填空题Culture is everything in our surroundings that is made (1) human (2) . It consists (3) concrete items such as foods, furniture, buildings, clothing, and tools and (4) concepts such as education, welfare and laws. Culture also included the values and broad range of behaviors that are acceptable (5) a specific society. The concepts, values, and behavior that make up a culture are learned and are (6) on from one generation to the next. Cultural influences have broad effects on (7) behavior because they affect our daily lives in every way. Our culture determines (8) we wear and eat, (9) we live and travel. It broadly affects (10) we buy and use products, and it influences our satisfaction from them. For example, in our culture, the problem of time scarcity is increasing because of the increase in the (11) of females who work and because of the current emphasis we (12) on physical and mental self-development. Many people do time-saving shopping and buy (13) products to cope (14) this scarcity. Since culture, to some (15) , determines how products are purchased and used, it in (16) affects the development, distribution, and pricing of products. Food marketers, for example, have had to make a lot of changes in their marketing efforts. Thirty years ago most families in our culture ate at least two meals a day together, and the mother devoted four to six hours a day to (17) those meals. Today, over 60 percent of the women in the 25-54 age group are employed (18) the home, and average family incomes have (19) considerably. These two changes have led to (20) in the national consumption of certain foods.

填空题 No one knows exactly why we laugh or why anything that is funny should cause us to make such a peculiar noise. It would be just as logical to stick our thumbs in our ears and wiggle our fingers as it is to giggle or bellow or howl with laughter. But when something strikes our "funny bone", our diaphragm flutters up and down, and we laugh. 66. ______ Stories are among the most popular forms of humor. As a rule, a story is considered inferior if it embarrassed someone, if it makes something sacred appear common, if it makes a person's weakness the cause for laughter, if it has to have vulgarity to be funny, or if everyone cannot join in the enjoyment of the joke. People enjoy very much the various situations of humor. If a man meets a lady on the street, tips his hat to her, and a pigeon flies out from beneath it, most of the people who see it would roar with laughter. This is called the humor of the unexpected happening. 67. ______ Situation humor need not be described in words. By far the greatest amount of humor is told rather than seen. Certain words are funny in their very sounds, like "bobble" and "squirt". Sometimes people get mixed up in pronouncing their words, and instead of saying "people think" they might say "thinkle peep". 68. ______ Hyperbole is simply exaggeration. Sometimes it includes a twisting or distortion of the truth for the sake of humor. Common expressions of everyday life are often hyperboles. If a woman says "It's raining cats and dogs" she is using hyperbole. And if she is answered with "I know, I just stepped in a poodle", she hears a pun. 69. ______ A man's car stuck in the mud one rainy day. He walked to the nearest farmhouse to telephone for help. The farmer had no telephones but said the farm down the road had one. Muttering angrily, the man plodded on through the rain. The second farmer's telephone was out of order, but this farmer said another farm still farther down the road had one. The motorist was near the exploding point when he reached the third farm. As the farmer shuffled to the door, the motorist yelled, "You idiot! I wouldn't use your phone even if you had one!" Humor of words takes many forms. It can be gentle and kindly, or it can be harsh and biting. There is no exact distinction between these various types of humor. Wit differs from most humor in being purely intellectual, rather than relying on incongruities that come up naturally. Most humor produces a smile, but wit usually causes people to break out in sudden laughter. Satire presents the weaknesses of humanity and makes fun of them. Usually, satire attempts to cure the foolishness by making people laugh at it. 70. ______ Parody and burlesque change the wording of a well-known story or song to produce comic results.A. Puns, or double meanings, furnish us with much of our humor. Puns are plays on words, in which one word is said when another one is meant.B. Irony implies the opposite of what is apparently being stated. Irony may begin as a compliment or a simple statement, but it conceals a sting in the remark. It is usually expressed by a tone of voice, and is often an understatement.C. Comparison and contrast often give rise to humor. They are almost the same as the incongruous situation.D. The urge to laugh appears very early. Babies smile, then coo, and finally chuckle when pleased. If certain parts of the baby's body are tickled with the fingers, laughter occurs. But by the time children attend school, they also laugh at things they hear and see.E. Another kind of situation humor is the incongruous (putting together unrelated things). Boys and girls see dogs every day and think nothing of them. But if a dog enters a classroom, everyone laughs. The dog does not belong there, and situation is incongruous.F. Repetition is also a popular way of gaining laughter, but it does not produce a very high grade of humor. In many of the jokes told, a thing happens twice in exactly the same way. But the third time it happens differently, and the point of the story is revealed.

