填空题The year 1972 was marked by publication of a controversial book, The Limits to Growth. This study of the world"s future, done by a team of MIT scientists with the aid of computer "mode-is" of the future of our society, forecast a planet wide disaster unless humankind sharply limits its population growth and consumption of natural resources. 1 Many refused to believe that disaster is possible, probable, inevitable if we don"t change our mode of running Spaceship Earth. But science fiction people were neither surprised nor outraged. The study was really old news to them. They"d been making their own "models" of tomorrow and testing them all their lives. For what the scientists attempted with their computer model is very much like the thing that science fiction writers and readers have been doing for decades. Instead of using a computer to "model" a future world society, science fiction writers have used their human imaginations. This gives the writers some enormous advantages. 2 Science fiction writers are not in the business of predicting the future. They do something much more important. They try to show the many possible futures that lie open to us. For there is not simply a future, a time to come that"s inevitable. Our future is built, bit by bit, minute by minute, by the actions of human beings. One vital role of science fiction is to show what kinds of future might result from certain kinds of human actions. 3 For while a scientist" s job has largely ended when he" s reduced his data to tabular or graph form, the work of a science fiction writer is just beginning. His task is to convey the human story: the scientific basis for the possible future of his story is merely the background. Perhaps "merely" is too limiting a word. Much of science fiction consists of precious little except the background, the basic idea, the gimmick. But the best of science fiction, the stories that make a lasting impact on generations of readers, are stories about people. The people may be non-human. They may be robots or other types of machines. But they will be people, in the sense that human readers can feel for them, share their joys and sorrows, their dangers and their ultimate successes. 4 The formula for telling a powerful story has remained the same: create a strong character, a person of great strengths, capable of deep emotions and decisive action. Give him a weakness. Set him in conflict with another powerful character--or perhaps with nature. Let his exterior conflict be the mirror of the protagonist"s own interior conflict, the clash of his desires, his own strength against his own weakness. And there you have a story. Whether it" s Abraham offering his only son to God, or Paris bringing ruin to Troy over a woman, or Hamlet and Claudius playing their deadly game, Faust seeking the world" s knowledge and power--the stories that stand out in the minds of the readers are those whose characters are unforgettable. 5 The writer of science fiction must show how these worlds and these futures affect human beings. And something much more important, he must show how human beings can and do literally create these future worlds. For our future is largely in our own hands. It doesn"t come blindly rolling out of the heavens ; it is the joint product of the actions of billions of human beings. This is a point that"s easily forgotten in the rush of headlines and the hectic badgering of everyday life. But it"s a point that science fiction makes constantly, the future belongs to us whatever it is. We make it, our actions shape tomorrow. We have the brains and guts to build paradise (or at least try). Tragedy is when we fail, and the greatest crime of all is when we fail even to try. Thus science fiction stands as a bridge between science and art, between the engineers of technology and the poets of humanity. Never has such a bridge been more desperately needed. Writing in the British journal New Scientist, the famed poet and historian Robert Graves said in 1912,"Technology is now warring openly against the crafts, and science covertly against poetry. " What Graves is expressing is the fear that many people have: technology has already allowed machines to replace human muscle power; now it seems that machines such as electronic computers might replace human brainpower. And he goes even further, criticizing science on the grounds that truly human endeavors ours such as poetry have a power that scientists can"t recognize. A. The art of fiction has not changed much since prehistoric times. B. To communicate the ideas, the fears and hopes, the shape and feel of all the infinite possible futures, science fiction writers lean heavily on another of their advantages: the art of fiction. C. One of the advantages is flexibility. D. Most people were caught by surprise when the book came out. E. To show other worlds, to describe possible future societies and the five problems lurking ahead, is not enough. F. Apparently Graves sees scientists as a sober, plodding phalanx of soulless thinking machines, never making a step that hasn"t been carefully thought out in advance.

