填空题A=Advertisement 1 B=Advertisement 2 C=Advertisement 3 D=Advertisement 4 E=Advertisement 5 Which advertisement(s) ... · is/are looking for someone who has a cross-disciplinary background? (71) (72) · is/are looking for someone who would like to study a subject as a PhD degreecandidate? (73) · is/are for a vacancy that excludes overseas applicants? (74) · require(s) the post holder to work at the company for about six months? (75) · require(s) assistance in the publication of an academic journal? (76) · offer(s) the job with the shortest term of contract? (77) · suggest(s) that the applicant be keen on the theory related to the project? (78) · offer(s) a job that is least attractive in terms of salary? (79) · implies/imply that the applicant needs to play a part in the team? (80) A SCHOOL OF PROFSS, ENVIRONMENTAL AND MATRIALS ENGINEERING Research Fellow in Materials Characterization The above EPSRC-funded post is available from 1 October 2012 for a fixed period of three years to work on the modeling of electron energy loss near-edge fine structure for the extraction for bonding information from nano-scale solids. Applicants should have a PhD in physical/engineering sciences and research experience in physics/chemistry electron microscopy and/or computing/programming. Salary will be on the scale for Research Staff Grade 1A(15159～22785 p. a.) according to qualifications and relevant experience. Application forms and further particulars may be obtained from Dr Rik Brydson, School of Materials, University of Leeds,Leeds,LS2 9JT, te1:0113 233 2369. In all enquiries please quote the reference number 58. Closing date for applications; 24 July 2012. B Four Studentships Four 3-year EPSRC-funded studentships are available (leading to the degree of PhD), the maintenance grants of which will be supplemented to 6295 p.a. (EPSRC Quota+1000). Candidates must have at least a Class 11-1 degree, or equivalent and be UK residents (to qualify for a maintenance grant). ⊙ Analytical electron microscopy and/or surface analysis. Contact; Dr Rik Brydson (as above) ⊙ Flow behavior and structure of ceramic pastes, and ⊙ Colloid behavior of ceramic systems. Contact.- Professor Brian Rand, tel.. 0113 233 2536, email: b. rand@leeds, ac. uk ⊙ Materials process modeling/fluid dynamics. Contact: Dr Andy Mullis, tel: 0113 233 2568, email: met6am@ sun. leeds, ac. uk C PROCTER DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE Research Fellow/Officer in Dairy Emulsion Science The above post is available immediately for a fixed period of 18 months to carry out an experimentally based project concerned with fundamental and applied aspects of emulsion systems in relation to development of new dairy-type food products. The project is funded by St. Ivel (Unigate) Ltd and about one third of the time will be spent at company premises near Swindon. Applicants should have a PhD degree in food science and chemistry. Salary will be on the scale for Research Staff Grade 1A within the range 15159～22785 p. a. according to qualifications and relevant experience. Application forms and further particulars may be obtained from Professor Eric Dickinson, the Procter Department of Food Science, the University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, tel,, 0113 233 2956, fax: 0113 233 2982, email: e. dickinson@leeds, ac. uk. In all enquiries please quote the reference number 72/109. Closing date for applications.. 24 July 2012. D DEPARTMENTS OF FOOD SCIENCE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS Research Fellow and Studentship A research fellowship is available from 1 October 2011 for a fixed period of three years, along with a studentship for an EPSRC-funded project "Ultrasound propagation in soft solids". Ultrasound measurement allied to an understanding of ultrasound propagation in soft solids is complementary to mechanical rheometry and gives important information on the structure of the system and the particle interactions. The research fellow will develop the applied mathematics aspects of this project. Applicants for the fellowship should have a PhD or equivalent qualification in a relevant discipline, a background in scattering theory and an interest in the theory of acoustic propagation in systems of weakly interacting particles. The research student, whilst primarily an experimentalist, must also be interested in theory. Salary for the fellowship will be on the scale for Research Staff Grade 1A within the range 15159～16045 p.a. according to qualifications and relevant experience. Application forms and further particulars may be obtained from Malcolm Povey, Procter Department of Food Science, the University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, tel: 0113 233 2963. Fax: 0113 233 2982, email: m. j. mpovey@leeds, ac. uk. World Wide Web: http..