填空题Archaeologist Timothy Kendall was leading an expedition in northern Sudan when one of his diggers came across a slab of intricately carved stone hidden in rubble. Soon after, another slab (1) up, and then another, until there were 25 in all, laid (2) in the sand like an archaeological jigsaw puzzle. (3) together, the pieces formed a dazzling tableau: golden stars set against a blue sky, with crowned eagles flying (4) into the distance. Flying where, precisely? Kendall, an associate curator at Boston Museum of Fine Arts, thinks he knows. And (5) his hunch is correct, he may be a few tons of rubbles (6) from a major archaeological find. Kendall's (7) , when and if it comes, should be one of many (8) from that corner of Africa. Long (9) an archaeological afterthought by scientists exploring the more famous temples and pyramids of Egypt, just to the north, Sudan becomes suddenly the hot place to be and not just because (10) the equatorial temperatures that register as (11) as 100 degrees F. (12) during the prime winter digging season. At least 15 teams from the U.S., Europe and Sudan are sifting (13) the same sands for secrets of ancient Nubia, the world's first black civilization, (14) at its height stretched more than 1,000 miles (15) the Nile River, from (16) is today the central part of Sudan to the southern reaches of Egypt. Everything uncovered thus (17) supports the conviction that the Nubians were not just dependents and trading partners of the Egyptian Pharaohs but also the (18) of an ancient and impressive civilization of their (19) , with a homegrown culture that may have been the most complex and advanced in (20) Africa.

填空题 Answer questions 71～80 by referring to the following games. Note：Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D ．Some choices may be requiredmore than once. A=The Imperial Palace B=The Temple of Heaven C=Potala Palace D=Jokhang Temple Which palace or temple… A The Imperial Palace What strikes one first in a bird's-eye view of Beijing proper is a vast tract of golden roofs flashing brilliantly in the sun with purple walls occasionally emerging amid them and a stretch of luxuriant tree leaves flanking on each side. That is the former Imperial Palace, popularly known as the Forbidden City, from which twenty-four emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties ruled China for some 500 years—from 1420 to 1911. The Ming Emperor Yong Le, who usurped the throne from his nephew and made Beijing the capital, ordered its construction, on which approximately 10,000 artists and a million workmen toiled for 14 years from 1406 to 1420. At present, the Palace is an elaborate museum that presents the largest and most complete ensemble of traditional architecture complex and more than 900,000 pieces of court treasures in all dynasties in China. Located in the center of Beijing, the entire palace area, rectangular in shape and 72 hectares in size, is surrounded by walls ten meters high and a moat 52 meters wide. At each corner of the wall stands a watchtower with a double-eave roof covered with yellow glazed tiles. The main buildings, the six great halls, one following the other, are set facing south along the central north-south axis from the Meridian Gate, the south entrance, to Shenwumen, the great gate piercing in the north wall. On either side of the palace are many comparatively small buildings. Symmetrically in the northeastern section lie the six Eastern Palaces and in the northwestern section the six Western Palaces. The Palace area is divided into two parts：the Outer Court and the Inner Palace. The former consists of the first three main halls, where the emperor received his courtiers and conducted grand ceremonies, while the latter was the living quarters for the imperial residence. At the rear of the Inner Palace is the Imperial Garden where the emperor and his family sought recreation. B The Temple of Heaven The Temple of Heaven was initially built in Yongle Year 18 of the Ming Dynasty(in 1420). Situated in the southern part of the city, it covers the total area of 273 hectares. With the additions and rebuilding during the Ming, Qing and other Dynasties, this grand set of structures look magnificent and glorious；the dignified environment appears solemn and respectful. It is the place for both Ming and Qing Dynasty's Emperors to worship Heaven and pray for good harvest. The northern part of the Temple is circular while the southern part is square, implying “sky is round and earth is square”to better symbolize heaven and earth. The whole compound is enclosed by two walls, dividing the whole Temple into inner and outer areas, with the main structures enclosed in the inner area. The most important constructions are the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest, the Circular Mound Altar, Imperial Heaven, The Imperial Vault of Heaven, Heaven Kitchen, Long Corridor and so on, as well as the Echo Wall, the Triple-Sound Stone, the Seven-Star Stone and others of historic interest and scenic beauty. The Temple of Heaven is a comprehensive expression of the unique construction techniques from Ming and Qing Dynasties；it is China's most treasured ancient architecture；it is also the world's largest architectural complex for worshipping heaven.In 1998, it was included in the“list of the world heritages”by the United Nation's Educational．Scientific and Cultural Organization. C Pltala Palace In 641, after marrying Princess Wencheng, Songtsen Gampo decided to build a grand palace to accommodate her and let his descendants remember the event. However, the original palace was destroyed due to a lightening strike and succeeding warfare during Landama's reign. In the seventeenth century under the reign of the Fifth Dalai Lama, Potala was rebuilt. The Thirteenth Dalai Lama expanded it to today's scale．The monastery-like palace, reclining against and capping Red Hill, was the religious and political center of old Tibet and the winter palace of Dalai Lamas．The palace is more than 117 meters(384 feet)in height and 360(1, 180 feet)in width, occupying a building space of 90 thousand square meters. Potala is composed of White Palace and Red Palace. The former is for secular use while the latter is for religious. The White Palace consists of offices, dormitories, a, Buddhist official seminary and a printing house. From the east entrance of the palace, painted with images of Four Heavenly Kings, a broad corridor upwards leads to Deyang Shar courtyard, which used to be where Dalai Lamas watched operas. Around the large and open courtyard, there used to be a seminary and dormitories. West of the courtyard is the White Palace. There are three ladder stairs reaching inside of it, however, the central one was reserved for only Dalai Lamas and central government magistrates dispatched to Tibet. In the first hallway, there are huge murals describing the construction of Potala Palace and Jokhang Temple and the procession of Princess Wencheng reaching Tibet. On the south wall，visitors will see an edict signed with the Great Fifth's handprint. The White Palace mainly serves as the political headquarter and Dalai Lamas'living quarters The West Chamber of Sunshine and the EaSt Chamber of Sunshine lie as the roof of the White Palace. They belonged to the Thirteenth Dalai Lalna and the Fourteenth Dalai Lama respectively. Beneath the East Chamber of Sunshine is the 1argest hall in the White Palace. where Dalai Lamas ascended throne and ruled Tibet. D Jokhang Temple Jokhang Temple is the spiritual center of Tibet. Everyday pilgrims from every comer of Tibet trek a long distance to the temple. Some of them even progress prostrate by body length to the threshold of the temple. Pilgrims fuel myriad of flickering butter lamps with yak butter，or honor their deities with white scarves(Kha-btags or Hada)while murmuring sacred mantras to show their pieties to the Buddha. It lies at the center of the old Lhasa. Built in 647 by Songtsen Gampo and his two foreign wives，it has a history of more than 1,300. It was said that Nepal Princess Tritsun decided to build a temple to house the Jowo Sakyamuni aged 12 brought by Chinese Princess Wencheng. Princess Wencheng reckoned according to Chinese astrology that the temple should be built on the pool where the Jokhang now locates. She contended that the pool was a witch's heart, so the temple should be built on the pool to get rid of evils．The pool still exists under the temple. Then goats were used as the main pack animals，as is the reason the city is called Lhasa. The construction took 12 months. However it was originally small and had been expanded to today's scale in later dynasties. When the Fifth Dalai Lama took reign. large-scale reconstruction and renovation had been done. The temple is a combination of Han，Tibetan and Nepalese architectural techniques. Visitors will see sphinx and other weird and sacred sculptures.