填空题Massive Growth of Ecotourism Worries Biologists Something weird is happening in the wilderness. The animals are becoming restless. Polar bears and penguins, dolphins and dingoes, even birds in the rainforest are becoming stressed. They are losing weight, with some dying as a result. The cause is a pursuit intended to have the opposite effect: ecotourism. 1. ______ Ecotourism has clear benefits. Poor countries that are rich in biodiversity benefit from the money tourists bring in, supposedly without damaging the environment. "Ecotourism is an alternative activity to overuse of natural resources," says Geoffrey Howard of the East Africa office of IUCN (the World Conservation Union) in Nairobi, Kenya. "Many of our projects encourage ecotourism so that rural people can make a living out of something apart from using too much of the forests or fisheries or wetlands." 2. ______ What is not considered are less obvious impacts. "Transmission of disease to wildlife, or subtle changes to wildlife health through disturbance of daily routines or increased stress levels, while not apparent to a casual observer, may translate to lowered survival and breeding," says Philip Seddon of the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. 3. ______ Such changes in behaviour "are potentially serious for the population", says Gordon Hastie, a marine mammal expert at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Hastie and his team have found that dolphins in the Moray Firth in Scotland spend significantly more time surfacing synchronously in the presence of boats than they do otherwise. This could lead to the animals resting more at night, possibly reducing the time they spend socialising and foraging. 4. ______ Markus Dyck and Richard Baydack of the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, have found that signs of vigilance among male bears increased nearly sevenfold when vehicles were around. Just one vehicle could disturb the bears. 5. ______ Such effects are seen among yellow-eyed penguins in the Otago peninsula in New Zealand. Observations by Seddon's team, also to be published in Biological Conservation, show that chicks in areas frequently visited by tourists weigh on average 0.76 kilograms less than chicks in an area not visited, a fall of over 10 per cent. This could be a result of parents taking longer to reach the chicks after they finish foraging at sea. "Yellow-eyed penguins tend to delay landing if people are clearly visible at their beach landing sites," says Seddon. "Penguins will run back into the sea if approached on the beach, and will wait beyond the breakers until a beach is clear." Such delays could mean that the birds digest some of the food that they would otherwise regurgitate to feed their chicks. Seddon found that the lighter chicks were less likely to survive, and he fears that heavy tourist traffic could ultimately spark the failure of a colony. A For instance, Rochelle Constantine of the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and her colleagues have been monitoring schools of bottlenose dolphins along the country's north-eastern coast since 1996. In an upcoming paper in Biological Conservation, they report that the dolphins become increasingly frenetic when tourist boats are present. They rest for as little as 0.5 per cent of the time when three or more boats are close, compared with 68 per cent of the time in the presence of a single research boat. B Like dolphins, the bears may pay a heavy price for such altered behaviour. The tourist visits could be increasing the animals' heart rates and metabolism when they ought to be conserving their energy, and this could be reducing their body fat and individual fitness, the researchers argue. "For slow-breeding animals the effects could take years to detect, by which time it may be too late to reverse the damage," says Constantine. C The massive growth of the ecotourist industry has biologists worried. Evidence is growing that many animals do not react well to tourists in their backyard. The immediate effects can be subtle -- changes to an animal's heart rate, physiology, stress hormone levels and social behaviour, for example -- but in the long term the impact tourists are having could endanger the survival of the very wildlife they want to see. D Ecotourism can have an even more detrimental effect in the wilderness regions of Africa and South America. "In more remote places such as the Amazon, there's not much control," says ecologist Martin Wikelski of Princeton University in New Jersey. E Land animals are affected too. Since the early 1980s, specialised vehicles have been taking people to watch polar bears during October and November in Manitoba, Canada, a time when the animals should be resting and waiting for Hudson Bay to freeze over so they can start hunting seals. But often the bears are not resting as they should. F But while the IUCN and other organisations, and governments of nations such as New Zealand and Australia, try to ensure that their projects are ecologically feasible, many ecotourist projects are unaudited, unaccredited and merely hint they are based on environmentally friendly policies and operations. The guidelines that do exist mostly address the obvious issues such as changes in land use, cutting down trees, making tracks, or scaring wildlife.

填空题 You will hear a talk. As you listen ,you must answer Questions 21～30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREEwords. You will hear the talk TWICE.

