填空题 Answer questions 71～80 by referring to the following games. Note :Answer each question by choosing A ,B , C or D and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices maybe required more than once. A = BOOK REVIEW 1 B = BOOK REVIEW 2C = BOOK REVIEWS 3 D = BOOK REVIEW 4{{B}}Which book review(s) contain(s) the following information?{{/B}}·Comparison of the significance of two economic books. 71. ______·Stiglitz's prestige in the field of economics. 72. ______·Stiglitz's criticism of those who exaggerated the power of markets in developing countries. 73.______·Policy making should consider local conditions. 74.______·The intervention of government is the way to assist globalization. 75.______·Stiglitz's dedication to the development of poor countries. 76. ______·Stiglitz's preference of one type of economic policy over another one. 77. ______·More people joined Stiglitz in criticizing free trade and globalization. 78. ______·Stiglitz's points have been supported by what actually happened in the country. 79. ______·Mainly gives positive comments on Stiglitz and his new book. 80.______{{B}}A{{/B}} The main point of the book is simple: globalization is not helping many poor countries. Incomes are not rising in much of the world, and adoption of market-based policies such as open capital markets, free trade, and privatization are making developing economies less stable, not more, Instead of a bigger dose of free markets, Stiglitz argues, what's needed to make globalization work better is more and smarter government intervention. While this has been said before, the ideas carry more weight coming from someone with Stiglitz's credentials. In some ways, this book has the potential to be the liberal equivalent of Milton Friedman's 1962 classic Capitalism and Freedom, which helped provide the intellectual foundation for a generation of conservatives. But Globalization and Its Discontents does not rise to the level of capitalism and freedom. While Stiglitz makes a strong case for government oriented development policy, be ignores some key arguments in favor of the market. "The book's main villain is the International Monetary Fund, the Washington organization that lends to troubled countries", Stiglitz' contempt for the LMF is boundless, "It is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission," he declares. "Many of the policies that the IMF pushed have contributed to global instability. "{{B}}B{{/B}} While parts of this book are disappointingly shallow, Stiglitz's critique of the market-driven 90's still resonates, especially when the business page is full of stories about white-collar crime and the stock market seems stuck in a perpetual rut. Even the United States cannot blithely assume that financial markets will work on autopilot. It is testament to the salience of Stiglitz's arguments that many economists—even some Bush Administration officials—now embrace his view that economic change in the developing world must evolve more with local conditions, not on Washington's calendar. Without a thorough makeover, globalization could easily become a quagmire. Stiglitz shared a Nobel Prize last year for his work analyzing the imperfections of markets. His main complaint against Rubin and Summers, who served as Treasury Secretaries, and against Fischer, the NO. 2 official and de facto chief executive of the international Monetary Fund, is that they had too much faith that markets could transform poor countries overnight. He labels these three men market fundamentalists, who fought to maintain financial stability with the same urgency that an earlier generation struggled to contain communism. Worse, he suggest, they shilled for Wall Street, conflating the interests of the big banks with the financial health of the world.{{B}}C{{/B}} "Stiglitz, 58, is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF of operating undemocratically and exacerbatingThird World poverty. But he is by far the most prominent and his emergence as a critic marks an important shift in the intellectual landscape. Only a few years ago, it was possible for pundits to claim that no mainstream economist, certainly nobody of Stiglitz's stature, took the criticism of free trade and globalization seriously. Such claims are no longer credible, for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group of economists, sociologists and political scientists, among them Dani Rodrik of Harvard and Robert Wade of the London School of Economics, who not only take the critics seriously but warn that ignoring their concerns could have dire consequences." Over the past several years, Stiglitz, a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on asymmetric information, has grown accustomed to being at the center of controversy. From 1997 to 2000, he served as senior vice president and chief economist at the World Bank—a title that did not stop him from publicly criticizing the bank's sister institution, the International Monetary Fund, Stiglitz's outspokenness, unprecedented for a high- ranking insider, infuriated top officials at the IMF and US Treasury Department, and eventually led James Wolfensohn, the World Bank's president, to inform him that he would have to mute his criticism or resign, Stiglitz chose to leave.{{B}}D{{/B}} "Stiglitz' book makes a compelling case that simple-minded economic doctrine, inadequately tailored to the realities of developing countries, can do more harm than good, and that the subtleties of economic theory are actually quite important for sound policy advice. But simplistic political advice—give developing countries more voice and the institutions of global governance will be rendered more legitimate and efficient—is equally problematic. Political reform is as subtle and complex as economic reform. Evidently, the best minds among us have only be- gun to think about it. " Joseph Stiglitz's memoirs of his years in Washington, D. C. —first as Chair of President Bill Clinton's Council of Economic Advisers and then as chief economist at the World Bank—have the flavor of a morality play. Our goodhearted but slightly native hero, on leave from Stanford University, sets out for the nation's capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world. Once there he finds a morass of political opportunism, ideologically motivated decision-making and bureaucratic inertia. Undeterred, he battles valiantly on behalf of impoverished nations against the unrelenting globalisers of the International Monetary Fund.

填空题·is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China?

填空题agriculture is also a factor for file degradation of environment?

填空题·applies advanced devices to teaching?

填空题 You will hear a talk. As you listen, you must answer questions 21—30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right: You will hear the talk TWICE.