填空题 The death of Enron Corp. founder Kenneth L. Lay early Wednesday raises the possibility that his conviction could be erased, complicating the federal government's effort to close the books on one of its most ambitious corporate fraud prosecutions. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} But when a defendant who pleaded not guilty dies before sentencing, as Lay did, in most cases the conviction is wiped out on the grounds that the defendant did not have the opportunity to appeal, legal experts said. "Fifth Circuit law in particular is clear on this point," Stanford University law professor Robert Weisberg said Wednesday, referring to the federal region that includes Houston. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} Only last week, federal prosecutors flied a motion with file Houston trial court seeking to recover $ 43.5 million that they said Lay had illegally obtained through Enron bonuses and a line of credit extended by the Houston energy company. Weisberg and other experts said that Lay's death might pose obstacles to that effort but that they expected the government to pursue restitution. "I foresee them fighting tooth and nail," Houston lawyer Philip H. Hilder said. The Justice Department declined to comment Wednesday. "We'll make a statement at the appropriate time, and the only thing we know is the appropriate time is not today," spokesman Bryan Sierra said. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} Coughlin said the main thrust of the case was to obtain hundreds of millions of dollars of additional compensation from the large banks and investment firms that remain defendants. Any assets retained by individual defendants such as Lay and Skilling were too small to make a material dent, Coughlin said. Skilling's sentencing probably will go forward as scheduled, his lead lawyer, Los Angeles- based Daniel M. Petrocelli, said Wednesday. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} "The president has described Ken Lay as an acquaintance, and many of the president's acquaintances have passed on during his time in office," Snow said in a morning news briefing. Lay's death ended his personal pursuit of one of his last publicly stated goals: clearing his name. "I firmly believe that I am innocent of the charges against me, as I have said from day one," Lay said in a statement posted on his website soon after the May 25 verdict. He added: "I will continue to work diligently with my legal team to prove that." {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} According to the Pitkin County, Colo., coroner's office, coronary artery disease was the cause of the attack that killed Lay at a vacation home near Aspen. An autopsy showed evidence of a previous heart attack. However, friends left no doubt that the stress and humiliation of Lay's ordeal played a role in his death. "Some people will say he was as guilty as sin and this is God's judgment, but I for one will choose to remember the positive things about Mr. Lay," said the Rev. William Lawson, 78, founding pastor of Wheeler Avenue Baptist Church in Houston. A. Lay had been a confidant and political contributor to President Bush and his father, President George H. W. Bush. White House spokesman Tony Snow on Wednesday sought to downplay. B. Lay, who at age 64 succumbed to a massive heart attack at a rented Colorado vacation home, was found guilty by a federal jury in May along with former Enron Chief Executive Jeffrey K. Skilling of conspiracy and fraud. The two were star defendants in the notorious business scandal, which vaporized more than 4,000 jobs and billions of dollars in stockholders' investments. C. A conviction is the decision which is taken when someone is found guilty in a court of law. If a person is guilty, he has officially started to have committed a crime or offence. As a role, the guilty party should clearly have to pay the costs. When the person charged with a crime is stated guilty, he may plead guilty or not guilty. That is, he may officially say in a court of law that he has or has not committed the crime. D. Lay and Skilling were scheduled to be sentenced Oct. 23 and were widely expected to face prison terms of more than 20 years. They were convicted of lying to Enron employees and the public as part of a conspiracy to cloak the deteriorating financial condition of a company that claimed $101 billion in annual revenue at its 2000 peak and ranked No. 7 on the Fortune 500. E. A ruling wiping out Lay's conviction would leave him with a clean legal record, technically speaking, but it probably would do little to erase the taint of scandal. F. Lay's death will have little effect on the pending civil fraud lawsuit brought by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or on the massive consolidated lawsuit brought by former Enron employees and shareholders, scheduled for trial in Houston on Oct. 16, said Patrick J. Coughlin of San Diego law firm Lerach Coughlin Stoia Geller Rudman & Robbins, lead counsel in the case.