填空题{{B}} A = Mike Stone B = Anonymous C = Kirkus Reviews Which review ...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} Mike Stone: In this collection of humourous essays, Umberto Eco exemplifies my most favourite literary character: the lovable curmudgeon. Only he happens to be a curmudgeon blessed with world class wit, an encyclopedic knowledge of history and art and literature, and the reputation as the world's leading expert on semiotics. I enjoy his writing best when he's not wielding all of those swords at once. During those pieces the humour gets tangled up in the academia, causing migraine headaches for his less nimble-minded audience (an example of this is the long piece "Stars and Stripes", which in the interest of full disclosure I'll admit to not understanding). The better pieces are quick, to the point and almost existential. They are also very accessible. "On the Impossibility of Drawing a Map of the Empire on a Scale of 1 to 1" takes that wickedly mischievous proposition to its logical conclusion, and skewers the pomposity of academics who feel equipped to offer a truthful representation of the world. Eco himself knowingly gets caught in that cross fire, much to his own delight. My favourite piece is entitled "How Not to Use the Cellular Phone". In it, he rationally categorizes cell phone users (ranging from those so important they need to be on-call 24 hours a day, to those living lives so lame they must constantly be in contact with people who might be doing something interesting). Upon completion, I felt justified in my desire to never own one of those horrendous little gadgets. Once again, a funny little book that makes you look at the world you're living in just a bit differently. What more can you ask? {{B}}B{{/B}} Anonymous: How to Travel with a Salmon, or the logical illogic behind everyday life. Umberto Eco is one of my favorite writers/thinkers and I Was well pleased when he allowed some of his followers like me off the hook with a down-to-earth, easy-to-follow book. Sharp witted and clearly with tongue placed firmly in cheek, Eco skewers human habits and modern day customs with a faux/not faux rationalism, sometimes with the same stance you'd imagine he'd lecture a graduate course in the theories of semiotics. But, fear not, dear reader, Dr. Eco is just having a little fun. An essay entitled "How to Be a Television Host", turns out to be a parody on how the powers-that-be who produce entertainment/ shows/movies must think the audiences are really dumb. Even though he kinda went overboard with applause and the fictional Bonga nation (somewhere "between Terra Incognita and the Isle of the Blest"), it is truth. He even parodies himself and academicians like himself in the piece 'Three Owls in a Chest Drawer' (in which two more of my favorites—Erica Jong and Camille Paglia—get a nod) which ends with a wry punchline "This, and only this; is what Poetry demands of us." Eco says one should never fear exaggeration in writing parody. Well, truly, he is fearless in these essays. {{B}}C{{/B}} Kirkus Reviews: Popular novelist (The Name of the Rose, 1983, Foucault's Pendulum, 1989) and notorious semiologist (at the Univ. of Bologna) Eco shows himself to be a journalist as well with this generally diverting volume of short pieces. Eco calls these short essays diario minimo— minimal diaries—after the magazine column where he first published a series of such efforts (previously collected in Misreadings, not reviewed). The work presented here, much of which dates from the late '80s and early '90s, celebrates, or more often condemns, postmodern life in a style familiar to American readers. Occasional parodic fantasies in the mode of Borges or Calvino find Eco exploring the intriguing, if absurd, notion of a map in 1:1 scale, chronicling race relations in a future universe populated by humorously bizarre alien life-forms, or describing watches whose features cause one to lose track of the time. But Eco focuses on articulating his amusing complaints, analyzing our quotidian myths with light touches and lamentations that will recall Andy Rooney and Erma Bombeck—at best, an academic Mike Royko—sooner than Roland Barthes. Pieces on once-current events have been carefully excluded, but most of these essays remain essentially journalistic in their devotion to exploring contemporary life. The title piece pits Eco against an English hotel bureaucracy intent on making it difficult for him to refrigerate an expensive salmon that he has brought from Copenhagen; Others mock "how-to" essays--on fax machines and cellular telephones, for example; there are cautionary tales of encounters with Amtrak trains and Roman cabs. All have as their subtext the chaos brought in the wake of unbridled technological innovation and intercontinental travel. While he wastes some time exposing clichés—Indians in westerns, unworthy sequels—that are cliches to expose, Eco entertains with his clever reflections and with his unique persona, the featured player in his stories.·indicates that Eco is well acclaimed across the worl d? 71. ______·is more critical about the book than the other two? 72. ______·suggests that the book contains certain pieces that might havegone beyond the comprehension of it's readers? 73. ______·suggests that the book is quite accessible for those who loveEco's works? 74. ______·states that the influence of the book can be exerted in real life? 75. ______·gives the title of a book by the same writer which includesessays in the same form as the one in question? 76. ______·suggests that the book is not among the profound ones by othertop scholars? 77. ______·gives the book in question the highest appraisal among the three? 78. ______betrays the names of the writers the reviewer himself loves? 79. ______·indicates that How to Travel with a Salmon is one of the essaysincluded in the book? 80. ______

填空题{{B}} Which book...{{/B}}·places an stress on something that can hardly be learnt at school? {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}·is particularly helpful for those who fear changes? {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}·tells readers it doesn't follow that those who don't have good academic achieve- ·ment will not make a fortune? {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}·is not written by a single writer? {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}·tells a very simple story but it contains many messages? {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}·seems not to express ideas straightforward? {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}·is written by the one who also wrote a lot of other works with other writers? {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}·is probably full of facts? {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}·is not only statistical but also interesting? {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}·is not related to finance? {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{B}}A{{/B}} Change can be a blessing or a curse, depending on your perspective. The message of Who Moved My Cheese? is that all can come to see it as a blessing, if they understand the nature of cheese and the role it plays in their lives. Who Moved My Cheese? is a parable that takes place in a maze. Four beings live in that maze: Sniff and Scurry are mice--nonanalytical and nonjudgmental, they just want cheese and are willing to do whatever it takes to get it; Hem and Haw are "little people", mouse-size humans who have an entirely different relationship with cheese. It's not just sustenance to them; it's their self-image. Their lives and belief systems are built around the cheese they've found. Most of us reading the story will see the cheese as something related to our livelihoods--our jobs, our career path, the industries we work in--although it can stand for anything, from health to relationships. The point of the story is that we have to be alert to changes in the cheese, and be prepared to go running off in search of new sources of cheese when the cheese we have runs out. Dr. Johnson, co-author of The One Minute Manager and many other books, presents this parable to business, church groups, schools, military orgazinations--any place where you find people who may be nervous about or resist change. And although more analytical and skeptical readers may find the tale a little too simplistic, its beauty is that it sums up all natural history in just 94 pages: Thingy change. They always have changed and always will change. And while there's no single way to deal with change, the consequence of pretending change won't happen is always the same: The cheese runs out.{{B}}B{{/B}} Personal-finance author and lecturer Robert Kiyosaki established his unique economic perspective through exposure to a pair of disparate influences: his own highly educated but fiscally unstable father, and the multimillionaire eighth-grade dropout father of his closest friend. The lifelong monetary problems experienced by his "poor dad" (whose weekly paychecks, while respectable, were never quite sufficient to meet family needs) pounded home the counterpoint communicated by his "rich dad" (that "the poor and the middle class work for money", but "the rich have money work for them"). Taking that message to heart, Kiyosaki was able to retire at 47. Rich Dad, Poor Dad, written with consultant and CPA Sharon L. Lechter, lays out the philosophy behind his relationship with money. Although Kiyosaki can take a frustratingly long time to make his points, his book nonetheless compellingly advocates for the type of "financial literacy" that's never taught in schools. Based on the principle that income-generating assets always provide healthier bottom-line results than even the best of traditional jobs, it explains how those assets might be acquired so that the jobs can eventually be shed.{{B}}C{{/B}} What do you do after you've written the NO. 1 best-seller The Millionaire Next Door? Survey 1, 371 more millionaires and write The Millionaire Mind. Dr. Stanley's extremely timely tone is mixture of entertaining elements. It resembles Regis Philbin's hit show(and CD-ROM game) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, only you have to pose real-life questions, instead of quizzing about trivia. Are you gambling, divorce-prone, conspicuously consuming "Income-Statement Affluent" Jacuzzi fool soon to be parted from his or her money, or a frugal, Noyal, resole your shoes and buy your own groceries type like one of Stanley' s "Balance-Sheet Affluent" millionaires? "Cheap dates, "millionaires are 4.9 times likelier to play with their grandkids than shop at Brooks Brothers. "If you asked the average American what it takes to be a millionaire," he writes, "they'd probably quoted a number of predictable factors: inheritance, luck, stock market investments... Topping his list would be a high IQ, high SAT scores and gradepoint average, along with attendance at a top college." No way, says Stanley, backing it up with data he compiled with help from the University of Georgia and Harvard geodemographer Jon Robbin. Robbin may wish he'd majored in socializing at LSU, instead, because the numbers show the average millionaire had a lowly 2.92 GPA, SAT scores between 1100 and 1190, and teachers who told them they were mediocre students but personable people. "Discipline 101 and Tenacity 102' made them wealth. Stanley got straight C's in English and writing, but he had money-minded drive. He urges you to pattern your life according to Yale professor Robert Sternberg's Successful Intelligence, because Stanley's statistics bear out Sternberg's theories on what makes minds succeed--and it is not IQ. Besides offering insights into millionaires' pinchpenny ways, pleasing quips("big brain, no bucks" ), and 46 statistical charts with catchy titles, Stanley' s book booms with human-potential pep talk and bristles with anecdotes--for example, about a bus driver who made $ 3 million, a doctor(reporting that his training gave him zero people skills)who lost $ 1.5 million, and a loser scholar in the bottom 10 percent on six GRE tests who grew up to be Martin Luther King Jr. Read it and you'll feel like a million bucks.