填空题When Donald Olayer enrolled in nursing school nine years ago, his father took it hard. "Here's my father, a steelworker, hearing about other steelworkers' sons who were becoming welders or getting football scholarships," Mr. Olayer recalls. "The thought of his son becoming a nurse was too much." (66) That's not an unusual turnabout nowadays. Just as women have gained a footing in nearly every occupation once reserved for men, men can be found today working routinely in a wide variety of jobs once held nearly exclusively by women. The men are working as receptionists and flight attendants, servants, and even "Kelly girls." The Urban Institute, a research group in Washington, recently estimated that the number of male secretaries rose 24% to 31,000 in 1978 from 25,000 in 1972. The number of male telephone operators over the same spanrose 38%, and the number of male nurses 94%. Labor experts expect the trend to continue. For one thing, tightness in the job market seems to have given men an additional incentive to take jobs where they can find them. Although female-dominated office and service jobs for the most part rank lower in pay and status, "they're still there," says June O'Neill, director of program and policy research at the institute. Traditionally male blue-collar jobs, meanwhile, "aren't increasing at all." (67) Although views have softened, men who cross the sexual segregation line in the job market may still face discrimination and ridicule. David Anderson, a 36-year-old former high school teacher, says he found secretarial work "a way out of teaching and into the business world". He had applied for work at 23 employment agencies for "management training jobs that didn't exist", and he discovered that "the best skill I have was being able to type 70 words a minute". (68) He took a job as a secretary to the marketing director of a New York publishing company. But he says he could feel "a lot of people wondering what I was doing there and if something was wrong with me". Males sometimes find themselves mistaken for higher-status professionals. Anthony Shee, a flight attendant with US Air Inc., has been mistaken for a pilot. Mr. Anderson, the secretary, says he found himself being "treated in executive tones whenever I wore a suit". In fact the men in traditional female jobs often move up the ladder fast. Mr. Anderson actually worked only seven months as a secretary. Then he got a higher-level, better-paying job as a placement counselor at an employment agency. "I got a lot of encouragement to advance," he says, "including job tips from male executives who couldn't quite see me staying a secretary." Experts say, for example, that while men make up only a small fraction of elementary school teachers, a disproportionate number of elementary principals are men. Barbara Bergmann, an economist at the University of Maryland who has studied sex segregation at work believes that's partly because of "sexism in the occupational structure" and partly because men have been raised to assert themselves and to assume responsibility. Men may also feel more compelled than women to advance, she suspects. (69) "Men are more likely than women to see nursing as a full-time career." Mr. 0layer says. He also says the men are more assertive. "Men don't buy the Florence Nightingale garbage they teach in nursing school — that the doctor is everything, and the nurse is there just to take orders," he says. "Men will ask questions more and think for themselves." (70) A. Mr. Anderson's boss was a woman. When she asked him to fetch coffee, the other secretaries' eyebrows went up. Sales executives came in to see his boss, he says, "couldn't quite believe that I could and would type, take dictation, and answer the phones." B. But in asserting themselves, the males in female-dominated fields may be making life easier for the women, too. "Guys get together and organize and are willing to fight for more," Mr. Olayer says. "Once we get a 30% to 40% ratio of men in nursing, you'll see salaries and the whole status of the job improve." C. Today, Mr. 0layer, a registered nurse trained as an anesthetist, earns about $ 30,000 a year at Jameson Memorial Hospital in New Castle, Pennsylvania. His father, he says, has "done an about face." Now he tells the guys he works with that their sons, who can't find jobs even after four years of college, should have become nurses. D. Donald Olayer, the nurse, is typical. Almost as soon as he graduated from nursing school, he says he decided "not to stay just a regular floor nurse earning only $12,000 a year". Now he can look forward to earning three times that much. " Enough to support a family on." he says, and he also has "much more responsibility". E. Beginning in the 1960s, American women started entering jobs and professions that had been dominated almost completely by men. In the 1970s, another pattern emerged in employment: Men began entering jobs and professions previously dominated by women. F. At the same time, she says, "The outlooks of young people are different." Younger men with less rigid views on what constitutes male or female work "may not feel there's such a stigma to working in a female-dominated field".

填空题Does Internet disseminate knowledge and wisdom? A new buzzword has entered the development lexicon: "knowledge society"-- the information age is the age of knowledge, we are told. There is a danger that the wisdom of the ages is now going to be another piece of jargon. And like all the extinct buzzwords that preceded it, "knowledge" will end up on that dusty shelf where all past development cliches are stored. (66) Second, the knowledge hype may tempt us to regard only formal modern knowledge systems as worthy of attention. Mainstream economics tends to regard knowledge of the seasons, the different uses of roots and fruits, and evolved traditional wisdom as dispensable. Ironically, the so-called "information poor" may be sitting on a gold mine of information stored in the DNA of the plants they use daily. Knowledge is not new--we have known it for millennia. We have also known that wisdom only comes about when knowledge is assimilated, internalized, when it changes existing behaviour patterns and makes things better. The wisdom of a monk meditating on a mountaintop is not of much use because no one knows what is in his head. The knowledge to build a nuclear warhead is not wisdom, because atomic bombs fail an important test: they do not make the world a better place. (67) The latest scientific information on tuberculosis is all over the Internet: how to prevent it, which therapies work, the antibiotics; that bacilli have become resistant to. But this information needs to get where it is needed as cheaply as possible, t needs to be relevant to the needs of the people it is meant for, and it must be packaged so that it is easily understood. To be useful, information must help people communicate, participate and allow them and their rulers to make informed choices. Recognition of the power of knowledge may be as old as civilization, but what is different now is the speed and capacity to move that information. At present, this speed and capacity are concentrated in the same countries in which wealth and power are concentrated. And the gap between them and the rest shows signs of widening. (68) Alongside knowledge, another buzzword is "leapfrogging," bypassing obsolete and expensive copper cable for digital wireless signals, and using the Internet for distance learning and e-commerce. (69) Knowledge, like technology, is not valuefree. This era may well herald "the end of geography, "but for whom? Useful questions to ask about the knowledge revolution: Whose knowledge? Who produces, controls and owns the information content of knowledge? Who benefits? Will the knowledge improve people's lives? (70) The hype surrounding the .Internet and the merging of computing with communications leads many to believe that this is a real revolution in the way human beings think and live. But the corporate political structures that govern the knowledge revolution are the same ones that governed the industrial revolution. And the main impact of e-commerce is felt in good old-fashioned consumerism, allowing access to digital mailorder catalogues with on-line payment and global home delivery. A. One in every three Americans uses the Internet, only one in every 10 000 people in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh does, India's "teledensity" is 1.5 in every 100 people and narrow bandwidth in most places does not allow Internet use; only 13 per cent of Nepal's population has access to electricity; and Sri Lanka has 3.3 personal computers for every 1 000 people compared to 400 per 1 000 in Switzerland. B. Cuban President Fidel Castro boiled it down to the bottom line when he asked delegates at a UNESCO conference in Havana last July: "If only 2 per cent of Latin America has the Net, we must invent something else…If peasants cannot read or write, how can we reach them? C. There is a similar lesson for the information age: the Internet does not necessarily spread knowledge. And even if it does distribute information widely and cheaply, what results is not necessarily greater wisdom. D. Take education for an example. How is the Internet going to help us leapfrog in education if we have made such a mess of our existing school systems? Before sticking a computer into a school, how about building a roof over it? Why aren't there girls in the classrooms? Why are the children dropping out after one year? Where is the electrcity, the telephone line, the textbooks? E. Blaming underdevelopment on lack of knowledge has two other dangers. It may make us overlook the fundamental economic factors that keep the poor, widening disparities between and within nations. F. But developing countries that have squandered the potential of radio for knowledge dissemination have no right to go on about leapfrogging into the knowledge society. South Asia's born-again digerati may scoff at unglamorous AM radio, but the fact remains that no other medium today comes close to matching its reach, accessibility and affordability

填空题is a very liberal WTO member or actively involved in the work in WTO?

