单选题WhydidMr.Greenhaveaterriblefuelbilllastwinter?A.Becausehiswifeoverheatedthehouse.B.Becausehismotheroverheatedthehouse.C.Becausehiswife'smotheroverheatedthehouse.D.Becauseheoverheatedthehouse.

单选题People do not have secret trolleys at the supermarket, so how can it be a violation of their privacy if a grocer sells their purchasing habits to a marketing firm? If they walk around in public view, what harm can cameras recording their movements cause? A company is paying them to do a job, so why should it not read their e-mails when they are at work? How, what and why, indeed. Yet, in all these situations, most people feel a sense of unease. The technology for gathering, storing, manipulating and sharing information has become part of the scenery, but there is little guidance on how to resolve the conflicts created by all the personal data now washing around. A group of computer scientists at Stanford University, led by John. Mitchell, has started to address the problem in a novel way. Instead of relying on rigid (and easily programmable) codes of what is and is not acceptable, Dr. Mitchell and his colleagues Adam Barth and Anupam Datta have turned to a philosophical theory called contextual integrity. This theory acknowledges that people do not require complete privacy. They will happily share information with others as long as certain social norms are met. Only when these norms are contravened--for example, when your psychiatrist tells the personnel department all about your consultation--has your privacy been invaded. The team think contextual integrity can be used to express the conventions and laws surrounding privacy in the formal vernacular of a computer language. Contextual integrity, which was developed by Helen Nissenbaum of New York University, relies on four classes of variable. These are the context of a flow of information, the capacities in which the individuals sending and receiving the information are acting, the types of information involved, and what she calls the "principle of transmission". It is the fourth of these variables that describes the basis on which information flows. Someone might, for example, receive information under the terms of a commercial exchange, or because he deserves it, or because someone chose to share it with him, or because it came to him as a legal right, or because he promised to keep it secret. These are all examples of transmission principles. Dr. Nissenbaum has been working with Mr. Barth to turn these wordy descriptions of the variables of contextual integrity into formal expressions that can be incorporated into computer programs. The tool Mr. Barth is employing to effect this transition is linear temporal logic, a system of mathematical logic that can express detailed constraints on the past and the future. Linear temporal logic is an established discipline. It is, for example, used to test safety critical systems, such as aeroplane flight controls. The main difference between computer programs based on linear temporal logic and those using other sorts of programming language is that the former describe how the world ought to be, whereas the latter list specific instructions for the computer to carry out in order to achieve a particular end. The former say something like: "If you need milk, you ought eventually to arrive at the shop. "The latter might say: "Check the refrigerator. If there is no milk, get in your car. Start driving. Turn left at the corner. Park. Walk into the shop." Dr. Mitchell and his team have already written logical formulae that they believe express a number of American privacy laws, including those covering health care, financial institutions and children's activities online. The principles of transmission can be expressed in logical terms by using concepts such as "previously" and "eventually" as a type of mathematical operator. (They are thus acting as the equivalents of the "plus", "minus", " multiply" and "divide" signs in that more familiar system of logic known as arithmetic.) For example, the Gramm-Leaeh-Bliley act states that "a financial institution may not disclose personal information, unless such financial institution provides or has provided to the consumer a notice. "This is expressed as: IF send (financial-institution, third-party, personal-information) THEN PREVIOUSLY send (financial-institution, consumer, notification) OR EVENTUALLY send (financial-institution, consumer, notification) According to Dr. Nissenbaum, applying contextual integrity to questions of privacy not only results in better handling of those questions, but also helps to pinpoint why new methods of gathering information provoke indignation. In a world where the ability to handle data is rapidly outpacing agreement about how that ability should be used, this alone is surely reason to study it.