填空题Earthquakes can be devastating (1) disasters. The infamous San Francisco earthquake of 1906 caused over $ 200 million worth of damage, (2) almost 30,000 buildings, and (3) about 450 persons. In Japan, the cities of Tokyo and Yokohama were leveled by the earthquake of 1923 in which more than 140, 000 persons were killed by falling buildings and fires, and over a million people were left (4) — all in 30 seconds. Hundreds (5) earthquakes occur every year (6) the world. Fortunately, (7) are as destructive as those described above. The development of (8) accurate system for predicting earthquakes would (9) the loss of life and (10) , but at present scientists can only study these phenomena. The study of earthquakes is called seismology. Seismographs, instruments sensitive (11) ground movement, are used to chart each motion, and the Richter Scale is commonly used to grade each earthquake's strength (12) a 1 to 10 scale. It is now known that earthquakes are created by sudden shifts that occur along faults deep in the earth's crust. (13) to the Theory of Continental Drift, the earth's crust consists (14) about twenty rigid sections, (15) plates that are in continuous (16) . This movement grinds and presses rock at the edge of the plates. (17) the pressure becomes too great, the rocks shift, and the resulting movement sends energy, or seismic waves, to the (18) of the earth. Most major earthquakes occur along the edge of the (19) , and the most damaging impact occurs at the first surface-point reached (20) the seismic waves.

填空题Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs. They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs. (66) What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care— to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution. (67) But "national" doesn't have to mean that "National" could mean interprovincial-provinces combining efforts to create one body. Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province—or a series of hospitals within a province—negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price. (68) A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join. A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast. (69) Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs. "A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs. " (70) So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients. A．Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report. "The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies. " B．What does "notional" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council. C．The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues. D．According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices. E．So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices. F．Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.

填空题Mobile phone manufacturers are to begin labeling their products to show how much radiation they (31) amid continuing health concerns among consumers. Finnish Nokia, the world's largest mobile phone (32) , US Motorola and Sweden's Ericsson are working to develop a standard for measuring the amount of cell phone (33) that is absorbed by human tissue. The move comes in the wake of the Stewart inquiry in Britain that published findings in May recommending tough controls (34) implemented despite concluding there was no evidence of danger from mobile phone radiation. "This is an (35) consumers feel (36) about, and we want them to get the relevant (37) ," Ericsson Mobile Phones spokesman (38) health and safety issues Mikael Westmark said. "With the huge increase (39) mobile phone users, more and more people want information about the products they use. "There are 570 million mobile phone users worldwide, and the figure is expected to (40) to 1.4 billion in five years' time. Nokia's Tapio Hedman said consumers can get the radiation absorption figures (41) the US Federal Communication Commission. But he said manufacturers had to (42) on a single standard measurement and on (43) these figures could be explained simply to consumers. "All research (44) for several years has not shown any evidence of a correlation (45) health effects and the use of mobile phones," Hedman said, adding all Nokia phones fulfilled relevant safety standards (46) by public authorities. Ericsson (47) to start labeling its phone packages with SAR (specific absorption rate) values by April next year, (48) Motorola said it expected an agreement in early 2001 and would start labeling its products as soon as possible. In August, a Maryland neurologist filed an $ 800 million lawsuit (49) several wireless providers and two umbrella organizations claimed that radiation from his cell phone was (50) for his malignant brain tumor.