填空题The United Nations has reported that 1 progress is being made in the fight 2 malaria in Africa. The UNICEF website says the area that is 3 the most dramatic improvement is sub- Saharan Africa. This is the region hardest hit by the 4 One of the biggest reasons for these gains against the killer infection is the increased use of special insect nets. This 5 solution can reduce child deaths by as much as 20 percent. The 6 says the number of children using the insecticide- treated 7 has tripled since 2000. According to UNICEF"s Executive Director Ann Veneman, controlling malaria is vital 8 improving child health and economic 9 in affected countries. Studies show that malaria unfairly affects the poorest people in these countries, and contributes to their poorer 10 conditions. UNICEF prepared the 11 together with the Roll Back Malaria Partnership. This organisation is a collaboration of aid agencies launched in 1998 to 12 fight malaria. Its vision is that 13 2015, malaria "is no longer a major 14 of mortality and no longer a barrier 15 social and economic development". The report 16 provides a healthy picture of the use of drugs in 17 the number of malaria cases. Since 2003, national health programmes have 18 heavily in buying anti-malarial drugs called ACTs. UNICEF"s health chief Pater Salama is 19 and says the future looks bright. He reports: "With the strong backing of some of the international donors and the 20 of ACTs starting to be reduced, I think governments are becoming more confident now that this will be a sustainable strategy for anti-malaria treatment."

填空题{{B}} A = Maturationist Theory B = Environmentalist Theory C = Constructivist Theory Which theory's advocates believe that{{/B}} {{B}} A Maturationionist Theory{{/B}} The maturationist theory was advanced by the work of Arnold Gessell. Maturationists believe that development is a biological process that occurs automatically in predictable, sequential stages over time. This perspective leads many educators and families to assume that young children will acquire knowledge naturally and automatically as they grow physically and become older, provided that they are healthy. School readiness, according to maturationists, is a state at which all healthy young children arrive when they can perform tasks such as reciting the alphabet and counting; these tasks are required for learning more complex tasks such as reading and arithmetic. Because development and school readiness occur naturally and automatically, maturationists believe the best practices are for parents to teach young children to recite the alphabet and count while being patient and waiting for children to become ready for kindergarten. If a child is developmentally unready for school, maturationists might suggest referrals to transitional kindergartens, retention, or holding children out of school for an additional year. These practices are sometimes used by schools, educators, and parents when a young child developmentally lags behind his or her peers. The young child's underperformance is interpreted as the child needing more time to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to perform at the level of his or her peers.{{B}} B Environmentalist Theory{{/B}} Theorists such as John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura contributed greatly to the environmentalist perspective of development. Environmentalists believe the child's environment shapes learning and behavior; in fact, human behavior, development, and learning are thought of as reactions to the environment. This perspective leads many families, schools, and educators to assume that young children develop and acquire new knowledge by reacting to their surroundings. Kindergarten readiness, according to the environmentalists, is the age or stage when young children can respond appropriately to the environment of the school and the classroom (e. g. , roles and regulations, curriculum activities, positive behavior in group settings, and directions and instructions from teachers and other adults in the school). The ability to respond appropriately to this environment is necessary for young children to participate in teacher-initiated learning activities. Success is dependent on the child following instructions from the teacher or the adult in the classroom. Many environmentalist-influenced educators and parents believe that young children learn best by rote activities, such as reciting the alphabet over and over, copying letters, and tracing numbers. This viewpoint is evident in kindergarten classrooms where young children are expected to sit at desks arranged in rows and listen attentively to their teachers. At home, parents may provide their young children with workbooks containing such activities as coloring or tracing letters and numbers--activities that require little interaction between parent and child. When young children are unable to respond appropriately to the classroom and school environment, they often are labeled as having some form of learning disabilities and are tracked in classrooms with curriculum designed to control their behaviors and responses.{{B}} C Constructivist Theory{{/B}} The constructivist perspective of readiness and development was advanced by theorists such as Jean Piaget, Mafia Montessori, and Lev Vygotsky. Although their work varies greatly, each articulates a similar context of learning and development. They are consistent in .their belief that learning and development occur when young children Internet with the environment and people around them (Hunt, 1969). Constructivists view young children as active participants in the learning process. In addition, constructivists believe young children initiate most of the activities required for learning and development. Because active interaction with the environment and people are necessary for learning and development, constructivists believe that children are ready for school when they can initiate many of the interactions they have with the environment and people around them. Constructivist-influenced schools and educators pay a lot of attention to the physical environment and the curriculum of the early childhood classroom. Kindergarten classrooms often are divided into different learning centers and are equipped with developmentally appropriate materials for young children to play with and manipulate. Teachers and adults have direct conversations with children, children move actively from center to another, and daily activities are made meaningful through the incorporation of children's experiences into the curriculum. At home, parents engage their young children in reading and storytelling activities and encourage children's participation in daily household activities in a way that introduces such concepts as counting and language use. In addition, parents may provide young children with picture books containing very large print, and toys that stimulate interaction (such as building blocks and large puzzles). When a young child encounters difficulties in the learning process, the constructivist approach is neither to label the child nor to retain him or her; instead, constructivists give the child some individualized attention and customize the classroom curriculum to help the child address his or her difficulties.·young children are expected to learn repetitively both in class and at home? 71. ______.·each child is given individual attention and can express his ideas freely? 72. ______.·young children are not ready for school unless they can recite thealphabet and count? 73. ______.·building blocks and large puzzles are helpful toys stimulatingchildren's interaction? 74. ______.·as young children grow older, they will learn naturally and automatically? 75. ______.·young children are ready for school when they initiatively interact with theenvironment and people around them? 76. ______.·young children are best taught by their parents to learn to recite thealphabet and count before they go to the kindergarten? 77. ______.·children are both the designers and participants in classroom activities? 78. ______.·children with learning disabilities have to attend special classes if theycan't respond properly? 79. ______.·young children are not ready for school unless they can follow instructionsfrom adults? 80. ______.

