单选题Whydofishfarmoperatorswanttohavetheirfishlabeledorganic?A.Itwillbringbettersales.B.Itwillsavesomewildfish.C.Itwillbegoodtopeoplehealth.D.Itwillmakefishingeasier.

单选题You will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear each recording only once.

单选题 Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET 1. Text 1 All that fault-finding about lowering cholesterol and eating less fat must finally be paying off. According to a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, more Americans are eating a healthy diet now than 30 years ago. In tact, according to researchers from the University of North Carolina, just about the only people who ate right in the mid-1960s were poor black people, who simply couldn't afford the steaks and high-protein meals that were then considered the most nutritious. According to survey data collected by the US Department of Agriculture, more than 16% of poor black people in 1965 ate a healthy diet, compared with less than 5% of high-income whites. And what constitutes a healthy diet? Less than 30% of calories from tat. Five or more servings a day of fruits and vegetables. Six or more helpings of legumes (peas and beans) and cereals. Exactly the diet that rich health-conscious people started adopting in the US in the 1980s. There's still a long way to go, however. Although both high-income and low-income Americans have cut about 5% of the fat from their diet, they haven't replaced it with fruits, vegetables, grains and legumes. By 1991 only 20% to 22% of the general population was eating a healthy diet. Indeed, among poor blacks, the average number of seI',Tings of grains and legumes declined from six to five servings a day, and now equals the number consumed by whites. "The message about lowering fat has been heard," says Barry Popkin, a professor of nutrition at the University of North Carolina who led the study, which was funded in part by the Kellogg Corp. "But we haven't been as loud and clear on fiber, sodium, fruits and vegetables, grains and legumes."

单选题The discovery of the Antarctic not only proved one of the most interesting of all geographical adventures, but created what might be called "the heroic age of Antarctic exploration". By their tremendous heroism, men such as Shekleton, Scott, and Amundsen caused a new continent to emerge from the shadows, and yet that heroic age, little more than a century old, is already passing. Modern science and inventions are revolutionizing the techniques of former explorers, and, although still calling for courage and feats of endurance, future journeys into these icy wastes will probably depend on motor vehicles equipped with caterpillar traction rather than on the dogs that earlier discoverers found so invaluable. Few realize that this Antarctic continent is almost equal in size to South America, and enormous field of work awaits geographers and prospectors. The coasts of this continent remain to be accurately chartered, and the mapping of the whole of the interior presents a formidable task to the cartographers who undertake the work. Once their labors are completed, it will be possible to prospect the vast natural resources which scientists believe will furnish one of the largest treasure hoards of metals and minerals the world has yet known, and almost inexhaustible sources of copper, coal, uranium, and many other ores will become available to man. Such discoveries will usher in an era of practical exploitation of the Antarctic wastes. The polar darkness which hides this continent for the six winter months will be defeated by huge batteries of light, and make possible the establishing of air-fields for the future intercontinental air services by making these areas as light as day. Present flying routes will be completely changed, for the Antarctic refueling bases will make flights from Australia to South America comparatively easy over the 5,000 miles journey. The climate is not likely to offer an insuperable problem, for the explorer Admiral Byrd has shown that the climate is possible even for men completely untrained for expeditions into those frozen wastes. Some of his party were men who had never seen snow before, and yet he records that they survived the rigors of the Antarctic climate comfortably, so that, provided that the appropriate installations are made, we may assume that human beings from all countries could live there safely. Byrd even affirms that it is probably the most healthy climate in the world, for the intense cold of thousands of years has sterilized this continent, and rendered it absolutely germ-free, with the consequences that ordinary and extraordinary sicknesses and diseases from which man suffers in other zones with different climates are here utterly unknown. There exist no problems of conservation and preservation of food supplies, for the latter keep indefinitely without any signs of deterioration; it may even be that later generations will come to regard the Antarctic as the natural storehouse for the whole world. Plans are already on foot to set up permanent bases on the shores of this continent, and what so few years was regard as a "dead continent" now, promises to be a most active center of human life and endeavor.