填空题The smoking of cigarettes (1) many people had become deeply involved in such guilty feelings. The (2) had been generated (3) part presumably because the smoking habit had been sternly repressed in their childhood, and (4) from their very genuine suspicion (5) cigarettes were coffin nails. The investigators found about a dozen reasons (6) many people continue to smoke (7) their guilty feelings about the (8) ; they smoke to relieve tension, to express sociability, as an aid in anticipating stress, (9) it is an accustomed ritual, and so on. They found that many people like to have a (10) in their fingers when enter a roomful of people (11) it makes them seem less nervous, (12) sophisticated. Perhaps the major discovery of the investigators, (13) is that Americans (14) to prove they are people of manly maturity. They see smoking as proving their vigor and potency. Young people who smoke are trying to be (15) ; and older people who smoke are trying to be younger! The true idealized smoker in this misty mythology is in the prime of (16) Thus adolescents know they have to be "old (17) to smoke"; and (18) they are caught smoking the adults may say, "Oh, the kids just want to be grown up." At the same time (19) is a faint color of disapproval of older women smoking. A psychologist reports that one subject interviewed, in commenting (20) the smoking of an older woman acquaintance, exclaimed: "Oh, she just wants to be a young chicken./

填空题{{B}} A=Henry James B=Theodore Dreiser C=Carl Sandburg D=Sinclair Lewis Who ...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} Henry James When he was growing up in New York, Henry was given a great deal of independence, so much in fact, that he felt isolated from other people. As a quiet child among exuberant brothers and cousins, Henry was more often an observer than a participant in their activities. When, as a young man, a back injury prevented his fighting in the Civil War, he felt even more excluded from the events of his time. While the adult Henry James developed many close friendships, he retained his attitude of observer, and devoted much of his life to solitary work on his writing. Henry's family lived for a time in Boston, where he became acquainted with New England authors and friends of his father, began his friendship with William Dean Howells, and attended Harvard Law School. After 1866, James lived in Europe much of the time and in 1875 decided to make it his permanent home. He lived in Paris for a year, where he met Turgenev, Flaubert, and Zola. The next year he settled in London and lived there and in the English countryside for the rest of his life. In 1915, a year before his death, to show his sup- port of England in World War Ⅰ, James became a British citizen. {{B}}B{{/B}} Theodore Dreiser Born in small-town Indiana, Dreiser rebelled as a youth against the poverty and narrowness of the life around him. One of his high school teachers recognized his talent and paid his tuition at Indiana University. But Dreiser left college after a year because he felt it "did not concern ordinary life at all". He had various jobs in Chicago: washing dishes, shoveling coal, working in a factory, and collecting bills -- experiences which he later used in his writing. He taught himself to be a newspaper reporter and supported himself as a journalist and editor for many years while he was struggling to become recognized as a novelist. In what was almost a convention of naturalism, Dreiser's first novel was about a prostitute, but unlike Stephen Crane's Maggie, Dreiser's heroine prospers and flourishes. The end furnished a worse shock to Dreiser's readers than his choice of subject: Carrie is not only a rather improbable success on the musical comedy stage but one of her prosperous lovers, whom she has found useful in advancing her career, has suffered a reversal of fortune as startling as Carrie's. Readers in 1900 found the "punishment" of the lover peculiarly distasteful to their notions of justice; according to the prevailing double standard of sexual morality, the woman was supposed to be punished, not the man. {{B}}C{{/B}} Carl Sandburg The polar opposite of R0binson, Carl Sandburg (1878--1967) played the part of the simple workman, down to the cloth cap which he often wore. Nevertheless, he was an artist with words. His language was more colloquial and his rhythms looser than Robinson's; yet he too knew tile value of form and poetic technique. As critic Louis Untermeyer puts it, there are "two Sandburgs: the muscular, heavy-fisted, hard-hitting son of the streets, and his almost unrecognizable twin, the shadow-painter, the haunter of mists, the lover of implications and overtones." Sandburg was born in Galesburg, Illinois, of Swedish immigrant parents. He did odd jobs, served in the Spanish American War, and worked his way through nearly four years of college afterward. From 1910 to 1912 he acted as secretary for the first Socialist mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Not long afterward he attracted public notice with his increasingly powerful poetry, especially the poem, Chicago, and he gradually became able to give most of his time to his writing. He did some literary journalism; he wrote ballads and books for children, and tie continued with his serious poetry. And all the while, his interest in Abraham Lincoln as well as models for his characters. His father was a prosperous merchant; his mother had been a schoolteacher. {{B}}D{{/B}} Sinclair Leis Sinclair Lewis (1885--1951) was born in the town of Sauk Center, Minnesota. He was graduated from Yale after several unhappy years there and then became a journalist and editor. His early writing was commercial and undistinguished. But when he published Main Street in 1920, he proved that he had become a very effective novelist. Main Street immediately captured America's attention, as did Scott Fitzgerald's very different This Side of Paradise, published in the same year. In his first important novel, Lewis established the methods and subject matter that would bring him world fame and eventually a Nobel Prize in Literature -- the first American author to be so honored. That is, he described daily life in America with such a sharp eye and ear that readers could easily recognize it as part of their own experience. But he did it with such an emphasis on the comic and ridiculous that he made his readers laugh, in spite of themselves, at some of the silliness of their country. Like the noted satirists of the past, he wanted to do more than amuse. He wanted to reform the America he pictured by skilfully arousing his readers' sympathies for the non-conformist in a conformist society. The heroine of Main Street is a rebellious young woman who struggles hard to bring culture to her dead little town, and we feel a wry regret when in the end she decides to conform.·died at the age of 89? 71. ______.·graduated from Yale after some unhappy years there? 72. ______.·described daily life in America and made his readers laugh at some silliness of their country? 73. ______.·made Europe his permanent home? 74. ______.·wrote his first novel about a prostitute? 75. ______.·was usually too shy to take part in his brothers' activities when he was young? 76. ______.·died in England? 77. ______.·was a journalist and editor before being recognized as a novelist? 78. ______.·was a Swedish-born American? 79. ______.·wrote children's books? 80. ______.