填空题{{B}} A=Nokia B=Ericsson C=Philip D=Siemens E=Motorola Which mobile phone(s) ...{{/B}} Once the exclusive domain of executives with expense accounts, the mobile phone is set to become one of the central technologies of the 21st century. Within a few years, the mobile phone will evolve from a voice-only device to a multi-functional communicator capable of transmitting and receiving not only sound, but video, still images, data and text. A whole new era of personal communication is on the way. Thanks in part to the growth of wireless networks, the telephone is converging with the personal computer and the television. Soon lightweight phones outfitted with high-resolution screens -- which can be embedded in everything from wristwatches to palm held units -- will be connected to series of low orbit satellites rambling people to talk, send and receive e-mail, or take part in video conferences anytime, anywhere. These phones might also absorb many of the key functions of the desktop computer. Mobile devices are expected to be ideal for some of the new personalized services that are becoming available via the Internet, such as trading stocks, gambling, shopping and buying theater and airline tickets. The communications revolution is already taking shape around the globe. In Europe, small-scale trials are under way using mobile phones for electronic commerce. For example, most phones contain a subscriber identification module (SIM) card that serves primarily to identify a user to the phone network. But the card could also facilitate limited financial transactions. Deutsche Bank and {{B}}Nokia{{/B}}, for example, are working together to develop mobile banking services. Some manufacturers plan to upgrade the SIM card to an all in-one personal identification and credit card. Another approach is to add a slot to mobile phones for a second smart card designed specifically for mobile ecommerce. These cards could be used to make payments over the Internet or removed from the phone for use in point-of-sale terminals to pay for things like public transportation, movie tickets or a round of drinks at the bar. In France, {{B}}Motorola{{/B}} is currently testing a dual slot phone, the StarTACD, in a trial with France Telecom, while in Finland {{B}}Nokia{{/B}} is testing a phone that uses a special plug-in reader for a tiny smart card. {{B}}Siemens{{/B}} is pursuing a different approach. Since it is not yet clear whether it's best to do everything with a single device, {{B}}Siemens{{/B}} is developing dual slot phones and Einstein, a device equipped with a smart card reader and keypad that can be linked to the phone via infrared wireless technology. For those who want to, though, it will be possible to receive almost all forms of electronic communication through a single device, most likely a three-in-one phone that serves as a cordless at home, a cell phone on the road and an intercom at work. "The mobile phone will become increasingly multifunctional;" says Burghardt Schallenberger, vice president for technology and innovation at {{B}}Siemens{{/B}} Information and Consumer Products in Munich, "and fingerprint technology or advanced speech recognition will ensure that only one or two authorized users will be able to operate it." New hybrid devices, such as {{B}}Nokia{{/B}}'s 9110 Communicator, a combination phone and personal digital assistant (PDA), are already on the market. But some customers feel the keyboard and screen are too small and complex for comfort. To gel around these problems, {{B}}Nokia{{/B}}'s 7110 mobile phone has a larger screen and is operated by a tracking ball in addition to a keyboard. The phone has found a ready market among young people, who tend to send more text messages than they make mobile phone calls -- not surprising given the fact that text is approximately a tenth as costly as voice. The {{B}}Nokia{{/B}} 7110 also offers Internet access via Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), an open standard that allows streamlined versions of website contents to be displayed on mobile phone screens. Phones equipped with WAP enable people on the move to access basic information -- such as news services, stock prices and flight timetables -- from specially "cut-down" sites. For some, any device that bridges the gap between handwriting and keying in text will be a world-beater. {{B}}Ericsson{{/B}} is researching a "smart quill" pen that could do just that. Though the smart quill looks like any other pen, it permits writers to write on any surface -- or even in the air -- while a microchip in the tip of the pen records tile shape of the scribblings and transmits them to a remote PC, where special software converts them into normal text. Gould this mean the end of typing? Not yet. {{B}}Ericsson{{/B}} cannot say when a prototype will be ready. Keyboards might eventually be unnecessary on mobile handsets if speech recognition software continues to improve. Mobile phones might then be reduced to a few computer chips, a microphone and a receiver embedded in an earring. The {{B}}Philips{{/B}} Genie, a lightweight mobile phone, can be operated by uttering a single word. When you type a name into the Genie's keypad, the system asks whether you would like to assign a voice-dial tag to that name. Through a series of yes or no prompts, the Genie compiles a list of up to 10 voice tags. The next time you want to call a person listed as one of these tags, just say that person's name or a relevant code word. The word "home", for example, is sufficient to place a call to your family.·has a too small and complex keyboard and screen? 71. ______·has combined handwriting and keying? 72. ______·can recognize voices? 73. ______·has a voice dial tag? 74. ______·has a pen which can write in the air? 75. ______·might carry out financial transactions? 76. ______·has a dual slot? 77. ______·can be connected to your home by saying "Home"? 78. ______·is popular among young users? 79. ______·is both a phone and personal digital assistant? 80. ______