单选题Many of the most damaging and life-threatening types of weather—torrential rains, severe thunderstorms, and tornadoes—begin quickly, strike suddenly, and disappear rapidly, devastating small regions while leaving neighboring areas untouched. One such event, a tornado, struck the northeastern section of Edmonton, Alberta, in July 1987. Total damages from the tornado exceeded $250 million, the highest ever for any Canadian storm. Conventional computer models of the atmosphere have limited value in predicting short-lived local storms like the Edmonton tornado, because the available weather data are generally not detailed enough to allow computers to discern the subtle atmospheric changes that precede these storms. In most nations, for example, weather-balloon observations are taken just once every twelve hours at locations typically separated by hundreds of miles. With such limited data, conventional forecasting models do a much better job predicting general weather conditions over large regions than they do forecasting specific local events. Until recently, the observation-intensive approach needed for accurate, very short-range forecasts, or "newscast", was not feasible. The cost of equipping and operating many thousands of conventional weather stations was prohibitively high, and the difficulties involved in rapidly collecting and processing the raw weather data from such a network were insurmountable. Fortunately, scientific and technological advances have overcome most of these problems. Radar systems, automated weather instruments, and satellites are all capable of making detailed, nearly continuous observation over large regions at a relatively low cost. Communication satellites can transmit data around the world cheaply and instantaneously, and modern computers can quickly compile and analyze this large volume of weather information. Meteorologists and computer scientists now work together to design computer programs and video equipment capable of transforming raw weather data into words, symbols, and vivid graphic displays that forecasters can interpret easily and quickly. As meteorologists have begun using these new technologies in weather forecasting offices, newscasting is becoming a reality.

单选题Questions 17 to 20 are based on a conversation between a couple about their holiday budget. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.

单选题The dark smoke that comes out of stacks or from a burning dump contains tiny bits of solid or liquid matter. The smoke also contains many gases, most of which cannot be seen. Altogether, they make up the serious problems of air pollution. In so many places it keeps us from seeing the sun, irritates our eyes, causes us to cough, and makes us ill. Air pollution can spread from city to city. It even spreads from one country to another. Some northern European countries have had "black snow" from pollutants that have traveled through the air from other countries and have fallen with the snow. So air pollution is really a global problem. Air pollution can kill babies, older people , and those who have respiratory (呼吸道的) diseases. In London, in 1952, four thousand people died in one week as a result of a serious air-pollution episode. In 1948, in the small town of Donora, Pennsylvania, twenty people died in a four-day period of bad air pollution. At levels often found in cities, air pollution increases the risks of certain lung diseases, such as emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma. Of course, smoking and other factors help to cause these illnesses, too, but these cases have increased greatly during recent years as air pollution has become worse. Air pollution can cause both airplane and auto accidents because it cuts down visibility. There are other possible health dangers from air pollution that we don't know much about. For example, scientists are trying to find out whether chemicals that reach us from the air may cause changes in our cells. These changes might cause babies to be born with serious birth defects. Scientists are trying to learn how all the many chemicals we are apt to take into our bodies from air, water, food, and even medicines act together to affect our health and the way our bodies work. That is another reason why it is so important to begin to control pollution now instead of waiting until we learn all the answers. Air pollution costs us a lot of money. It soils and corrodes our buildings. It damages farm crops and forests. It has a destructive effect on our works of art. The cost of all this damage to our government is astronomical. It would be much more worthwhile, both for us and for the environment, to spend our tax dollars on air pollution control.

单选题In a three-month period last year, two Brooklynites had to be cut out of their apartments and carried to hospital on stretchers designed for transporting small whales. The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA) argues that it was not their combined 900kg bulk that made them ill. Obesity, according to NAAFA, is not bad for you. And, even if it was, there is nothing to be done about it, because genes dictate weight. Attempting to eat less merely slows metabolism, having people as chubby as ever. This is the fad ash movement that causes America"s slimming industry so much pain. In his book Bin Fat Lies (Ballantine, 1996), Glenn Gaesser says that no study yet has convincingly shown that weight is an independent cause of health problems. Fatness does not kill people; things like hypertension, coronary heart diseases and cancer do. Michael Fnmento, author of The Fat of the Land (Viking, 1997), an antifatlash diatribe, compares Dr Gaesser"s logic with saying that the guillotine did not kill Louis XVI Rather, it was the severing of his vertebrae, the cutting of all the blood vessels in his neck, and... the trauma caused by his head dropping several feet into a wicker basket. Being fat kills in several ways. It makes people far more likely to suffer from heart disease or high blood pres-sure. Even moderate obesity increases the chance of contracting diabetes. Being 40% overweight makes people 30%-50% more likely to die of cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. Extreme fatness makes patients so much less likely to survive surgery that many doctors refuse to operate until they slim. The idea that being overweight is caused by obesity genes is not wholly false: researchers have found a number of genes that appear to make some people burn off energy at a slower rate. But genes are not destiny. The difference between someone with a genetic predisposition to gain weight and someone without appears to be roughly 40 calories-or a spoonful of mayonnaise—a day. An alternative fatlash argument, advanced in books such as Dean Onrush" s Eat More, Weight Less (Harper Collies, 1993) and Date Atrens"s Don"t Diet (William Morrow, 1978), is that fatness is not a matter of eating too much. They note that as Americans" weight has ballooned over the last few decades, their reported caloric intake has plunged. This simply explains people"s own recollection of how much they eat is extremely unreliable. And as they grow fatter, people feel guilty and are more likely to fib about how much they eat. All reputable studies show that eating less and exercising reduce weight. Certainly, the body"s metabolism slows a little when you lose weight, because it takes less energy to carry less bulk around, and because dieting can make the body fear it is about to starve. But a sensible low-fat diet makes weight loss possible. The fatlash movement is dangerous, because slimmers will often find any excuse to give up. To tell people that it is healthy to be obese is to encourage them to live sick and die young.