//www, food. leeds, ac. uk/mp, htm. In all enquiries please quote the reference number 72/108. Closing date for applications= 24 July 2012. E RESEARCH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH MIDWIFERY STUDIES, CENTRE FOR REPRODUCTION, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Part-Time Research Fellow/Officer The above part-time (50%) post is available immediately for a fixed period of two years. The Midwifery Studies Research Group carries out clinical research related to midwifery, as well as research in the organization of maternity care and the dissemination and implementation of research evidence. The appointee will have a background in epidemiology or health services research to assist in the preparation of Cochran Reviews. He/She will work on reviews of trials in the field of breast-feeding: no prior knowledge of breastfeeding research will be required. Applicants should have a first degree in a related subject and a higher degree or research training in epidemiology or health services research. The knowledge of, and interest in systematic reviewing is essential as is an ability to use initiative and work as part of a team. Salary will be on the scale for Research Staff Grade 1A (15259～22785 p.a. Pro rata) according to qualifications and relevant experience. Informal enquiries may be made to Professor Mary Renfrew, tel: 0113 233 6888, fax: 0113 244 9730, or email: m, j. renfw@leeds, ac. uk; or Dr Mike Woolridge, tel: 0113 233 6894. Application forms and further particulars may be obtained from Trish Walker, Midwifery Studies, the University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, tel: O113 233 6888. In all enquiries please quote the reference number 90/19.

填空题London in 1509 was certainly no backwater. With a population of around 60,000, it was far larger than any other city in England and, containing as it did Westminster and the City and Southwark, it was at the centre of English political power and financial muscle. Yet these centres were independent in purpose, governance and location, and a trip from the City to Westminster would take in open ground, with hunting on Soho Fields a common activity. London was primus inter pares, not king of the world. 1 The transformation was caused by a combination of court and port. While monarchy and government had been modernising slowly for a century, the pace accelerated rapidly after Henry VII seized power in 1485. To bolster a precarious grip on power, Henry instituted wide-ranging reforms that centralised the government and caused regional Dower-bases to lose their attraction for the ambitious - London was now the place to be. 2 Helped by a population explosion across the country, London ballooned in size: by 1603 its population had expanded to 215,000 people. Henry Ⅷ began a massive programme of construction, turning York House into the palace of Whitehall, building St James" and Bridewell palaces, and adding to Hampton Court. Furthermore, the dissolution of the monasteries in 1,536 brought about one of the largest changes in the London property scene, as many religious buildings were destroyed and even more were adapted for secular use. Stone from Clerkenwell Priory was used to build Somerset House on the Strand, and many city companies took similar advantage to nab fine buildings now forcibly emptied of priests. 3 As the city grew, it needed the infrastructure to match. A new reservoir at Islington, completed in 1609, fed a network of elm pipes underneath the main roads. A quarterly subscription connected around 30,000 houses to the mains, although the water was not of a good enough quality to drink. From 1662, the carrying of letters was declared to be a monopoly of the king, this event effectively marking the beginning of the Royal Mail, with letters travelling between Bristol and London in a day. By 1666 the main streets were lit regularly at night. 4 Much of the population increase was caused by internal migration, with people coming from every area of the country: a Swiss visitor reported that "London is not said to be in England, but rather England to be in London". But the city was also becoming increasingly multicultural, with tradesmen arriving from all over Europe to set up for business. London accommodated brewers from the Low Countries, tailors from France, cloth dyers from Italy and an African needle-maker. 