填空题 Answer Questions 71～80 by referring to the comments on 4 different powers in the following magazine article. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once. {{B}}A=Hydro power B=Nuclear power C=Coal-fired power D=Solar power Which power…{{/B}} Our demand for electricity is climbing so fast that over the next decade U. S. generating capacity must increase by a third. Fossil fuels supply nearly three-quarters of this energy. But the smoke-belching stacks of coal-fired, gas-fired and oil-fired plants are also responsible for about half of our air pollution. That, we used to think, is a small price to pay for progress. But there is an alternative, one that produces no smoke and can actually create more fuel than it consumes. In many regions it is even cheaper than coal-fired electricity: nuclear power. Already nuclear power is the second largest source of our electricity, and a new family of "failsafe" nuclear reactors-some now under construction in Japan-may one day make nuclear power even cheaper and more plentiful. The only major difference between nuclear and conventional plants is that nuclear fuel is far more radioactive. For this reason, the core must be sealed from the outside environment-and so must the spent fuel, which remains radioactive for years. If other types of power didn't present equal or worse problems, it would make no sense to consider nuclear power at ail. But they do: Coal is much dirtier than it used to be. The U. S. reserves of clean-burning anthracite are virtually exhausted. Today, power plants must use soft coal, often contaminated with sulfur. When the smoke from this coal is dissolved by precipitation, it results in "acid rain". Burning coal produces carbon dioxide as well, which can act as a blanket, trapping solar heat in our atmosphere. Eventually, this could contribute to global warming, the greenhouse effect, though there is no conclusive evidence that this has begun. Coal also contains a surprising amount of radioactive material. Indeed, a coal-fired electric plant spews more radioactive pollution into the air than a nuclear plant. Oil and natural gas are too scarce to meet our electrical needs now, let alone in the next century. We already import over 40 per-cent of our oil from abroad, and that will likely increase. Solar power seems to be a wonderful idea: Every square yard of sunshine contains about 1 000 watts of inexhaustible energy, free for the taking. The trouble is, the taking isn't free. To meet our electrical needs, we'd have to build enough collector plates to cover the state of Delaware. No serious student of solar power expects it to be anything but a supplement to conventional electricity for decades. Wind power generated a lot of excitement in the early 1980s, when magazines featured photographs of a "wind farm" at Altamont Pass, California, with hundreds of windmills. Everyone seemed to forget that taxpayers' money helped buy the farm. Today, the giant blades spin productively only half a year, because winds frequently aren't strong enough to cover costs. Hydro power is the cleanest practical source of electricity. But in the United States, most rivers that can be profitably dammed already are. Other, more exotic energy schemes would harness ocean tides and waves, nuclear fusion (the process that powers the sun) or heat from the earth's crust or the sea. But even proponents admit that none of these will become a major source of energy soon. Now Let's look at the advantages of nuclear power. 1. It's clean. Radioactive emissions are negligible, much less than the radioactivity released into the air naturally from the earth or produced by cosmic rays. Standing next to a nuclear plant, I am exposed to only one-half of one percent more radiation than when sitting in my living room. A coal station, on the other hand, requires huge dumps of fuel and ashes that menace the environment. Despite a widespread misconception, nuclear waste is not a technical problem. The 108 nuclear plants in the United States generate less than 4 000 tons of fuel waste each year. In fact, all 33 years' worth of the nation's spent nuclear fuel would only fill a football field to a depth of five. feet. Non-nuclear hazardous waste, by contrast, totals 275 million tons annually. And nuclear waste is easy to monitor and control. The spent fuel can be kept on the premises for years until it decays to a radiation level suitable for trucking to long-term storage sites. 2. It's inexhaustible. The U. S. uranium reserves will last many decades, and our long-term supply is guaranted. Through a process called "breeding", a reactor can convert uranium into plutonium-an even better fuel. Breeder reactors, now in use in France, could thus extend the reserves for millions of years. 3. It's secure. Because it needs so little fuel, a nuclear plant is less vulnerable to shortages produced by strikes or by natural calamities. And since uranium is more evenly scattered about the globe than fossil fuels, nuclear power is less threatened by cartels and international crises. 4. It's cheap. In France, where nuclear power supplies 70 per-cent of the electricity, nuclear power costs 30 percent less than coal-fired power. This enables France to export electricity to its neighbors. In Canada, where nuclear power supplies 15 percent of the electricity, Ontario Hydro has proposed building ten more nuclear reactors over the next 25 years.* results in "Acid rain"? 71. ______* is already the 2nd largest source of electricity in the U. S. ? 72. ______* may give off more radioative pollution into the air than a nuclear plant? 73. ______* can be taken only when large enough collector plates are built? 74. ______* is the cleanest practical source of electricity? 75. ______* costs 30% less than coal-fired power in France? 76. ______* is less easy to subject to shortages caused by strikes and natural disasters? 77. ______* is less threatened by international crises? 78. ______* will not be considered as a supplement to conventional electricity for several decades? 79. ______* could contribute to global warming? 80. ______

填空题{{B}} Remember: A = New York University American Language Institute B = English Language Institute at Pace University C = English Language Center at Rochester Institute of Technology Which university ...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} New York University American Language Institute: The Institute offers convenient day and evening classes for beginning, intermediate, and advanced learners. Classes are limited in size, with student placement based on English proficiency. And our expert advisers are available to answer your non-immigrant visa questions and counsel you on personal and educational concerns. People from all over the world have been studying American English through the American Language Institute for more than 50 years. At ALI, you learn more than basic language skills. Whether you are a beginning or an advanced student, whether your reason is personal or professional, at ALI you acquire a knowledge of the more subtle aspects of language: style, delivery, nuance, and social context. You learn how to fit in—seamlessly—with the rhythm and style of another language, expressing yourself with ease and accuracy. We invite you to participate in the excellence that is NYU. Our highly acclaimed faculty enhance your learning experience with their commitment, expertise, and dedication in the classroom. You gain not only a theoretical grasp of the language, but a genuine ability to express yourself with confidence. Our location, in the heart of Greenwich Village, provides you with a real New Yorker's view of the world. Enjoy the unparalleled resources of a neighborhood offering unique and distinct advantages that are the embodiment of New York City ambience and life—whether your interest lies in art, culture, history, nightlife, restaurants, food, or shopping. Through venues such as field trips and social gatherings for informal conversation, the program fosters ongoing communication among students and faculty. Orientation programs introduce you to the language, life, and culture of the United States. Opportunities to attend theatre, concerts, and ballet performances are plentiful. Several times each semester, groups of students and faculty visit points of interest in the New York City area, such as the United Nations, the New York Stock Exchange, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, and various museums. You will have the opportunity to network and to make new friendships—some that may endure for a lifetime. The Institute offers day and evening classes for beginning, intermediate, and advanced students. Classes are small for better learning opportunities. Student placement is based on English proficiency. Programs are flexible, with classes meeting from 2 to 22 hours a week. Programs can also be designed to accommodate your personal or organizational needs, either on an individual basis, in group settings, or on-site at your company: {{B}}B{{/B}} English Language Institute at Pace University: ELI offers programs at three convenient locations. Pace's New York City campus is located in downtown Manhattan near Wall Street, Chinatown, Little Italy, and Soho. Pace's Pleasantville campus is located 64 km north of New York City in beautiful Westchester County. This campus offers a fitness center with a heated pool and tennis courts. Pace's White Plains campus is located 37 minutes by train from Midtown Manhattan. White Plains is the metropolitan center of Westchester County. Housing is available at the New York City or Pleasantville campuses. Intensive English Program is designed to help students, visitors, and recent immigrants improve their English skills for academic study, career advancement, or personal enrichment. The curriculum integrates grammar, writing, reading, speaking, and listening. Cultural and social activities provide additional real-life opportunities to use English skills actively. · Four levels--from Beginner to Advanced · Small classes (average 15 students) · Students from more than 30 countries · Experienced and professional faculty, with Master's Degrees · Undergraduate & Graduate credit courses open to students at the advanced level Students visit world-famous New York museums, historical areas like Harlem, Soho and Chinatown, sporting events, the United Nations, and local beaches. Students regularly get together for movies, lunches, book club meetings, and end-of-semester parties. {{B}}C{{/B}} English Language Center at Rochester Institute of Technology: The English Language Center at Rochester Institute of Technology is designed for students who plan to attend a university in the United States and who have previously studied English: The English Language Center conducts 11-week programs every fall, winter, spring and summer. Special language programs for groups are also offered. Full-time students in the intensive English program have at least 20 class-hours weekly in grammar, reading, writing, conversation and vocabulary. Classes are offered at three skill levels: beginner, intermediate and advanced. Students also study in the language lab five hours per week. Listening Comprehension, Lecture Notetaking, Pronunciation, TOEFL preparation, American culture, writing research papers, presentation skills and understanding academic lectures and other interesting courses are available as electives to students in the higher intermediate and advanced levels. Extracurricular activities are also offered every week: trips to Niagara Falls and other nature parks, visits to local art galleries, and opportunities for sport and recreation, as well as chances to visit American homes. The English Language Center subscribes to the guidelines of NAFSA: Association of International Educators, and TESOL: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. It has met the standards and is a member of University and College Intensive English Programs (UCIEP) and the American Association of Intensive English Programs (AAIEP). The Rochester Institute of Technology is accredited by Middle States.· is located in the heart of Greenwich Village? 71. ______· conducts 11-week programs in all 4 seasons? 72. ______· provides accommodation for students? 73. ______· offers chances for students to attend theaters and ballet performances? 74. ______· offers opportunities to visit American homes? 75. ______· has special programs designed for individuals? 76. ______· promises to help students learn to express themselves with ease and accuracy? 77. ______· offers credit courses for advanced level students? 78. ______· provides courses like American culture and research papers writing? 79. ______· gives students chances to visit museums and historical areas'? 80. ______