填空题Walking—like swimming, Bicycling and running—is an aerobic exercise, (31) builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and muscles. Such exercises may be a primary factor in the (32) of heart and circulatory disease. As probably the least strenuous, safest aerobic activity, walking is the (33) acceptable exercise for the largest number of people. Walking (34) comfortable speed improves the efficiency of the cardiorespiratory system (35) stimulating the lungs and heart, But at a more gradual rate (36) most other forms of exercise. In one test, a group of men 40 to 57 years of age, (37) at a fast pace for 40 minutes four days a week, showed improvement (38) to men the same age on a 30 minute, three-day-a-week jogging program in the same period. Their resting heart rate and body fat decreased (39) . These changes suggest (40) of the important—even vital—benefits walking can (41) about. Walking (42) burns calories. It takes 3,500 calories to gain or (43) one pound. Since a one-hour walk at a moderate pace will (44) up 300 to 360 calories. By walking one hour every other day, you can bum up a pound-and-a-half monthly, or 18 pounds (45) —providing there is no change in your intake of food. To (46) weight faster, walk an hour every day and burn up 3 pounds a month, or 36 pounds a year. (47) your age, right now is the time to give your physical well-being as much thought as you (48) to pensions or insurance. Walking is a vital defense (49) the ravages of degenerative diseases and aging. It is nature's (50) of giving you a tuneup.

填空题 You will hear a talk given by an educator about the rental system of the universities in the U. S. , Britain, Austria, Canada, and Australia. As you listen, you must answer Questions 21-30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk TWICE.{{B}} You now have/seconds to read Questions 21-30.{{/B}}

填空题

填空题Chris'particularbriefinherworkistheAsiansection,especially______.

填空题Recycling The concept of green consumerism has gained momentum over the last decade, and the public has been influenced and become more aware of recycling. However, three essential keys are needed to power this movement. Ⅰ. The first step: raise public awareness about A. recycling process —a creative act to (1)______the life and usefulness of the used (1)______ B. kinds of materials that can be recycled —plastic containers, glass bottles, and newspapers C. ways on how to properly (2)______rubbish (2)______ —sort reusable materials from those that can't be recycled very easily —establish a (3)______of collecting the sorted materials (3)______ D. (4)______of the traditional waste disposal method (4)______ —expanding the rubbish dumps into agricultural land or green belt land —the (5)______in consumer waste (5)______ —burying rubbish in a vast deep pit lined with plastic —chemicals used to speed breakdown of the rubbish —returning the site (6)______rubbish in the ground to agricultural use (6)______ Ⅱ. The second step: the development of technology A. provide (7)______support for companies involved in recycling (7)______ 1. tax incentives 2. low-cost (8)______ (8)______ 3. grants to upgrade equipment and further research B. a breakthrough—the new technology to help remove ink from paper, more energy efficient and environmentally safe C. (9)______of paper-recycling (9)______ 1. the difficulty in removing print from paper 2. the amount of energy 3. caustic waste Ⅲ. The third step: expand the (10)______for recycled materials (10)______

