单选题The word "tunnel visioned "(Para 3, Line 2) most probably means______ .

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单选题The writer thinks that most people use the fax

单选题Cyberspace, data superhighway, multimedia — for those who have seen the future, the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives for ever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia, little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology, while the West concerns itself with the "how", the question of "for whom" is put aside once again. Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy. Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries, and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade, exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets — with destructive impact on the have-nots. For them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine. As "futures" are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies. So what are the options for regaining control? One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves — so-called "development communications" modernization. Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries' economies. Communications technology is generally exported from the US, Europe or Japan; the patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries. It is also expensive, and imported products and services must therefore be bought on credit — usually provided by the very countries whose companies stand to gain. Furthermore, when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit it for native development. This means that while local elites, foreign communities and subsidiaries of transnational corporations may benefit, those whose lives depend on access to the information are denied it.

单选题Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?

单选题Which of the following services is not offered by the federal government?

单选题Despite the Clear-cut technological advantages, the railroad didn't become the primary means of transportation for nearly 20 years after the first pioneering American railroads were introduced in the early 1830s. Besides the stiff competition of water transport, an important hindrance to railroad development was public antipathy, which had its roots in ignorance, conservatism, and vested interest. People thought that speeds of 20 to 30 miles per hour would be physically harmful to passengers. Many honestly believed that the railroad would prove to be impractical and uneconomical and would not provide service as dependable as that of the waterways. Unsurprisingly, the most vigorous opposition to railroads came from groups whose economic interests suffered from the competition of the new industry. Millions of dollars had been spent on canals, rivers, highways, and plank roads, and thousands of people depended on these transportation enterprises for their livelihood. Tavern keepers feared their businesses would be ruined, and farmers envisioned the market for hay and grain disappearing as the "iron horse" replaced the flesh-and-blood animal that drew canal boats and pulled wagons. Competitive interests joined to embarrass and hinder the railroads, causing several states to limit traffic on them to passengers and their baggage or to freight hauled only during the months when canal operations ceased. One railroad company in Ohio was required to pay for any loss in canal traffic attributed to railroad competition. Other railroads were ordered to pay a tonnage tax to support the operation of canals. These sentiments, however amusing today, were seriously espoused by national leaders, as seen in a 1829 letter from Martin Van Buren, then governor of New York, to President Andrew Jackson. Despite the opposition of those who feared the railroads, construction went on. In sections of the country where canals could not be built, the railroad offered a means of cheap transportation for all kinds of commodities. In contrast to the municipality that wished to exclude the railroad, many cities and towns, as well as their state governments, did much to encourage railroad construction. And the federal government provided tariff exemptions on railroad iron. By 1840, railroad mileage in the United States was within 1,000 miles of the combined lengths of all canals, the volume of goods carried by water still exceeded that transported by rail. After the depression of the early 1840s, rail investments continued, mostly government assisted, and by 1850, the country had 9,000 miles of railroads, and the railroad's superiority was clear. With the more than 20,000 miles of rails added to the transportation system between 1850 and 1860, total trackage surpassed 30,000 at the end of the decade, and the volume of freight traffic equaled that of canals. All the states east of the Mississippi were connected during this decade. The eastern seaboard was linked with the Mississippi River system, and the Gulf and South Atlantic states could interchange traffic with the Great Lakes. Growing trunk lines like the Erie, the Pennsylvania, and the Baltimore and Ohio completed construction of projects that had been started in the 1840s, and combinations of short lines provided new through mutes. By the beginning of the Civil War, the eastern framework of the present rail-transportation system had been erected, and it was possible to travel by rail the entire distance from New York to Chicago to Memphis and back to New York. Many modifications and improvements occurred, and total factor productivity in railroads more than doubled in the two decades before the Civil War. Technological advances were reflected in the fact that the average traction force of locomotives more than doubled in these two decades. Freight car sizes also increased, with eight-wheel cars being common by 1859. Most of the productivity rise, however, resulted from increased utilization of existing facilities. The stock of capital—and other inputs—grew, but output grew much faster as the initial input became more fully utilized.

单选题Questions 1～3 are based on the following talk; listen and choose the best answer.

单选题 You will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear the recording ONLYONCE. Questions 11—13 are based on the following talk.