填空题A Henry James When he was growing up in New York, Henry was given a great deal of independence, so much in fact, that he felt isolated from other people. As a quiet child among exuberant brothers and cousins, Henry was more often an observer than a participant in their activities. When, as a young man, a back injury prevented his fighting in the Civil War, he felt even more excluded from the events of his time. While the adult Henry James developed many close friendships, he retained his attitude of observer, and devoted much of his life to solitary work on his writing. Henry's family lived for a time in Boston, where he became acquainted with New England authors and friends of his father, began his friendship with William Dean Howells, and attended Harvard Law School. After 1866, James lived in Europe much of the time and in 1875 decided to make it his permanent home. He lived in Paris for a year, where he met Turgenev, Flaubert, and Zola. The next year he settled in London and lived there and in the English countryside for the rest of his life. In 1915, a year before his death, to show his sup- port of England in World War Ⅰ, James became a British citizen.B Theodore Dreiser Born in small-town Indiana, Dreiser rebelled as a youth against the poverty and narrowness of the life around him. One of his high school teachers recognized his talent and paid his tuition at Indiana University. But Dreiser left college after a year because he felt it "did not concern ordinary life at all". He had various jobs in Chicago: washing dishes, shoveling coal, working in a factory, and collecting bills -- experiences which he later used in his writing. He taught himself to be a newspaper reporter and supported himself as a journalist and editor for many years while he was struggling to become recognized as a novelist. In what was almost a convention of naturalism, Dreiser's first novel was about a prostitute, but unlike Stephen Crane's Maggie, Dreiser's heroine prospers and flourishes. The end furnished a worse shock to Dreiser's readers than his choice of subject: Carrie is not only a rather improbable success on the musical comedy stage but one of her prosperous lovers, whom she has found useful in advancing her career, has suffered a reversal of fortune as startling as Carrie's. Readers in 1900 found the "punishment" of the lover peculiarly distasteful to their notions of justice; according to the prevailing double standard of sexual morality, the woman was supposed to be punished, not the man.C Carl Sandburg The polar opposite of R0binson, Carl Sandburg (1878--1967) played the part of the simple workman, down to the cloth cap which he often wore. Nevertheless, he was an artist with words. His language was more colloquial and his rhythms looser than Robinson's; yet he too knew tile value of form and poetic technique. As critic Louis Untermeyer puts it, there are "two Sandburgs: the muscular, heavy-fisted, hard-hitting son of the streets, and his almost unrecognizable twin, the shadow-painter, the haunter of mists, the lover of implications and overtones." Sandburg was born in Galesburg, Illinois, of Swedish immigrant parents. He did odd jobs, served in the Spanish American War, and worked his way through nearly four years of college afterward. From 1910 to 1912 he acted as secretary for the first Socialist mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Not long afterward he attracted public notice with his increasingly powerful poetry, especially the poem, Chicago, and he gradually became able to give most of his time to his writing. He did some literary journalism; he wrote ballads and books for children, and tie continued with his serious poetry. And all the while, his interest in Abraham Lincoln as well as models for his characters. His father was a prosperous merchant; his mother had been a schoolteacher.D Sinclair Leis Sinclair Lewis (1885--1951) was born in the town of Sauk Center, Minnesota. He was graduated from Yale after several unhappy years there and then became a journalist and editor. His early writing was commercial and undistinguished. But when he published Main Street in 1920, he proved that he had become a very effective novelist. Main Street immediately captured America's attention, as did Scott Fitzgerald's very different This Side of Paradise, published in the same year. In his first important novel, Lewis established the methods and subject matter that would bring him world fame and eventually a Nobel Prize in Literature -- the first American author to be so honored. That is, he described daily life in America with such a sharp eye and ear that readers could easily recognize it as part of their own experience. But he did it with such an emphasis on the comic and ridiculous that he made his readers laugh, in spite of themselves, at some of the silliness of their country. Like the noted satirists of the past, he wanted to do more than amuse. He wanted to reform the America he pictured by skilfully arousing his readers' sympathies for the non-conformist in a conformist society. The heroine of Main Street is a rebellious young woman who struggles hard to bring culture to her dead little town, and we feel a wry regret when in the end she decides to conform.·died at the age of 89? 71. ______.·graduated from Yale after some unhappy years there? 72. ______.·described daily life in America and made his readers laugh at some silliness of their country? 73. ______.·made Europe his permanent home? 74. ______.·wrote his first novel about a prostitute? 75. ______.·was usually too shy to take part in his brothers' activities when he was young? 76. ______.·died in England? 77. ______.·was a journalist and editor before being recognized as a novelist? 78. ______.·was a Swedish-born American? 79. ______.·wrote children's books? 80. ______.