单选题War films present the hero as ______.

单选题 {{B}} Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following interview with Nobel Peace Prize winner Norman Borlaug. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.{{/B}}

单选题 {{I}}Questions 11～13 are based on the following talk. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11～13.{{/I}}

单选题{{B}}Part B{{/B}} In the following article some paragraphs have been removed. For Questions 66～70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A～F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Does the publisher of Douglas Starr's excellent Blood--An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce actually expect to sell many copies? Whoever chose the title is certain to scare off the squeamish ,and the subtitle,which makes the effort sound like a dry, dense survey text, has really done this book a disservice. In fact, the brave and curious will enjoy a brightly written, intriguing, and disquieting book, with some important lessons for public health. 66.______ The book begins with a historical view on centuries of lore about blood--in particular, the belief that blood carried the evil humors of disease and required occasional draining. As recently as the Revolutionary War, bloodletting was widely applied to treat fevers. The idea of using one person's blood to heal another is only about 75 years old—although rogue scientists had experimented with transfusing animal blood at least as early as the 1600s. The first transfusion experiments involved stitching a donor's vein (in early cases the physician's) to a patient's vein. 67.______ Sabotaged by notions about the "purity" of their groups' blood, Japan and Germany lagged well behind the Allies in transfusion science. Once they realized they were losing injured troops the Allies had learned to save, they tried to catch up, conducting horrible and unproductive experiments such as draining blood from POWs and injecting them with horse blood or polymers. 68.______ During the early to mid-1980s, Start says, 10,000 American hemophiliacs and 12,000 others contracted HIV from transfusions and receipt of blood products. Blood banks both here and abroad moved slowly to acknowledge the threat of the virus and in some cases even acted with criminal negligence, allowing the distribution of blood they knew was tainted. This is not new material. But Starr's insights add a dimension to a story first explored in the late Randy Shilts's And the Bond Played On. 69.______ Is the blood supply safe now? Screening procedures and technology have gotten much more advanced. Yet it's disturbing to read Starr's contention that a person receiving multiple transfusions today has about a l in 90,000 chance of contracting HIV--far higher than the" one in a million" figure that blood bankers once blithely and falsely quoted. Moreover,new pathogens threaten to emerge and spread through the increasingly high-speed, global blood-product network faster than science can stop them. This prompts Start to argue that today's blood stores are" simultaneously safer and more threatening" than when distribution was less sophisticated. 70.______ A. The massive wartime blood drives laid the groundwork for modern blood-banking, which has saved countless lives. Unfortunately,these developments also set the stage for a great modern tragedy--the spread of AIDS through the international blood supply. B. There is so much drama, power, resonance, and important information in this book that it would be a shame if the squeamish were scared off. Perhaps the key lesson is this:The public health must always be guarded against the pressures and pitfalls of competitive markets and human fallibility. C. In his chronicle of a resource, Start covers an enormous amount of ground. He gives us an account of mankind's attitudes over a 400-year period towards this "precious, mysterious, and hazardous material" ; of medicine's efforts to understand, control, and develop blood's life-saving properties; and of the multibillion-dollar industry that benefits from it. He describes disparate institutions that use blood, from the military and the pharmaceutical industry to blood banks. The culmination is a rich examination of how something as horrifying as distributing blood tainted with the HIV virus could have occurred. D. The book's most interesting section considers the huge strides transfusion science took during World War Ⅱ. Medicine benefited significantly from the initiative to collect and supply blood to the Allied troops and from new trauma procedures developed to administer it. It was then that scientists learned to separate blood into useful elements, such as freeze-dried plasma and clotting factors, paving the way for both battlefield miracles and dramatic improvement in the lives of hemophiliacs. E. Starr's tale ends with a warning about the safety of today's blood supply. F. Starr obtained memos and other evidence used in Japanese, French, and Canadian criminal trials over the tainted-blood distribution. (American blood banks enjoyed legal protections that made U. S. trials more complex and provided less closure for those harmed. ) His account of the French situation is particularly poignant. Starr explains that in postwar France, donating blood was viewed as a sacred and patriotic act. Prison populations were urged to give blood as a way to connect more with society. Unfortunately, the French came to believe that such benevolence somehow offered a magical protection to the blood itself and that it would be unseemly to question volunteer donors about their medical history or sexual or drug practices. Combined with other factors, including greed and hubris, this led to tragedy. Some blood banks were collecting blood from high-risk groups as late as 1990, well into the crisis. And France, along with Canada, Japan, and even Britain, stalled approval and distribution of safer, American heat-treated plasma products when they became available, in part because they were giving their domestic companies time to catch up, with scientific advances.