填空题Periodically in history, there come periods of great transition in which work changes its meaning. There was a time, perhaps 10,000 years ago, when human beings stopped feeding themselves by hunting game and gathering plants, and increasingly turned to agriculture. In a way, that represented the invention of "work". Then, in the latter decades of the 18th century, as the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, there was another transition in which the symbols of work were no longer the hoe and the plow; they were replaced by the mill and the assembly line. 1 With the Industrial Revolution, machinery—powered first by steam, then by electricity and internal combustion engines—took over the hard physical tasks and relieved the strain on human and animal muscles. 2 And yet, such jobs have been characteristic of the human condition in the first three-quarters of the 20th century. They"ve made too little demand on the human mind and spirit to keep them fresh and alive, made too much demand for any machine to serve the purpose until now. The electronic computer, invented in the 1940"s and improved at breakneck speed, was a machine that, for the first time, seemed capable of doing work that had until then been the preserve of the human mind. With the coming of the microchip in the 1970"s, computers became compact enough, versatile enough and (most important of all) cheap enough to serve as the brains of affordable machines that could take their place on the assembly line and in the office. 3 First, what will happen to the human beings who have been working at these disappearing jobs? Second, where will we get the human beings that will do the new jobs that will appear—jobs that are demanding, interesting and mind-exercising, but that requires a high-tech level of thought and education? 4 The first problem, that of technological unemployment, will be temporary, for it will arise out of the fact that there is now a generation of employees who have not been educated to fit the computer age. However, (in advanced nations, at least) they will be the last generation to be so lacking, so that with them this problem will disappear or, at least, diminish to the point of non-crisis proportions. The second problem—that of developing a large enough number of high-tech minds to run a high-tech world-will be no problem at all, once we adjust our thinking. 5 Right now, creativity seems to be confined to a very few, and it is easy to suppose that that is the way it must be. However, with the proper availability of computerized education, humanity will surprise the elite few once again. A. There remained, however, the "easier" labor—the labor that required the human eyes, ears, judgment and mind but no sweating. It nevertheless had its miseries, for it tended to be dull, repetitious, and boring. And there is always the sour sense of endlessly doing something unpleasant under compulsion. B. For one thing, much of human effort that is today put into "running the world" will be unnecessary. With computers, robots and automation, a great dead of the daily grind will appear to be running itself. This is nothing startling. It is a trend that has been rapidly on its way ever since World War II. C. And now we stand at the brink of a change that will be the greatest of all, for work in its old sense will disappear altogether. To most people, work has always been an effortful exercising of mind or body—compelled by the bitter necessity of earning the necessities of life—plus an occasional period of leisure in which to rest or have fun. D. Clearly there will be a painful period of transition, one that is starting already, and one that will be in full swing as the 21st century begins. E. In the first place, the computer age will introduce a total revolution in our notions of education, and is beginning to do so now. The coming of the computer will make learning fun, and a successfully stimulated mind will learn quickly. It will undoubtedly turn out that the "average" child is much more intelligent and creative than we generally suppose. There was a time, after all, when the ability to read and write was confined to a very small group of "scholars" and almost all of them would have scouted the notion that just about anyone could learn the intricacies of literacy. Yet with mass education general literacy came to be a fact. F. This means that the dull, the boring, the repetitious, the mind-stultifying work will begin to disappear from the job market—is already beginning to disappear. This, of course, will introduce two vital sets of problem-is already introducing them.