填空题There are as many definitions of philosophy as there are philosophers—perhaps there are even more. After three millennia of philosophical activity and disagreement, it is unlikely that we"ll reach consensus, and I certainly don"t want to add more hot air to the volcanic cloud of unknowing. What I"d like to do in the opening column in this new venture is to kick things off by asking a slightly different question: What is a philosopher? 1 Socrates tells the story of Thales, who was by some accounts the first philosopher. He was looking so intently at the stars that he fell into a well. Some witty Thracian servant girl is said to have made a joke at Thales" expense—that in his eagerness to know what went on in the sky he was unaware of the things in front of him and at his feet. Socrates adds, in Seth Benardete"s translation, "The same jest suffices for all those who engage in philosophy." What is a philosopher, then? The answer is clear: a laughing stock, an absent-minded buffoon, the butt of countless jokes from Aristophanes" "The Clouds" to Mel Brooks" "History of the World". Whenever the philosopher is compelled to talk about the things at his feet, he gives not only the Thracian girl but the rest of the crowd a belly laugh. 2 But as always with Plato, things are not necessarily as they first appear, and Socrates is the greatest of ironists. First, we should recall that Thales believed that water was the universal substance out of which all things were composed. Water was Thales" philosophers" stone, as it were. Therefore, by falling into a well, he inadvertently presses his basic philosophical claim. But there is a deeper and more troubling layer of irony here that I would like to peel off more slowly. Socrates introduces the "digression" by making a distinction between the philosopher and the lawyer, or what Benardete nicely renders as the "pettifogger". 3 By contrast, we might say, the philosopher is the person who has time or who takes time. Theodorus, Socrates" interlocutor, introduces the "digression" with the words, "Aren"t we at leisure, Socrates?" The latter"s response is interesting. He says, "It appears we are." As we know, in philosophy appearances can be deceptive. 4 Pushing this a little further, we might say that to philosophize is to take your time, even when you have no time, when time is constantly pressing at your back. The busy readers of The New York Times will understand this sentiment. 5 Socrates says that those in the constant press of business, like lawyers, policy-makers, mortgage brokers and hedge fund managers, become "bent and stunted" and they are compelled "to do crooked things". The pettifogger is undoubtedly successful, wealthy and extraordinarily honey-tongued, but, Socrates adds, "small in his soul and shrewd and a shyster." The philosopher, by contrast, is free by virtue of his or her other-worldliness, by their capacity to fall into wells and appear silly. A. The philosopher"s clumsiness in worldly affairs makes him appear stupid, or, gives the impression of plain silliness." We are left with a rather Monty Pythonesque definition of the philosopher: the one who is silly. B. The lawyer is compelled to present a case in court and time is of the essence. In Greek legal proceedings, a strictly limited amount of time was allotted for the presentation of cases. Time was measured with a water clock or clepsydra, which literally steals time, as in the Greek kleptes, a thief or embezzler. The pettifogger, the jury, and by implication the whole society, live with the constant pressure of time. The water of time"s flow is constantly threatening to drown them. C. But the basic contrast here is that between the lawyer, who has no time, or for whom time is money, and the philosopher, who takes time. The freedom of the philosopher consists in either moving freely from topic to topic or simply spending years returning to the same topic out of perplexity, fascination and curiosity. D. It is our hope that some of them will make the time to read The Stone . As Wittgenstein says, "This is how philosophers should salute each other: "Take your time."" E. Socrates believes that the philosopher neither sees nor hears the so-called unwritten laws of the city, that is, the mores and conventions that govern public life. The philosopher will disregard the societal titles given to a person. F. As Alfred North Whitehead said, philosophy is a series of footnotes to Plato. Let me risk adding a footnote by looking at Plato"s provocative definition of the philosopher that appears in the middle of his dialogue, "Theaetetus," in a passage that some scholars consider a "digression". But far from being a footnote to a digression, I think in this moment Plato tells us something hugely important about what a philosopher is and what philosophy does.

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填空题WhatkindofoverviewdoesthebookintendtogiveaboutAmericansociety?