单选题Feels like Spring I stop at the comer drugstore for a breakfast of doughnuts and coffee, and then I race to the subway station and gallop down the steps to catch my usual train. I hold on to the strap and make believe I' m reading my newspaper, but I keep glancing at the people crowded in around me. I listen to them talk about their troubles and their friends, and I wish I had someone to talk to, someone to break the monotony, of the long subway ride. As we approach the 175th Street station, I begin to get tense again. She usually gets into the train at that station. She slips in gracefully, not pushing or shoving like the rest, and she squeezes into a little space, clinging to the people and holding on to an office envelop that probably contains her lunch. She never carries a newspaper or a book ; I guess there isn' t much sense in trying to read when you' re smashed in like that. There's a fresh outdoor look about her and I figure she must live in New Jersey. The Jersey crowd gets in at that stop. She has a sweet face with that scrubbed look that doesn' t need powder or rouge. She never wears make - up except for lipstick. And her wavy hair is natural ,just a nice light brown. And all she does is hold on to the pole and think her own thoughts, her eyes clear- blue and warm. I always like to watch her, but I have to be careful. I' m afraid she' d get angry and move away if she catches me at it, and then I won' t have anyone, because she's my only real friend, even if she doesn' t know it. I' m all alone in New York City and I guess I' m kind of shy and don' t make friends easily. The fellows in the bank are all right but they have their own lives to lead, and besides, I can' t ask anyone to come up to a furnished room; so they go their way and I go mine. The city is getting me. It's too big and noisy--too many people for a fellow who's all by himself. I can' t seem to get used to it. I' m used to the quiet of a small New Hampshire farm but there isn' t any future on a New Hampshire farm any more: so after I was discharged from the Navy, I got it. I suppose it's a good break but I'm kind of lonesome. As I ride along, awaying to the motion of the car, I like to imagine that I' m friends with her. Sometimes I'm even tempted to smile at her, and say something like" Nice morning, isn' t it?" But I' m scared. She might think I' m one of those wise guys and she' d freeze up and look right through me as if I didn' t exist, and then the next morning she wouldn' t be there any more and I' d have no one to think about. I keep dreaming that maybe some day I' 11 get to know her. You know, in a casual way. Like maybe she' d be coming through the door and someone pushes her and she brushes against me and she' d say quickly, "Oh, I beg your pardon, "and I' d lift my hat politely and answer, "That's perfectly all right," and I' d smile to show her I meant it, and then she' d smile back at me and say, "Nice day, isn' t it?" and I'd say, "Feels like spring. "And we wouldn't say anything more, but when she'd be ready to get off at 34th Street, she' d wave her fingers a little at me and say, "Good - bye", and I' d tip my hat again. The next morning when she' d come in, she' d see me and say" Hello," or maybe, "Good morning," and I' d answer and add something to show her I really knew a little about spring. No wise cracks because I wouldn' t want her to think that I was one of those smooth - talking guys who pick up girls in the subway. The train is slowing down and the people are bracing themselves automatically for the stop. It's the 175th Street station. There's a big crowd waiting to get in. I look out anxiously for her but I don' t see her anywhere and my heart sinks, and just then I catch a glimpse of her, way over at the other side. She's wearing a new hat with little flowers on it. The door opens and the people start pushing in. She' d caught in the rush and there's nothing she can do about it. She bangs into me and she grabs the strap I' m holding and hangs on it for dear life. "I beg your pardon, "she gasps. My hands are pinned down and I can't tip my hat but I answer politely, "That's all right. " The doors close and the train begins to move. She has to hold on to my strap ; there isn' t any other place for her. "Nice day, isn' t it?" she says. The train swings around a turn and the wheels squealing on the rails sound like the birds singing in New Hampshire. My heart is pounding like mad. "Feels like spring, "I say.