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word． The most obvious purpose of advertising is to inform the consumer of available products or services．The second {{U}}(31) {{/U}}is to sell the product．The second purpose might be more important to the manufacturers than the {{U}}(32) {{/U}}．The manufacturers go beyond only telling consumers about their products．They also try to persuade customers to buy the{{U}} (33) {{/U}}by creating a desire{{U}} (34) {{/U}}it．Because of advertisement，consumers think that they want something that they do not need．After buying something，the purchaser cannot always explain why it was{{U}} (35) {{/U}}． Even{{U}} (36) {{/U}}the purchaser probably does not know why he or she bought something，the manufacturers {{U}}(37) {{/U}}．Manufacturers have analyzed the business of{{U}} (38) {{/U}}and buying．They know all the different motives that influence a consumer's purchase—some rational and{{U}} (39) {{/U}}emotional．Furthermore，they take advantage of this{{U}} (40) {{/U}}. Why{{U}} (41) {{/U}}so many products displayed at the checkout counters in grocery stores? The store management has some good{{U}} (42) {{/U}}. By the time the customer is{{U}} (43) {{/U}}to pay for a purchase, he or she has already made rational. thought-out decisions{{U}} (44) {{/U}}what he or she needs and wants to buy. The{{U}} (45) {{/U}}feels that he or she has done a good job of choosing the items. The shopper is especially vulnerable at this point. The{{U}} (46) {{/U}}of candy, chewing gum, and magazines are very attractive. They persuade the purchaser to buy something for emotional, not{{U}} (47) {{/U}}motives. For example, the customer neither needs nor plans to buy candy. but while the customer is standing, waiting to pay money, he or she may suddenly decide to buy{{U}} (48) {{/U}}. This is exactly{{U}} (49) {{/U}}the store and the manufacturer hope that the customer will{{U}} (50) {{/U}}. The customer follows his or her plan.

填空题Women and children are those who are very easy to be infected HIV/ AIDS.

填空题Old people are always saying that the young people are not (31) they were. The same comment is made (32) generation to generation and it is always (33) . It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy (34) freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so (35) on their parents. Events which the old generation remember vividly are (36) more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is (37) from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed. The old always assume that they know best for the simple (33) that they have been (39) a bit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the (40) are doing. They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing (41) complacency. They take leave to (42) that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than anything (43) conformity. Office, hours, for instance, and nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn't people work best (44) they were given complete freedom and responsibility.'? And what (45) the clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should (46) drab grey suits? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics (47) by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to (48) their problems? Why are they are so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed (49) mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven't the old lost touch with all (50) is important in life?

填空题environmental control is related with the national revenues?

填空题When we burn fossil fuels (principally coal and oil) we send extra quantities of carbon dioxide into our atmosphere. Since 1958, the proportion of CO 2 in our air has risen 25 percent. Many scientists think that within a century this simple gas could devastate our world. 1 Consider CO 2 , for example. Today, it causes about half the total greenhouse effect. Each year our skies receive five billion tons of CO 2 , from the burning of fossil fuels, and up to half again as much from the clearing and burning of almost 33 million acres of tropical forest. At the present rate of increase, the amount of this gas alone could double during the next century. The University of Chicago atmospheric scientist V. Ramanathan calculates that the earth"s average temperature already has risen during this century by one degree F., almost certainly because of the increase in greenhouse gases. Even without further atmospheric pollution, he estimates that trapped heat from gases we"ve already put in our skies will boost global temperatures another one to five degrees over 1980 levels in the next century. If our emissions of these gases continue to increase as they have, he and others predict that by the year 2030 the earth"s average temperature could climb by nine degrees F. over 1900 levels. A two-or-three-degree warming seems small until we realize that it approximates the rise that 100,000 years ago ended the last major ice age. If we don"t slow the rate of warming, here"s what a number of researchers fear you and your children will face: the droughts and heat waves that blistered much of the United States in 1988 will become routine summer weather. As rainfall across the country"s wheat and corn belts diminishes by 40 percent, droughts will become common and the Dust Bowl era will return. Summer will mean plagues of insects devouring every moist crop leaf they can find. Prairie and forest fires will become far more frequent and harder to control. Giant hurricanes, with 50 percent more destructive potential than those today, will hit farther north and during more months of the year. 2 How much of this terrifying scenario is science, and how much is science fiction? Many scientists believe that a number of these greenhouse problems will come to pass unless actions are taken to slow some of today"s trends. Others aren"t so sure. "We scientists can"t even be 100-percent certain that the world has gotten warmer during this century," says Tim Barnett, a marine scientist at the Climate Research Group at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California. Early in this century inferior techniques and instruments were used for measuring temperatures, and today many of our weather stations are near urban "hot" areas that may be under-reporting the effects of trees and other natural modifiers on temperatures. 3 Help From Sea Plankton. The earth, scientists know from fossil records, has over millions of years faced times when large-scale volcanic activity or sea-floor hot springs have loaded the atmosphere with CO 2 and heated the climate. Yet somehow a runaway greenhouse effect was prevented. The oceans themselves appear to have an enormous capacity for absorbing CO 2 , but even more amazing is the life that came from the oceans and its role in regulating CO 2 levels in the atmosphere. 4 As a warming climate increases plankton breeding, growing communities of the small organisms emit more and more dimethyl-sulphide (DMS) gas into the air. DMS triggers the formation of unusually small water droplets, which can reflect more sunlight than ordinary clouds do, thus helping to cool the earth"s climate. A. The earth"s climate, adds Michael MacCracken, head of atmospheric sciences at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, "is like a Rube Goldberg machine." The trouble with making any predictions about climatic change is that thousands of factors influence climate—including many that trigger a cascade of other unexpected changes. B. How? Carbon dioxide in our atmosphere, like the glass in a greenhouse, lets sunlight pass through, then catches and retains some of the sunlight"s energy as heat. This greenhouse effect helps warm the earth"s climate. If CO 2 and other greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons vanished tomorrow, the earth would become overnight a frozen, lifeless world like Mars. In fact, all these gases have been increasing since the start of the Industrial Revolution. C. As the world"s climate warms, according to this theory, polar icecaps will melt and ocean levels will rise by up to four feet during the next century, threatening such cities as New York, London, Beijing and Seoul. Farmland will be devastated, water supplies contaminated, and wildlife habitats decimated. D. If you have held a piece of blackboard chalk, for example, the fevers of past greenhouse warming. About 160 million years ago, ocean plankton took carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and used the carbon to make their protective shells of limestone. When the plankton died, their shells sank to the ocean bottom, locking the carbon away in mineral deposits that one day would rise from the sea as white cliffs of chalk. E. Handler speculates that tropical volcanoes trigger other kinds of weather as well. Twelve of the biggest such eruptions in this century, he notes, were followed immediately by weather disturbances called El Nino-Southern Oscillations. Occurring three or four years, El Ninos are marked by a shift in Pacific equatorial winds associated with an unusual warming of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Most climatologists believe that the higher ocean-surface temperature in turn alters atmospheric pressures, temperatures and wind currents, with the most massive E1 Ninos causing wild distortions in weather throughout the world.