填空题A = Benjamin Franklin B = Washington Irving C = James Fenimore Cooper D = Philip Freneau Who... ※ is the first important writer to be critical of his country. 1 ※ advocated old beliefs in some eases. 2 ※ lived 76 years. 3 ※ unfolded an epic account of a frontiersman in his novels. 4 ※ is remembered more for his poetry than his prose. 5 ※ uses many long words, often from Latin, in his book. 6 was once a sailor. 7 ※ wrote a novel in 1826 as the second in the series. 8 ※ got the idea for his most famous story from a German 9 legend. ※ in his short stories, the incidents anti descriptive details 10 usually have symbolic significance. Benjamin Franklin Franklin(1706-1790) was a universal genius who did not realize that his Autobiography would eventually become a classic of its kind. The part of it given here shows the beginnings of his personal, civic, anti political success, yet the account is uncolored by vanity. Franklin shows us that he is a human being as well as a successful man. Though his style of writing was clear anti even plain in his time, we now find it a bit hard to read. It has many long words, often from the Latin language, anti long sentences. But we must remember that he was writing two centuries ago. It is true that Franklin"s style is formal. The organization of much of what he says if not how he says it is informal, however. In his famous Autobiography, in particular, he talks first about one thing and then another with little attempt at connecting them. Of course, not all of his ideas were new. In some cases he simply became the most prominent advocate of old ones, especially the beliefs that we should work hard and that we should save our money. These principles had been current since Puritan times but Franklin spread them widely by putting them into a popular almanac or calendar called Poor Richard"s Almanac, which he himself printed. Washington Irving Irving (1783—1859) was America"s first man of letters, devoting much of Iris career to literature. In his short stories, he usually starts with standard characters-the lazy husbands, for instance, and the termagant wife. He is able, however, in his better stories to place them in a home-like situation and in surroundings that give the stories a kind of vitality. Irving"s choice of incidents and descriptive details adds a note of symbolism to the basic themes, creating an almost Gothic atmosphere. Irving got the idea for his most famous story, "Rip Van Winkle," from a German legend about a sleeping emperor, which he points out in a mock-scholarly note added at the end of the story. According to the note, the tale originated with Diedrich Knickerbocker, an old Dutch gentleman of New York, who is really a fictional character created by Irving. (The old gentleman"s name was later adopted by a group of New York writers of the period, among whom Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant were the foremost Knickerbockers.) "Rip Van Winkle" is found in Irving"s longer work, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. , published serially in the United States from 1819 to 1820. James Fenimore Cooper Cooper (1789—1851 ) wrote both novels and social criticism. It is his fiction which has become famous, but it is worth remembering that he also wrote books criticizing the shortcomings of democracy in his own country. He is the first important writer to be critical of the United States but he will by no means be the last. His fiction is much more memorable, however. The Last of the Mohicans, written in 1826, is the second novel in Cooper"s Leatherstocking Series. Consisting of five novels, the series gets it title from one of the names applied to its frontiersman hero, Natty Bumppo, who is also called Deerslayer, Hawkeye, Pathfinder, and l,eatherstocking. Tile five novels tell the story of Bumppo from youth to old age. The creation of the character of Natty Bumppo is probably the most significant thing that happened in American literature during the first 50 years of its history. Like Sir Walter Scott and other romantic writers who dealt with historical or legendary characters, Cooper, in his tales about Bumppo, unfolded an epic account. Bumppo, a frontiersman whose actions were shaped by the forest in which he lived, seems to be related in some way to the deepest meaning of the American experience itself. Philip Freneau PHILIP FRENEAU was an ardent patriot who is still remembered as the "Poet of the American Revolution." While in college, he had already determined to become a poet. After his experience as a sailor in the Revolutionary War, he turned to newspaper and pamphlet writing. Today, however, Freneau is remembered more for is poetry than his prose. Two of his poems are reprinted below. The first, "The Wild Honey Suckle" was virtually unread in the poet"s lifetime, yet it deserves a place among major English and American works of poetry of that time. Much of the beauty of the poem lies in the sounds of the words and the effects created through changes in rhythm. The idea for the second poem, "The Indian Burying Ground, "was suggested by the fact that some Indian tribes buried their dead in a sitting, instead of a lying position. This poem, too, is marked by a regularity of rhythm and meter and by the use of "Reason" as an abstraction which is personified.

填空题When Donald Olayer enrolled in nursing school nine years ago, his father took it hard. "Here's my father, a steelworker, hearing about other steelworkers' sons who were becoming welders or getting football scholarships, " Mr. ()layer recalls. "The thought of his son becoming a nurse was too much. " 66. ______ That's not an unusual turnabout nowadays. Just as women have gained a footing in nearly every occupation once reserved for men, men can be found today working routinely in a wide variety of jobs once held nearly exclusively by women. The men are working is receptionists and flight attendants, servants, and even "Kelly girls". The Urban Institute, a research group in Washington, recently estimated that the number of male secretaries rose 24% to 31000 in 1978 from 25000 in 1972. The number of male telephone operators over the same span rose 38%, and the number of male nurses 94%. Labor experts expect the trend to continue. For one thing, tightness in the job market seems to have given men an additional incentive to take jobs where they can find them. Although female-dominated office and service jobs for the most part rank lower in pay and status, "they' re still there, " says June O'Neill, director of program and policy research at the institute. Traditionally male blue-collar jobs, meanwhile, aren't increasing at all. 67. ______ Although views have softened, men who cross the sexual segregation line in the job market may still face discrimination and ridicule. David Anderson, a 36-year-old former high school teacher, says he found secretarial work "a way out of teaching and into the business world". He had applied for work at 23 employment agencies for "management training jobs that didn't exist", and he discovered that "the best skill I had was being able to type 70 words a minute". 68. ______ He took a job as a secretary to the marketing director of a New York publishing company. But he says he could feel "a lot of people wondering what I was doing there and if something was wrong with me". Males sometimes find themselves mistaken for higher-status professionals. Anthony Shee, a flight attendant with U. S. Air Inc. , has been mistaken for a pilot. Mr. Anderson, the secretary, says he found himself being "treated in executive tones whenever I wore a suit". In fact the men in traditional female jobs often move up the ladder fast. Mr. Anderson actually worked only seven months as a secretary. Then he got a higher-level, better-paying job as a placement counselor at an employment agency. "I got a lot of encouragement to advance, " he says, "including lob tips from male executives who couldn't quite see me staying a secretary. " Experts say, for example, that while men make up only a small fraction of elementary school teachers, a disproportionate number of elementary principals are men. Barbara Bergmann, an economist at the University of Maryland who has studied sex segregation at work believes that's partly because of "sexism in the occupational structure" and partly because men have been raised to assert themselves and to assume responsibility. Men may also feel more compelled than women to advance, she suspects. "Men are more likely than women to see nursing as a full-time career. " Mr. Olayer says. He also says the men are more assertive. "Men don't buy the Florence Nightingale garbage they teach in nursing school--that the doctor is everything, and the nurse is there just to take orders, " he says. "Men will ask questions more and think for themselves. " 70. ______ A. Mr. Anderson's boss was a woman. When she asked him to fetch coffee, the other secretaries' eyebrows went up. Sales executives who came in to see his boss, he says, "couldn't quite believe that I could and would type, take dictation, and answer the phones. " B. But in asserting themselves, the males in female-dominated fields may be making life easier for the women, too. "Guys get together and organize and are willing to fight for more," Mr. Olayer says. "Once we get a 30% to 40% ratio of men in nursing, you'll see salaries and the whole status of the job improve. " C. Today, Mr. Olayer, a registered nurse trained as an anesthetist , earns about $30000 a year at Jameson Memorial Hospital in New Castle, Pennsylvania. His father, he says, has "done an about face". Now he tells the guys he works with that their sons, who can' t find jobs even after four years of college, should have become nurses. D. Donald Olayer, the nurse, is typical. Almost as soon as he graduated from nursing school, he says he decided "not to stay just a regular floor nurse earning only $12000 a year". Now he can look forward to earning three times that much. "Enough to support a family on. " he says, and he also has "much more responsibility". E. Beginning in the 1960s, American women started entering jobs and professions that had been dominated almost completely by men. In the 1970s, another pattern emerged in employment: Men began entering jobs and professions previously dominated by women. F. At the same time, she says, "The outlooks of young people are different. " Younger men with less rigid views on what constitutes male or female work "may not feel there's such a stigma to working in a female-dominated field".