填空题 {{B}}A{{/B}} {{B}}Sophia Fowler:{{/B}} Sophia Fowler was born deaf near Guilford, Connecticut, on March 20, 1798. At that time, there were no schools for the deaf in America. However, Sophia had a good mind. She used her intellect and learned many skills by watching the people around her. She learned to cook and sew, and became a modest, gay and charming young lady. Sophia was nineteen years old when her parents learned that a school for the deaf had been founded in Hartford, Connecticut. She entered the school in 1817 and stayed there until the spring of 1821. While she was there, the principal of the school, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet fell in love with her and asked her to marry him. Sophia did not hesitate, and married him in 1821. As Mrs. Gallaudet, she continued to charm the people she met. She was eager to learn from every social situation. Through her contact with the many visitors to her home, she was actually able to continue her education. Mrs. Gallaudet served as matron of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf for nine years. This included two years as head of the department that taught many of the household skills that she had learned as a child, such as cooking and sewing. She retired only when her health began to fail. She died on May 13, 1877. Gallaudet has preserved her memory by naming Fowler Hall, which was originally a women's dormitory and is now part of the graduate school, in her honor. {{B}}B John Lewis Clarke:{{/B}} John Lewis Clarke was not born deaf. He became ill at a young age with scarlet fever. Though he survived, he could no longer hear the sounds that the forest animals made. Because John could not talk, he could not tell his parents about his many animal friends in the forest and the exciting things that he saw, but he found another way to express himself. He made figures of them out of clay from the river banks. When John was old enough to go to school, his parents sent him to the Fort Shaw Indian School. However, since he needed special education, he was transferred to a school for the deaf at Boulder, Montana. He also attended the School for the Deaf at Devil's Lake, North Dakota. When he was older, he enrolled at St. Francis Academy in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he studied wood carving. While he was still in his teens, John returned to Montana and opened a studio. He began to carve all the animals he had known very well in his childhood, and offer them for sale. He painted pictures using water colors and oils, and did excellent pen and ink drawings. He began to make a name for himself as an artist. John spent most of his 89 years at his home studio in Glacier Park. Many important people bought John's work. John's work was on exhibit in many places in this country. John died on November 20, 1970. {{B}}C William E. Hoy:{{/B}} William E. Hoy was born in Houckstown, Ohio, on May 23, 1862. He became deaf when he was two years old. He attended the Columbus Ohio School for the Deaf. After graduation, he started playing semi-pro baseball while working as a shoemaker. Hoy began playing professional baseball in 1886 for Oshkosh (Wisconsin) of the Northwestern League. In 1888, he started as an outfielder with the old Washington Senators. His small stature and speed made him an outstanding base runner. He was very good at stealing bases during his career. In the 1888 major league season, he stole 82 bases. He was also the Senators' leading hitter in 1888. Hoy was ambidextrous; he threw right-handed and batted left-handed. On June 19, 1889, he threw out three batters at the plate from his outfield position. For many years, people talked about Hoy's last ball game in 1903. He was playing for Los Angeles of the Pacific Coast Winter League. It was a memorable game because Hoy made a spectacular play which won the game. It was a very foggy night and, therefore, very hard to see the ball. In the ninth inning, with two men out, Hoy managed to catch a fly ball to make the third out in spite of the fog. Los Angeles defeated their opposition and won the pennant for the year. After he retired, Hoy stayed busy. He ran a dairy farm near Cincinnati for 20 years. On December 15, 1961, William Hoy died at the age of 99. {{B}}D Juliette Gordon Low:{{/B}} Most people do not know that Juliette Gordon Low, the founder of the Girl Scouts of America, was deaf. She began to lose her hearing when she was 17, and became almost totally deaf in her adulthood. Juliette married William Mackay Low and they went to England to live. Juliette became interested in the Girl Guides Association there. She observed their meetings and was very impressed because the girls acquired many useful skills. Juliette thought that girls everywhere should have this opportunity, so she organized several Girl Guides troops in both England and Scotland. When Juliette came back to America for a visit, she started the first Girl Guides troop in the country in her home town, Savannah. By the time she went back to England six months later, there were six Girl Guide troops in Savannah.In 1913, the Girl Guides changed its name to the Girl Scouts. The first national Girl Scout convention was held in Washington, DC, on June 10, 1915. Juliette died in Savannah on January 17, 1927. Thanks to her, there are now Girl Scouts all over the world.·He/she became deaf, went to school, worked as a shoemaker, then played professional baseball? 71. ______·He/She started having trouble with his/her hearing when he/she was 17 years old? 72. ______·He/She continued his/her education after he/she finished school by meeting and interacting with people? 73. ______·His/Her hearing went because of scarlet fever? 74. ______·He/She used determination and persistence to start Girl Scout troops all over the world? 75. ______·He/She attended four different schools during the course of his/her education? 76. ______·He/She studied at the school for the deaf in Harford, Connecticut? 77. ______·He/She served as matron of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf for nine years? 78. ______·He/She was a skilled player who had a great impact on tile game of baseball? 79. ______·He/She was born deaf? 80. ______