填空题Science may never answer the most puzzling of all dinosaur questions. What killed these mighty creatures? One of the most popular theories about the death of the dinosaurs is that the world just grew too cold for them. Indeed, for large, coldblooded creatures, even a few nights of cold could spell death. How could the weather have changed? Scientists think there might have been a cooling in the earth's atmosphere during the Late Cretaceous Period. 16. ______ Not everyone agrees that a change in weather would have been enough to kill the dinosaurs. Some scientists say that dinosaurs might have been warm-blooded. Warm-blooded animals are able to make their own body heat. They can live in much colder climates than coldblooded animals. 17. ______ In the late 1970s, a naturalist named Walter Alvarez was studying the layer of rock that marks the end of the Age of Dinosaurs. He made a puzzling discovery. Alvarez found a layer of clay which contained a great deal of a metal called iridium. This metal is only found in the earth's core, or in comets and asteroids from outer space. Other scientists in different parts of the world found this iridium-rich clay in the same layer as Alvarez. Could volcanoes have spit up large amounts of iridium from the earth's core? Alvarez and others didn't think so. There was just too much iridium over too much land. 18. ______ Without sunlight, plants would not have been able to grow. With the plants gone, many other forms of life would have starved. A horrible chain of death would have brought down one mighty animal after another, on land and in water. If a giant crash like this did kill off the dinosaurs, how did other animals survive? Many kinds of insects, small mammals, reptiles, birds, and fish continued to live past the end of the Cretaceous Period. How did they manage? Some animals can wait out a disaster better than others. Small, slow-moving animals such as turtles and crocodiles can go for longer periods without food than large, active animals. Some sea animals live on types of plants that don't need much sunlight. And small mammals such as squirrels get through a long winter -they hibernate. The idea of a great asteroid or comet crash is fascinating. But it would mean the dinosaurs would all have been killed within a very short time -perhaps over a few months or years. What is the dinosaurs did not die out so quickly? 19. ______ In Montana, located in the north-western United States, dinosaur fossils have been found in a layer of rock that date to around 40,000 years after the end of the Cretaceous Period. 20. ______ Could the death of the dinosaurs have been caused by their moving into new areas? Illness and disease can be carried by travelling animals. Is it possible that dinosaurs and other creatures died of terrible diseases caught from other animals? Changes long ago on the earth's surface might have joined pieces of land that were once separate. With new land links, dinosaurs and other animals might have travelled to areas they had never seen before. Away from home, they would have met up with new kinds of animals and might have caught diseases that they had no defence against!A. Many scientists think that the dinosaurs had started to die off millions of years before the end of the Cretaceous Period. And even more amazing, fossils have been found in the United States and southern China that might show dinosaurs lived long after they were supposed to have disappeared.B. Other scientists ask why dinosaurs could not just have adapted to the cold weather. In fact, fossils have been found that show dinosaurs might have lived far north as Alaska, and as far south as Antarctica.C. The shifts of the earth's surface might have upset the climate and the colder weather might have attacked the plants first. As they died off, the plant-eating dinosaurs would have starved to death. And without plant-eaters for food, the meat-eating dinosaurs would have been the next to die.D. And the fossils in southern China show that dinosaurs might have survived longest in that area.They were found in a layer almost a million years after the last dinosaur was supposed to have died.E. If this was what ended the dinosaurs, what do we make of AIvarez's mystery clay? Does this mean there was no asteroid comet crash? Some scientists think the dinosaurs might have been affected by such as object from outer space, but only when they were already in trouble.F. Alvarez came up with the theory that a large asteroid from outer space must have hit the earth sixty-five million years ago.The crash would have sent great clouds of dust -and iridium -into the air. It would have blocked out the sunlight and may have changed the earth's temperatures in strange ways.