5 Different parts of London became known for different trades: opticians were concentrated in Ludgate Street, and booksellers were to be found in St Paul"s Churchyard. Fleet Street was also slowly finding its niche: after the first portable printing press was set up at Westminster by William Caxton in 1476, the industry slowly began to take off in the 16th century. The political and religious divisions of the Reformation provided a ready audience for the polemics of the pamphlet and the first proper newspaper appeared in 1622. The press operated against a backdrop of continued government censorship, which continued through the Interregnum and the reign of Charles Ⅱ. Publishing laws were relaxed after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and Fleet Street and the City soon became the primary location and focus of the press. A London"s port contributed greatly to its development, giving it access to markets on the Continent, and providing a thriving market economy to the City and the guilds that operated within it. By the end of the 15th century, England dominated the wool market and, by the time of Henry Ⅷ"s accession in 1509, the necessary pieces were in place for an era of prosperity, aided by a political stability that had been lacking before. B The influx of foreigners spawned new expertise and trades that a century earlier would have been as foreign as the accents of the people practising them. Some of these new traders were selling a new sophistication—gold thread and silk stockings—well suited to the affluence and optimism of the Tudor years. By the reign of Elizabeth Ⅰ, it was reported that any self-respecting gentleman "must have their gears from London". If you wanted to make it big in the city, you had to look the part. If you had it, you flaunted it; if you didn"t, you bought it; and if you couldn"t do that, there was always the lottery, which hit the streets in 1569. C Travel within the capital was also becoming more as we would recognise it today. Licensed Hackney carriages were licensed to ply for trade from 1625, with charges regulated by Parliament. Wherries—17th-century river-buses—ran regular passenger services, and watermen jostled for individual business. The increasing volume of traffic brought the predictable jams; in 1661, Samuel Pepys was held up in a Hackney carriage for an hour and a half and in 1666 the jams made him give up his journey and go shopping instead. D By the 1660s, things were very different. London ruled. With around 350,000 inhabitants, it dwarfed all other English cities; abroad, only Paris and Constantinople were larger. It was a single, unified city; a heaving morass of people and buildings; a metropolis so dominant that it deserved its own superhero. E The money men had a captive market in the merchants, who took major risks to reap their rewards. In the second half of the 17th century, the insurance market was developed as a result of the meetings of money men in the new coffee-houses, the first of which was established in 1652. Merchants, bankers and insurance underwriters began to meet there to conduct business, such as providing insurance on ships for the payment of a fee. One of the first underwriters was Edward Lloyd, who published the shipping gazette Lloyd" s News, and who ultimately gave his name to London"s insurance market. F The building continued into the 17th century, as Inigo Jones built the Banqueting Hall in Whitehall and Covent Garden Piazza, among other projects. By 1650, "London" included both the City of London and Westminster, as well as the increasingly urbanised landscape between them. Yet it was still being outpaced by the population. In 1580 Elizabeth I was forced to issue a proclamation noting the "great multitude of people... heaped up together" and demanding controls on expansion. House prices were rising so quickly that nobody wanted to demolish anything -- even ditches were being filled in, covered over and built on.

填空题"Down-to-earth" means someone or something that is honest, realistic and easy to deal with. It is a pleasure to (31) someone who is down-to-earth. A person who is down-to-earth is easy to talk (32) and accepts other people as equals. A down-to-earth person is just the (33) of someone who acts important or proud. Down-to-earth persons may be (34) members of society, of course. But they do not let their importance " (35) to their heads. " They do not consider themselves to be better persons than (36) of less importance. Someone who is filled with his own importance and pride, (37) without cause, is said to have "his nose in the air. " There is (38) way a person with his nose in the air can be down-to-earth. Americans (39) another expression that means almost the same as "down-to- earth. " The expression is "both-feet-on-the-ground. " Someone (40) both-feet-on-the-ground is a person with a good understanding (41) reality. He has what is called "common sense. " He may have dreams, (42) he does not allow them to block his knowledge of (43) is real. The opposite kind of (44) is one who has his "head-in-the- clouds. " A man with his head-in-the-clouds is a dreamer (45) mind is not in the real world. (46) , such a dreamer can be brought back to earth. Sharp words from teacher can usually (47) a day-dreaming student down-to-earth. Usually, the person who is down-to-earth is very (48) to have both feet on the ground. (49) we have both our feet on the ground, when we are down-to-earth, we act honestly and openly (50) others. Our lives are like the ground below us, solid and strong.

填空题wants to lower inter-provincial trade harriers to strengthen internal deregulation?