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Until men invented ways of staying underwater for more than a few minutes, the wonders of the world below the surface of the sea were almost unknown. The main problem, of course, lies in air. How could air be provided to swimmers below the surface of the sea? Pictures made about 2,900 years ago in Asia show men swimming under the surface with air bags tied to their bodies. A pipe from the bag carried air into the swimmer's mouth. But little progress was achieved in the invention of diving devices until about 1490, when the famous Italian painter, Leonardo da Vinci, designed a complete diving suit. In 1680, an Italian professor invented a large air bag with a glass window to be worn over the diver's head. To "clean" the air a breathing pipe went from the air bag, through another bag to remove moisture, and then again to the large air bag. The plan did not work, but it gave later inventors the idea of moving air around in diving devices. In 1819, a German, Augustus Siebe, developed a way of forcing air into the head-covering by a machine operated above the water. At last in 1837, he invented the "hard-hat suit" which was to be used for nearly a century. It had a metal covering for the head and an air pipe attached to a machine above the water. It also had small openings to remove unwanted air. But there were two dangers to the diver inside the "hard-hat suit". One was the sudden rise to the surface, caused by a too great supply of air. The other was the crushing of the body, caused by a sudden diving into deep water. The sudden rise to the surface could kill the diver; a sudden dive could force his body up into the helmet, which could also result in death. Gradually the "hard-hat suit" was improved so that the diver could be given a constant supply of air. The diver could then move around under the ocean without worrying about the air supply. During the 1940s diving underwater without a special suit became popular. Instead, divers used a breathing device and a small covering made of rubber and glass over parts of the face. To improve the swimmer's speed another new invention was used: a piece of rubber shaped like a giant foot, which was attached to each of the diver's own feet. The manufacture of rubber breathing pipes made it possible for divers to float on the surface of the water, observing the marine life underneath them. A special rubber suit enabled them to be in cold water for long periods, collecting specimens of animal and vegetable life that had never been obtained in the past. The most important advance, however, was the invention of a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, which is called a "scuba". Invented by two Frenchmen, Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan, the scuba consists of a mouthpiece joined to one or two tanks of compressed air which are attached to the diver's back. The scuba makes it possible for a diver-scientist to work 200 feet underwater or even deeper for several hours. As a result, scientists can now move around freely at great depths, learning about the wonders of the sea.

单选题The emergence of the affluent society after World War Ⅱ ______.

单选题Mikeisworriedabout______.A.thepartieshewenttoB.findingaplacetoliveC.hisdifficultiesathishouseD.hisfriend'shouse

单选题 You will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear the recording ONLY ONCE. Questions 11～13 are based on the following talk．

单选题Part B You will hear three conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A, B, C and D. You will hear the recording ONL Y ONCE. Questions 11—13 are based on the following talk.

单选题When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn"t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn"t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she"d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. "I"m a good economic indicator," she says, "I provide a service that people can do without when they"re concerned about saving some dollars." So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard"s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. "I don"t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too." she says. Even before Alan Greenspan"s admission that America"s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year"s pace. But don"t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy"s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening. Consumers say they"re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. In Manhattan, "there"s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses," says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. "Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says John Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential homebuyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn"t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan"s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.

单选题The writer's general attitude towards the world leaders meeting at the UN is

单选题The author suggests that whether one can win the presidential election depends on his______.

单选题According to the passage, the mass media present us with ______.

单选题Whichjobdoesthewomansuggesttotheman?A.Baby-sitting.B.House-cleaning.C.House-sitting.D.Mowingthelawn.

单选题According to the passage, Johnson had ______.

单选题The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice. Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning of fossil fuels and the cleaning of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years and we continue to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious consequences for human society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably "yes". Under present conditions a temperature of -8℃ can be observed at an altitude of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level), the temperature increases by about 6℃ per kilometer approaching the Earth's surface, where the average temperature is about 15℃. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation increase, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise. One mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmosphere carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5℃. This model assumes that the atmosphere's relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth's surface. The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice, reducing the Earth's reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed, leading to a further increase in temperature.

单选题Many young people who marry early believe that

单选题 No woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such a virtue. The problem with such a view is that some people actually attempt to live by it. I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for the better—or worse—part of my life. Being rich wouldn't be bad either, but that won't happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land, leaving me millions of dollars. Where did we go off the track? When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent? All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating, and excessive eating is one of Christianity's seven deadly sins. However, until quite recently, most people had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being. Today the opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. The result is that being fat—or even only somewhat overweight—is bad because it implies a lack of moral strength. Our obsession with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many case, being overweight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These diseases, however, may have as much to do with our way of, life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problem—too much fat and a lack of fiber—than a weight problem. The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be pure vain glory.