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填空题{{B}} A=Rock painting B=Painting of beauties C=Landscape painting D=New Year paintingWhich painting(s) …{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} Rock painting Paintings or engravings found on precipitous cliffs in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou in Southwest China; Fujian in East China and Mount Yinshan in Inner Mongolia; Altai in China's extreme west and Heihe in tile far north, are even more ancient. Strong visual effects characterize the bright red cliff paintings in southern China that depict scenes of sacrificial rites, production activities and daily life. In comparison, hunting, animal grazing, wars and dancing are then main themes of cliff paintings in northern China. {{B}}B{{/B}} Painting of beauties The Tang Dynasty (618—907) witnessed the prosperity of figure painting, where the most outstanding painters were Zhang Xuan and Zhou Fang. Their paintings, depicting the life of noble women and court ladies, exerted an eternal influence on the development of Shi Nu Hua (painting of beau ties), which comprises an important branch of traditional Chinese painting today. Beginning in the Five Dynasty (907—960), each dynasty set up an art academy that gathered together the best painters throughout China. Academy members, who were on the government payroll and wore official uniforms, drew portraits of emperors, nobles and aristocrats that depicted their daily lives. The system proved conducive to the development of painting. The succeeding Song Dynasty (960—1127) developed such academies into the Imperial Art Academy. {{B}}C{{/B}} Landscape painting During the Yuan Dynasty (1271—1368) the "Four Great Painters" — Huang Gong-wang, Nizan, Wei Zhen and Wang Meng — represented the highest level of landscape painting. Their works immensely influenced landscape painting of the Ming (1368—1644) and Qing (1644—1911) dynasties. The Ming Dynasty saw the rise of the Women Painting School, which emerged in Suzhou on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Keen to carry on the traditions of Chinese painting, the four women masters blazed new trails and developed their own unique styles. When the Manchus came to power in 1644, the then-best painters showed their resentment to the Qing court in many ways. The "Four Monk Masters" — Zhu Da, Shi Tao, Kun Can and Hong Ran — had their heads shaved to demonstrate their determination not to serve the new dynasty, and they soothed their sadness by painting tranquil nature scenes and traditional art. Yangzhou, which faces Suzhou across the Yangtze River, was home to the "Eight Eccentrics" —the eight painters all with strong characters, proud and aloof, who refused to follow orthodoxy. They used freehand brushwork and broadened the horizon of flower-and-bird painting. By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Shanghai, which gave birth to the Shanghai Painting School, had become the most prosperous commercial city and a gathering place for numerous painters. Following the spirit of the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou, the Shanghai School played a vital role in the transition of Chinese traditional painting from a classical art form to a modem one. The May 4th Movement of 1919, or the New Culture Movement, inspired the Chinese to learn from western art and introduce it to China. Many outstanding painters, led by Xu Beihong, emerged, whose paintings recognized a perfect merging of the merits of both Chinese and Western styles, absorbing western classicism, romanticism and impressionism. Other great painters of this period include Qi Baishi, Huang Binhong and ZhangDaqian. Oil painting,a western art, was introduced to China in the 17th century and gained popularity in the early 20th century. {{B}}D{{/B}} New Year painting The popular folk painting — Chinese New Year pictures pinned up on doors, room walls and windows on tile Chinese New Year to invite heavenly blessings and ward off disasters and evil spirits — which dates back to the Qin and Han dynasties. Thanks to the invention of block printing, folk painting became popular in the Song Dynasty and reached its zenith of sophistication in the Qing. Woodcuts have become increasingly diverse in style, variety, theme and artistic form since the early 1980s.·drew the daily life of upper classes? 71. ______·was aimed to invite blessings and ward off disasters? 72. ______·witnessed the rise of the women painting school? 73. ______·introduced the western art into China? 74. ______·depicts scenes of production activities and animal grazing? 75. ______·was pinned up on doors, walls and windows? 76. ______·was found in the extreme north of China? 77. ______·combines the merits of Chinese and Western classicism, romanticism, etc? 78. ______·has painters to use freehand brushwork in their flower-and-bird painting? 79. ______·was painted by the painters getting government payroll? 80. ______

填空题Complaining about faulty goods or bad service is never easy. Most people dislike making a fuss. But if something you have bought is (31) or does not do what was claimed for it, you are not asking (32) a favour to get it put right. It is the shopkeeper's responsibility (33) take the complaint seriously and to replace or repair a faulty article or put right poor service, because he is the person with (34) you have entered into an agreement. The manufacturer may have a part to play but that comes later. Complaints should be made to a responsible (35) . Go back to the shop (36) you bought the goods, taking with you any receipt you may have. Ask to see the owner in a large store. In a small (37) the assistant may also be the owner so you can complain directly. In a chain store ask to see the manager. If you telephone, ask the name of the person who handles your enquiry, otherwise you may never find (38) who dealt with the complaint later. Even the bravest person finds it (39) to stand up in a group of people to complain, so if you do not want to do it in person, write a letter. Stick (40) the facts and keep a copy of what you write. (41) this stage you should give any receipt numbers, but you should not need to give receipts or other papers to prove you bought the article. If you are not satisfied (42) the answer you get, or if you do not get a reply, write to the managing director of the firm, shop, or organization. (43) sure to keep copies of your own letters and any you receive. If your (44) is a just one, the shopkeeper may offer to replace or repair the faulty article. You may find this an attractive solution. In certain cases you may have the right to refuse the (45) and ask for your money back, but this is only where you have hardly used the goods and have acted at once. Even when you cannot refuse the goods you may be (46) to get some money back as (47) . And if you have suffered some special loss, if for example a new washing machine tears your clothes, you might receive money to replace them. If the shopkeeper offers you a credit note to be used to buy goods in the same shops but you would (48) have money say so. If you accept a credit note remember that later you will not be able to ask for your money. If the shopkeeper refuses to give you money, ask for advice from your Citizens' Advice Bureau before you accept a credit note. In some (49) the shopkeeper does not have to give you your money back--if, for example, he changes an article simply because you don't like it or it does (50) fit. He does not have to take back the goods in these circumstances.