单选题Eugene O'Neil's first full-length play ______, made a great hit and won him the first Pulitzer Prize. [A] Anna Christie [B] Beyond the Horizon [C] Bound East to Cardiff [D] The Long Voyage Home

单选题 {{I}}Questions 11～13 are based on the following conversation. You now have 15. seconds to read Questions 11～13.{{/I}}

单选题Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following report. You now have.20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.

单选题Questions 4～6 are based on the following talk; listen and choose the best answer.

单选题WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothecategoriesofInternetaddiction?[A]Internetpornography.[B]Internetgamblingandgaming.[C]Chatrooms.[D]Onlinereading.

单选题 You will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A，B，C or D．You will hear the recording {{B}}ONLY ONCE．{{/B}}

单选题 BQuestions 14 ～ 16 are based on the following conversation. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 ～ 16./B

单选题Whichjobdoesthewomansuggesttotheman?A.Baby-sitting.B.House-cleaning.C.House-sitting.D.Mowingthelawn.

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单选题{{B}}{{I}}Questions 11～13 are based on the following conversation between Professor Williams and his student on Japanese art. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11～13.{{/I}}{{/B}}

单选题Part C Answer questions by referring to the following 3 passages. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once. A = Passage One B = Passage Two C= Passage Three In which passage ... can you build a relationship over a cup of tea? 21. ______ has caffeine been around for far longer than that in the form of tea? 22. ______ is the general result of caffeine to make people more alter and focused? 23. ______ is Britain the only European tea drinking culture? 24. ______ can we find without tea, the human race would not come so far and so fast? 25. ______ is caffeine also found in chocolate? 26. ______ can we find the arrival of coffee speeded everything up? 27. ______ is the coffee shops in China a symbol that coffee culture had come to China? 28. ______ can we find more than 90 percent of the world's population takes caffeine every day? 29. ______ can we see coffee houses were filled with people making plans, talking business and doing deals? 30. ______ Passage One Do you know what kind of people give drugs to their children? Do you still know where in the world people take drugs before going to work? The answers are simple — ordinary people, just about everywhere. And the drug in question is caffeine. Scientists estimate that over 90 percent of the world's population take caffeine daily. Adults drink it in tea and coffee. Children drink it in Coca Cola and similar soft drinks. It is also found in chocolate. As a result, most people in most places across the world at any one time are under the influence of the drug. Not surprisingly there have been many scientific investigations into the exact effects of caffeine. Most agree that it stimulates the nervous system and helps the body make efficient use of food energy. This is why many people across Asia drink tea with food and why Westerners often eat their meals with a cup of coffee. The general result of caffeine is to make people more alter and focused. Unlike alcohol, caffeine dose not change your behavior. But it dose increase your ability to do things. Passage Two Both tea and coffee were introduced to the West around 300 years ago. The effect of these new drinks was immediately. In London, coffee houses were filled with people making plans, talking business and doing deals. The coffee houses themselves later developed into London's financial center. And the deals done in the coffee houses were partly responsible for a rapid increase in British trade. History was moving in that direction anyway. But the arrival of coffee speeded everything up. Weinberg and Bealer back up their claims with scientific research which shows that frequent use of caffeine causes people to grow new brain cells. They also point to research which shows that people with caffeine in their system perform a range of tasks better than those without it. Without caffeine, would the human race come so far and so fast? Caffeine helped the West make a great leap forward a few hundred years ago. In China and Japan, it has been around for far longer than that in the form of tea. It could go back further that people realize. The Japanese tea ceremony might be an example of what anthropologists call "ceremonial chemistry". This is a practice amongst ancient and primitive peoples of taking mind altering drugs as part of religious festivities. Passage Three Tea has around 50% less caffeine in it than coffee, and there are real differences between tea and coffee drinking cultures. In Britain, the European tea drinking culture, workers have been known to do on strike to demand a ten-minute tea break in the working day. Tea gives people enough caffeine to help put up with a boring job or help them recover after a hard day. It is something to share with friends. You build relationships over a cup of tea. But you get results with coffee. Coffee gives you that extra dose of caffeine. It is associated with staying up all night to Finish a business plan or study for exams. When Starbucks opened their first coffee shops in China they got a lot of publicity. Much of this was because another fashionable foreign business had come to China. But maybe it was a symbol that coffee culture had arrived. From now on, everything was going to get faster. It is worth thinking about. But don't think for too long. There is much work to be done. Drink up and get busy.