单选题Commercials create the sensation of loudness because______.

单选题It can be inferred that the football game was played in______on that Sunday afternoon.

单选题{{I}}Questions 11～13 are based on the following talk. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11～13.{{/I}}

单选题Human relations have commanded people's attention from early times. The ways of people have been recorded in innumerable myths, folk, tales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences. "Intuitive" knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modern world, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers. On the other hand, if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still "know" how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still "know" when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the "whys" of much of the self's behavior and feelings. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Khler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that "people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology. " Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive, commonsense capacity to grasp human relations, the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager, scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.

单选题Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent myths. At the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is measured by your ability to solve complex problems; to read, write and compute at certain levels, and to resolve abstract equations quickly. This vision of intelligence asserts formal education and bookish excellence as the true measures of self-fulfillment. It encourages a kind of intellectual prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We have come to believe that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form of discipline is "intelligent". Yet mental hospitals are filled with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator of intelligence is an effective, happy life lived each day and each present moment of every day. If you are happy if you live each moment for everything it"s worth, then you are an intelligent person. Problem solving is a useful help to your happiness, but if you know that given your inability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose happiness for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are intelligent. You are intelligent because you have the ultimate weapon against the big N. B. D.—Nervous Break Down. "Intelligent" people do not have N. B. D. s because they are in charge of themselves. They know how to choose happiness over depression, because they know how to deal with the problems of their lives. You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a part of what it means to be human. Similarly, money, growing old, sickness, deaths, natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make it, to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N. B. D.. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don"t measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the most rare.

单选题Questions 14～16 are based on the following conversation. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14～16.

单选题Questions 11 to 13 are based on a news report about a tornado which hit parts of Mexico. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.

单选题In no small measure, the epidemic of paranormal -beliefs beliefs beyond the range of scientific explanation -is due to the rapid emergence of the mass media on a global scale. These media have virtually replaced the schools, colleges, and universities as the chief conveyors of information. The days of the lone scientist conducting research in the lab or of the isolated scholar writing a paper or book for a limited audience have been bypassed. Today new ideas are popularized -whether half or fully baked -and they are broadcast far and wide even if they have not been sufficiently tested. Apparently the chief interests of most media corporations are entertainment rather than information, profit rather than truth, selling products rather than contributing to the sum of human knowledge. Accordingly, paranormal ideas are pandered to a gullible public and the line between fiction and reality is blurred. The public is often confronted with sensational accounts of hidden realms, and pseudoscience is mistaken for genuine science. Even reputable publishers prefer to publish books touting paranormal claims rather than dispassionate scientific critiques. Why is it that of the thousands of pro-astrology, pro-psychic, or proUFO books published, very few are skeptical? "They don't sell," is the response of the hallelujah choir within the publishing industry a sad commentary on our times. The skeptics thus have a vital role to play: to educate the public about the nature of science and to attempt to persuade media producers and directors that they have some responsibility to develop an appreciation for scientific rationality. One of the roles of CSICOP is to challenge the views of pseudoscience pouring forth daily from the media. It is clear that we cannot operate within the cloistered confines of the academy, but need to enter into the public arena. In monitoring the media, we surely have not sought to censor producers or publishers; we only wish for some balance on their part in presenting paranormal claims, and for some role for skepticism about these claims. Largely because of the media, large sectors of public opinion simply assume that psychic powers are real, that it is possible to modify material objects merely by the mind, that psychics can help detectives solve mysteries, and that we can abandon the clinical tests of medical science and heal patients by miraculous means. The number of paranormal, occult, and sci-fi television programs is increasing. Our objection is that "docudramas" are not labeled as fictionalized accounts but touted as fact. In regard to the many talk shows that constantly deal with paranormal topics, the skeptical viewpoint is rarely heard; and when it is permitted to be expressed, it is usually sandbagged by the host or other guests.