填空题Whatisyourresponsibilitywhenyou,asaschoolprincipal,gettheteacher'sreport?

填空题Indonesia The period under review (1994～1998) has been one of great contrast for Indonesian. After three decades of continuous growth fostered by political, social and macro-economic stability, the Asian economic crisis of 1997 has sown the seeds of major change in Indonesia's economy and political system. The crisis and the subsequent fall in GDP, the largest among ASEAN countries, revealed underlying weaknesses in Indonesia's economic and financial structures, which prompted calls for reform. Trade and foreign direct investment have been at the heart of Indonesia's economic policy. In the face of the recent economic crisis, the Government undertook to accelerate the pace of reforms and to remove many remaining restrictions on domestic and international trade. From 1994 to 1996, real GDP grew on average by 8 ~ annually. Although economic activity started to decelerate in the second half of 1996, the financial crisis of 1997 transformed a soft landing of the Indonesian economic into a serious recession. Indonesia's international trade has also been severely affected by the recession in the country and elsewhere in Asia. Imports, which increased by nearly 27 ~./00 in 1995, declined by 3% in U. S. dollar value in 1997 before failing by 30 % in the first quarter of 1998. Exports a major element that could have stimulated activity in current circumstances, have fallen (in value terms) as a result of the slump in demand elsewhere in Asia. The causes of the financial and currency turmoil are multiple and complex. External factors, such as the withdrawal of international investors from Asia in the wake of the Thai, Philippines and Korean Crisis, were compounded by internal developments, particularly growing uncertainty about economic, social and political stability in Indonesia.Hong Kong The period under review (1994～1995) was marked by two main events. The first was Hong Kong's reversion to the People's Republic of China, on i July 1997, and its designation as a Special Administrative Region (SAR) with a high degree of autonomy with regard to economic (and most other) policies under the "one country, two systems" framework established in accordance with the Basic Law. Hong Kong is one of, if not the most liberal among WTO members. There is no indication that Hong Kong's traditional openness to trade and foreign investment has been affected by reunification, and as such, the present economic regime may be broadly characterized as "business as usual". The second main event during the review period was the outbreak of the economic crisis in Thailand in July 1997 and its spread to other countries in and beyond South East Asia. The crisis, and the associated drop in demand throughout the region, has seriously impaired Hong Kong's economic performance since the third quarter of 1997, causing a dramatic slowdown in economic activity. Nor, it would appear, has the Government attempted to influence the long-run structural evolution of Hong Kong's economy during the period under review. One of the main features of this evolution has been the increasingly closer links with the fast-developing adjacent region of South China. In response to domestic calls for the Government to take action in order to alleviate, if not reverse, the recent slow-down in economic growth and the consequent rise in unemployment, in June 1998 the Government introduced a package of relief measures. Apart from the implementation of a few "emergency" measures, the authorities have largely refrained from interfering with the normal functioning of the free-market system.Canada Canada has continued to pursue an outward-oriented strategy that, combined with prudent micro-economic policies, has been integral to a recent strong growth performance. Over the last two years, Canada has participated in regional and multilateral initiatives that have further liberalized its generally open economy. It has also demonstrated its commitment to a strong multilateral trading system through an active and constructive participation in all aspects of work in the WTO. Domestic initiatives to lower interprovincial trade barriers, and move forward internal deregulation, enhance transparency, and rationalize the import regime have helped Canadian producers to adapt to the challenges, and to take advantage of the opportunities resulting from greater market access both at home and abroad. Economic activity has reflected strong private consumption and investment. Developments in the past two years have confirmed trade as a major determinant of Canada's economic performance. Exports continued to benefit from the United States' cyclical lead, supported by efficiency gains in the Canadian economy. The U. S. share in Canadian trade has risen further, to some 83% of merchandise exports and 67% of imports. Canada's aggregate output thus remains exposed to slower growth in the United States. The financial crisis in Asia has had so far a limited impact on Canada's overall economic growth, as only 8% of Canadian exports are destined for that region. Nevertheless, the crisis has been felt distinctively in western Canada and, if protracted, could have significant indirect effects on the economy as a whole.

填空题AccordingtotheFBI,howmanyrobberiesweresolvedbythepolicelastyearintermsofpercentage?

填空题In______, Confucius' teachings can even find its reflection in the Declaration of the Right of Man and of the Citizen.

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