填空题When my mother learned she was pregnant with me, my parents sat down one Sunday morning to review their finances. Turning on the radio for a little light music, they penciled some calculations for the savings they would need to make to pay for my college education. The music paused for an announcement that Japanese airplanes were attacking Pearl Harbor. The notes went into the wastebasket. 1 Not so today for all the upheaval of the past half-century, this has been by far the most tranquil period ever. Unlike any of their forebears, a majority of the world"s young adults have good reason to develop plans for their old age. They know they will probably live to see the greenhouse-warmed planet of the late 21st century. 2 This is also unprecedented: never in history have people roused themselves against such a distant threat. Millions of people and whole governments are addressing the issue. Even in the US army, senior officers are studying the implications for their organization and looking for ways to reduce emissions. All this suggests that the pessimists who claim humanity is unable to rise to the challenge have got it wrong. Of course, it is no use having a long-term perspective without the means to do something about it. Fortunately, our social and political mechanisms are progressing swiftly. 3 The past century has brought social progress as dramatic as that in industry. Economic stability, for example, is no accident: it is engineered by an international network of central banks, steadily expanding their cooperation. Non-governmental organizations provide new services, from the certification of "fair trade" coffee to secret cash transfers. In 1948, the UN formally consulted with 41 NGOs; it now consults with more than 1,600. 4 Almost every week we see these powerful tools applied in novel ways, Consider what happened recently when Texas power company TXU revealed plans to build a dozen coal-fired plants that would emit vast amounts of carbon dioxide. An alliance of environmentalist NGOs spotlighted the development on the Internet. Meanwhile, an international financial consortium took an interest. After intense negotiations, the consortium won the environmentalists" public blessing to buy TXU by promising to sharply reduce the planned emissions. The NGOs held no political office and wielded no investment billions; their power came from the skilful organization of a million mouse clicks. 5 These developments are nowhere near enough to guarantee we can meet the challenge of climate change. Time is short and the prospect of even partial success remains uncertain. Yet we can avoid catastrophe by mobilizing our ingenuity and community spirit. Addressing global warming will require less sacrifice than defeating Fascism, but more foresight—and that is exactly what we have been acquiring. If humanity"s track record with long-term problems shows mostly indifference and failure, that need not set precedent for our future. A. Our civilization has grown more stable, not only because scientific advances have doubled life expectancy, but also because we have multiplied our capacity to store, transmit and analyze information. Since 1990, both the volume and speed of traffic on the Internet have doubled every two years or less. We are also much better informed than a generation ago about how society works. B. As such, global warming poses an unprecedented problem. For the first time in history, we have learned with scientific precision of have calamities in store, and find we must change the very basis of the world economy. The remarkable thing is that our society appears to be responding. C. There are immediate steps we can take to reduce emissions, but also, we must invest more heavily now in researching and developing new technologies to reduce emissions further in the future. We can see immediate results in lower emissions. But the real results we want—avoiding drought, sea-level rise, disease, etc. —will come much later. We have to be willing to invest now to avoid much higher costs later. D. Such was life back then: surprised repeatedly by wars and revolutions, by the rise and collapse of ideologies like Fascism, and by periods of raging inflation and catastrophic depression, few could confidently predict what their lives would be like even a decade ahead. E. Most unexpected of all is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The IPCC was created by conservatives to forestall "alarmist" declarations from self-appointed committees of scientists. Governments committed the IPCC to repeated rounds of study and debate, forbidding any announcement except by unanimous consensus. It seemed a sure formula for paralysis. However, the power of democratic methods, combined with rational argument, overcame all obstacles. The IPCC has evolved into a robust transnational institution that provides authoritative conclusions of grave significance. It is, again, unprecedented. F. This growth is driven not only by better communications and new ideas, but more importantly by the spread of democracy. Half the world"s population now lives under democratic government. It is almost exclusively in these nations that the new cooperative institutions have been created.

填空题sening the effect of the epidemic upon sustainable development is one of the issues USAID will get down to in the future.

填空题·put emphasis on developing students' verbal talents?

填空题 Centuries ago, Western culture lost its focus{{U}} (31) {{/U}}the interconnectedness between the body and the mind{{U}} (32) {{/U}}spirit, and how each has the power to affect the{{U}} (33) {{/U}}. Cultivating a love of movement can help you get beyond the concept of physical fitness as separate from{{U}} (34) {{/U}}fitness, and toward a lifelong program of good health through mind and body fitness. Whether you choose yoga or another{{U}} (35) {{/U}}of movement for exercise, remember that our bodies are{{U}} (36) {{/U}}to move to feel good. So{{U}} (37) {{/U}}you incorporate regular activity in your life, you are moving closer to overall mind and body fitness. But if you are overweight, this can be{{U}} (38) {{/U}}difficult. You can improve your mind-body connection for better mind and body fitness, it's just important to choose realistic fitness options. You might consider redefining exercise{{U}} (39) {{/U}}any activity that unites your mind and body and reduces your stress level. In fact, high levels of stress have been{{U}} (40) {{/U}}to weight gain, and certainly can{{U}} (41) {{/U}}to emotional eating. Finding activities{{U}} (42) {{/U}}are both enjoyable and easy to do is important{{U}} (43) {{/U}}developing any type of exercise plan. It's important to be realistic about{{U}} (44) {{/U}}we expect from ourselves. Consider your goals. Is 30 to 60 minutes on a treadmill a reasonable time frame{{U}} (45) {{/U}}this point in your life? Are you setting yourself up for failure{{U}} (46) {{/U}}success when you create this expectation for yourself? Developing an exercise plan that{{U}} (47) {{/U}}your lifestyle and your desires is critical. Surprisingly, long-term weight loss is linked more closely to{{U}} (48) {{/U}}a person sticks{{U}} (49) {{/U}}their fitness routine than to{{U}} (50) {{/U}}that routine actually consists of. A routine that is gentle and pleasurable is more likely to lead to the long-term gains you are seeking.