, and neither had bothered to pinpoint for his wife where he would be. When they reached the mountain, the sky was cloudy and the temperature was 34 degree Fahrenheit. Conditions weren't ideal, but the men decided to continue on, hoping the weather would hold. It was 8 a.m. when they started for the 4896-foot-hight summit. 66.____________ All morning, they took turns leading. The pitch of the granite face averaged 70 degrees, about the steepness of a ladder placed against a house. It began to rain — a few drops at first, then a steady downpour. Florian was troubled: if the rain continued, they would have to turn back. It was 11 a.m., and they were about halfway up the face. 67.____________ Thrown off balance, Florian screamed, "Watch out!" Then he fell backward, head down, scraping and bumping against the rock. Instinctively he rotated, feet down, fumbling for something to grab. Craig saw his friend slip back and heard his yell. As Florian dropped twice the length of the rope between the two of them, about 120 feet, Craig braced himself. "I'm going to have to absorb one whale of a pull when I stop him," he thought. Then the rope tightened with a born-jarring wrench and yanked Craig off the rock face. Hurtling forward on his belly, Craig tried to stop himself with his hands, tearing skin from his palms. 68. ____________ Like Florian, Craig turned his body to a feet-down position. He slammed into a small ledge, which spun him around like a rag doll. Crashing forward headfirst again, he clutched frantically at anything that interrupted the smooth rock face, pulling several fingers out of their sockets. Florian, too, was desperately trying to find a way to stop his fall. He caught a narrow ledge with his right foot, but the leg bent uselessly beneath him. Looking beyond his dangling feet, he saw a 500-foot vertical drop ending in a small pool. Florian closed his eyes and waited for the inevitable yank, when Craig's plunging body would pull him from his position to go screaming into the abyss. 69.____________ Craig has grabbed a finger-size twig sticking out of the rock face. Hanging by his right arm, he felt a wave of pain sweep over him and realized that his shoulder was broken. Craig grabbed a piton with his left hand, set it in a moss-filled crack and drove it to the jilt with his hammer. Meanwhile, Florian had hauled himself onto his ledge. Wedging himself in place with one arm and leg, he fumbled some jam huts from his harness and secured them in small cracks. The two climbers were safe, temporarily. Yet they clung to the lip of a sheer drop, a 50-story fall to certain death. 70.____________ Craig slid down the rope to Florian, and it was then Florian found out that his partner's injuries were worse than his own. Craig's shoulder was broken and his right wrist and both ankles were fractured. The situation looked bleak. It was raining and temperatures would fall below freezing that night. Their wives did not expect them back until much later and did not know their location. If the climbers stayed on the rock face, they would die from exposure or blood loss. "I'm going down," Florian told Craig, "When I get to the truck, I'll use the CB radio to call for help." [A] But the lethal tug never came. Instead there was silence followed by an anguished yell. Looking up, he saw Craig dangling by one arm from a small ledge. [B] Craig took the lead. Seeking out tiny cracks and crevices in which to wedge his fingers and the toes of his climbing shoes, he worked his way 165 feet up the length of his rope. Then he planted some pitons — large, flat nails with eyelets — in a crack, secured his rope through them and told Florian to start climbing. [C] Florian fastened his rope around his waist, and Craig lowered him the length of the rope. But to reach the bottom of the cliff, Florian had to make six long rappels. With one end of his rope belayed throught a piton and the other wrapped around his body, he pushed off. [D] Florian was leading, clinging to the wall 60 feet above Craig. In a crack at about shoulder height he planted a NO.2 jam nut. Properly anchored, the nut holds 500 pounds, but Florian didn't like the look of the crack it was in. He bent down to plant a larger NO. 3 in better crack near his feet. As he did, he heard a "pop". The NO.2 nut had torn loose. [E] Florian now felt a pain in his right leg. A jagged bone poked through his shoe. "My leg is broken," he cried to Craig. [F] Now Florian was again sliding down the rock, barely touching it, at a terrifying speed. "I wonder if it's going to hurt to die," he thought.