完形填空The new prestige of the British graduates is the most spectacular because in the past Britain has been much 【B1】 interested in universities and degrees than other advanced countries — or even some backward 【B2】 . In 1901 Ramsay Muir observed that Britain had 【B3】 universities per head than any other civilized country in Europe except Turkey. A UNESCO survey in 1967 【B4】 Britain was still close to the bottom in Europe, in 【B5】 of the proportion of the age-group from twenty to twenty-four who were enrolled in 【B6】 education. Most continental countries in the 【B7】 decade have expanded their higher education faster than Britain. University statistics are notoriously difficult to compare, because of the different implications of the word "student" ; in most continental countries anyone who 【B8】 his final school exam — the baccalaureate — is entitled to go into the university on the principle of "let him pass" ; but he has 【B9】 guarantees of tuition or personal attention. Partly as a result there are far more drop-outs and "ghost students" ; in France half the students never become graduates. A comparison of graduates, as opposed 【B10】 students, shows Britain in 【B11】 favorable light, for most British students take a degree. 【B12】 even in terms of graduates, Britain is still 【B13】 in the Europe league. Going to university is a much more solid ambition among the sons of the bourgeoisie in France or Germany than in 【B14】 ; many of the British middle-classes — 【B15】 the shopkeepers and small-business men — have tended to be skeptical, if 【B16】 actually hostile, to university education for their children, and there are still rich and quite intelligent parents who will prefer their children to go straight 【B17】 school into the city, to the army 【B18】 to farming. But the attractions of a BA or 【B19】 MA have penetrated into areas, 【B20】 among the rich and the poor, where they would not have been felt twenty years ago; and they are far-reaching.

完形填空Walking — like swimming, bicycling and running — is an aerobic exercise, 【B1】 builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and muscles. Such exercises may be a primary factor in the 【B2】 of heart and circulatory disease. As probably the least strenuous, safest aerobic activity, walking is the 【B3】 acceptable exercise for the largest number of people. Walking 【B4】 comfortable speed improves the efficiency of the cardio respiratory system 【B5】 stimulating the lungs and heart, but at a more gradual rate 【B6】 most other forms of exercise. In one test, a group of men 40 to 57 years of age, 【B7】 at a fast pace for 40 minutes four days a week, showed improvement 【B8】 to men the same age on a 30 minute, three-day-a-week jogging program in the same period. Their resting heart rate and body fat decreased 【B9】 These changes suggest 【B10】 of the important — even vital — benefits walking can 【B11】 about. Walking 【B12】 burns calories. It takes 3,500 calories to gain or 【B13】 one pound. Since a one-hour walk at a moderate pace will 【B14】 up 300 to 360 calories. By walking one hour every other day, you can burn up a-pound-and-a-half monthly, or 18 pounds 【B15】 — providing there is no change in your intake of food. To 【B16】 weight faster, walk an hour every day and burn up 3 pounds a month, or 36 pounds a year. 【B17】 your age, right now is the time to give your physical well being as much thought as you 【B18】 to pensions or insurance. Walking is a vital defense 【B19】 the ravages of degenerative diseases and aging. It is nature''s 【B20】 of giving you a tune-up.

完形填空Perhaps there are far 【B1】 wives than I imagine who take it for 【B2】 that housework is neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been 【B3】 But home and family is the one realm in 【B4】 it is really difficult to shake free of one''s upbringing and 【B5】 new values. My parents'' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness was a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that 【B6】 been all, maybe I could have adapted myself 【B7】 housework on an easy-going, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones 【B8】 still believing in it as something constructive 【B9】 it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother 【B10】 to resent doing it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn''t a fit activity for an intelligent being. I was the only child, and once I was at school there was no 【B11】 why she should have continued 【B12】 her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own. I can now begin to 【B13】 why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants to look after, who does not 【B14】 reading because she has not had much of an education, and who is intelligent 【B15】 to find neighborly chit-chat boring, should carry the pursuit of microscopic specks of dust to the 【B16】 of fanaticism in an 【B17】 to fill hours and salvage her self-respect. My parents had not even the status-seeking impetus to send me to university that Joe''s had; my mother 【B18】 me to be "a nice quiet person who wouldn''t be 【B19】 in a crowd" , and it was feared that university education 【B20】 in ingratitude (independence).