单选题Personnel changes at the International Monetary Fund and proposals for changing the fund have been reported lately. After a lengthy public debate, the leading countries settled on another German, Horst Kohler, to replace Michel Camdessus as the IMF"s managing director. Unfortunately, the circus-like process began to resemble an affirmative-action procedure when it became clear that a particular nationality--German--was a prerequisite for the job. Calls for changes at the IMF came in the report from Congress" International Financial Institution Advisory Commission, led by Allan H. Meltzer. (I was a witness before the commission on issues related to inequality.) The Meltzer Commission"s report surprised me by not advocating abolition of the IMF. The report said: "The commission did not join the council of despair calling for the elimination of one or more of these institutions." The commission came close to recommending abolition, however, by proposing a new IMF that would be limited to short-term-liquidity assistance to solvent economies, collection and publication of data, and provision of economic advice. The short-term-loan facility would represent a reasonable return to the IMF"s role under the Bretton Woods regime that prevailed until the early 1970s. However, that role expanded greatly in the 1990s, and it is not clear how such further expansion would be avoided under the new setup. So long as the IMF retains access to lots of money, it will be difficult to say no to large, insolvent countries, such as Mexico in 1995 and Russia in 1998. Past mistakes will probably be repeated, and the elimination of the IMF would have been a better choice. I agree that the IMF"s role in the collection and distribution of data has been useful. An advisory role might also be satisfactory (and some of my friends and former students perform these tasks admirably). This function could be served just as well, however, by nongovernmental institutions. In any event, the demand for the IMF"s economic advice is likely to be low if it is no longer tied to qualifying for some of its loans. The irony is that the IMF had available the ideal candidate in its deputy managing director, Stanley Fischer. Fischer not only is an outstanding economist but also has a pleasant and effective management style, together with experience at the fund. He also seemed ideal on political grounds because he was born in Africa, previously held a British passport (related to his residencies in the former British colonies of Northern and Southern Rhodesia), and now holds a U. S. passport. Apparently, Fischer"s British passport was not enough to make him European, much less German. Anyway, since my opinion of the IMF"s social value is unfavorable, I probably ought not to back the most capable candidate as managing director.

单选题A Frenchman had arrived at a small Italian (意大利的，意大利人) town and was staying with his wife at the best hotel there. One evening he went out for a walk 41 . It was late and the small street was dark and 42 . Suddenly he 43 some footsteps behind him. He 44 his head and saw an Italian young man quickly walk 45 him. The man was nearly 46 sight when the Frenchman suddenly found his 47 was gone. He thought 48 it was the Italian who 49 his watch. He decided to follow him and force him 50 the watch. Soon the Frenchman 51 up with the Italian. They didn"t understand 52 language. The Frenchman threatened (威胁) the Italian 53 signs and pointed to his watch-pocket. 54 thought that the Frenchman was demanding his 55 watch. The Italian, in the end, 56 his watch to the Frenchman. When he returned to the hotel the Frenchman told his wife, 57 had happened. He was greatly, 58 when his wife pointed to the watch on the table, 59 he realized that by mistake he had, 60 the Italian of his watch.

单选题 Throughout history there have been many unusual taxes levied on such things as hats, beds, baths, marriages, and funerals. At one time England levied a tax on sunlight by collection from every household with six or more windows. And according to legend, there was a Turkish ruler who collected a tax each time he dined with one of his subjects. Why? To pay for the wear and tear on his teeth! Different kinds of taxes help to spread the tax burden. Anyone who pays a tax is said to "bear the burden" of the tax. The burden of a tax may fall more heavily on some persons than on others. That is why the three levels of government in this country use several kinds of taxes. This spreads the burden of taxes among more people. From the standpoint of their use, the most important taxes are income taxes, property taxes, sales taxes, and estate, inheritance, and gift taxes. Some are used by only one level of government; others by or even all three levels. Together these different taxes make up what is called our tax system. Income taxes are the main source of federal revenues. The federal government gets more than three-fourths of its revenue from income taxes. As its name indicated, an income tax is a tax on earnings. Both individuals and business corporations pay a federal income tax. The oldest tax in the United States today is the property tax. It provides most of the income for local governments. It provides at least a part of the income for all but a few states. It is not used by the federal government. A sales tax is a tax levied on purchases. Most people living in the United States know about sales taxes since they are used in all but four states. Actually there are several kinds of sales taxes, but only three of them are important. They are general sales taxes, excise taxes, and import taxes. Other three closely related taxes are estate, inheritance, and gift taxes. Everything a person owns, including both real and personal property, makes up his or her estate. When someone dies, ownership of his or her property or estate passes on to one or more individuals or organizations. Before the property is transferred, however, it is subject to an estate tax if its value exceeds a certain amount.

单选题Whatwastheresearchabout?A.EstablishingphysicalmodelsB.Establishingstatisticalmodels.C.Makingassumptionsaboutclimatechange.D.Findingevidenceinanimalandplantspecies.

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex. On the more intangible side, there was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries; there was an understandable tendency to seek an external scapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most important, there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism, vented long before against Indian Buddhism, which, since the seventeenth century, focused on Western Christianity. Accordingly, even before the missionary movement really got under way in the mid-nineteenth century, it was already at a disadvantage. After 1860, as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded, it quickly became apparent that in addition to the intangibles, numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded. In part, the very presence of the missionary evoked attack. They were, after all, the first foreigners to leave the treaty ports and venture into the interior, and for a long time they were virtually the only foreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches of the Chinese empire. For many of the indigenous population, therefore, the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign intrusion could be vented. in part, too, the missionary was attacked because the manner in which he made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend. By indignantly waging battle against the notion that China was the sole fountainhead of civilization and, more particularly, by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture, the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class. Also, in countless ways, he posed a threat to the gentry's traditional monopoly of social leadership. Missionaries, particularly Catholics, frequently assumed the garb of the Confucian literati. They were the only persons at the local level, aside from the gentry, who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals. And they enjoyed an extraterritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever been possessed by the gentry. Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after 1860 that the new treaties were to be strictly adhered to, in practice implementation depended on the wholehearted accord of provincial authorities. There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory. At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled. In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might, the official, almost always a stranger in the locality of his service, depended on the active cooperation of the local gentry class. Energetic attempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activities, in direct defiance of gentry sentiment, ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness.

单选题 {{I}}Questions 17～20 are based on the following talk. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17～20.{{/I}}

单选题What did Mr. Wells find out about the local people on his second visit to the tea estate?

单选题How many states levy import taxes in the U. S. A. ?

单选题From China to America, political leaders are wondering how to handle with the newly-elected Russian President Vladimir V. Putin. The 47-year-old leader has not yet to reveal details of his foreign-policy vision, but this is much clear. He wants Russia to stand tall-or at least, taller-in the world. "It would be unreasonable to be afraid of a strong Russia, but one should reckon with it,"he declared in an "open letter" to voters shortly after they elected him on March 26. "One can insult us only at one"s own peril." The important point is whether Putin"s efforts to build new respect for Russia will lead to confrontation with the West. For now, Putin seems hopeful of putting Russian-Western relations on a better standing-despite U. S. and European criticism of the Chechen War. Putin is the one taking the initiative, media say, for a tete-a-tete with U. S. President Bill Clinton. The pair discussed a possible meeting when Clinton called Putin on March 27 to congratulate him. They hope to meet before the July Group of Eight meeting in Okinawa. "Putin wants it to be constructive," says Robert Legvold, a Russia watcher at Columbia University. The new president, Putin seems willing to negotiate arms control and security issues with Washington. Clinton wants Russia"s agreement to revise the 1972 anti-ballistic missile treaty so that the U. S. can build a limited national missile defense. Putin would want something in return-perhaps the right to sell its missile-defense technology to potential customers such as South Korea. Putin is also looking for a deal from the Paris Club of creditor governments on reducing ＄40 billion in Soviet debt. Encouraged by Putin"s promises to enforce the rule of law, the creditors are likely to give him a break. Any sober calculation of Russia"s global status suggests that Russia needs the West more than the West needs Russia. And whatever is generally thought, Russia has more to gain from America and Europe than it does from China. That"s why the West should be unafraid of laying down rules for Putin-and brace for a time of testing. Putin is often described as both an opportunist and a cynic, but there is no doubt one attribute that he respects: power.

单选题Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following report about the new development in computer technology. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.