填空题There is a difference between science and technology. Science is a method of answering theoretical (31) ; technology is a method of (32) practical problems (and sometimes creating new problems out ofthe "solutions"). Science has to do with discovering the facts and relationships (33) observable phenomena in nature and with establishing theories that serve to organize (34) facts and relationships; technology has to do (35) tools, techniques, and procedures for implementing the findings of science. Another distinction between science (36) technology has to do with the progress in each. Progress (37) science excludes the human factor. And this is justly so. Scientists, (38) seek to comprehend the universe and know the truth within the highest degree of accuracy and certainty cannot pay attention to their own or other people's likes or (39) or to popular ideas about the fitness of things. What scientists discover may shock or anger people -- as (40) Darwin's theory of evolution. But even an unpleasant truth is more than likely to be useful; besides, we have the option of refusing to (41) it! But hardly so with technology; we do not have the option of refusing to (42) the sonic boom produced by a supersonic aircraft (43) overhead; we do not have the option of refusing to breathe polluted (44) ; and we do not have the option of living in a non-atomic age. Unlike science, progress in (45) must be measured in (46) of the human factor. Technology must be our slave and not the reverse. The legitimate purpose of technology is to serve people — people in (47) , not merely some peoples and future generations, not merely (48) who presently wish to gain advantage (49) themselves. Technology must be humanistic (50) it is to lead to a better world.

填空题 Richard Ⅲ once offered his kingdom for a horse. Today, a handful of dedicated naturalists are giving time, money and even the occasional home mortgage to help preserve a different kind of horse--the seahorse. The captivating little creatures of legend and myth are fish despite their name, but are unique in nature. Among other things that make them special is the fact that it is the male of the species that becomes pregnant, endures labor and gives birth to the young. 66. ______ The biggest threat, she says, comes from traditional Asian medicine. Seahorses figure in Korean Hanyak, Japanese Kanpo and Indonesian Jamu medicine, as well as in folk healing in the Philip pines. In Chinese communities worldwide, potions made from the little fish are used to treat many conditions, including asthma, impotence, infertility, lethargy, exhaustion, baldness, rabies, gas pains, throat infections and skin diseases. In traditional prescriptions, seahorses often are ground to a powder, which is applied directly to wounds or mixed with water or alcohol and then drank. Sometimes they are placed whole in alcohol or in a liquid medicine. More and more, though, seahorses are appearing in commercially produced pills. They are also used in "tonic foods", soups and other dishes considered semi-medicinal, like orange juice or chicken soup in the West. The result is a global trade exceeding 20 million fish a year and involving nearly 40 countries and regions. Of the approximately 35 seahorse types found around the world, Vincent says, "every single species is being exploited." How then to save the seahorse? 67. ______ She favors an approach in which "fishers don't lose, but the seahorses gain." A philosophy reflected in the locally-run conservation projects she has set up in Asia. Vincent coordinates a seahorse culturing program in Nha Trang, Vietnam, that is designed to decrease pressure on wild populations, and another in the fishing village of Handumon in the central Philippines, where some underwater "ranching" has begun. Handumon villagers have created a sanctuary and patrol it against poachers; they wait for pregnant male seahorses to give birth before they are caught and sold. The offspring are thus available to repeat the cycle. "We want there to be enough seahorses so that you can fish off a few without losing the entire species," Vincent says. "Captive breeding has got to be the way forward," says Garrick-Maidment, who in the spring of 1995 opened his aquarium in an old wharf building on the River Exe in Exeter, 275 km southwest of London. There, he has seen the birth of Hippocampus ramulosus seahorses, one of the two species that were found in European waters. Captive breeding, however, is difficult for commercial zoos and aquariums as well as for private collectors and hobbyists. Seahorses are finicky about their environment, prone to illness and can die in a matter of months. A critical factor is nutrition: their digestive system demand live food--and lots of it. Such breeding, which also requires precise scientific record-keeping, has met with limited success in some aquariums and zoos, notably in Berlin, Stuttgart and Amsterdam. 68. ______ The use of such remedies appears to be growing in the West, too, with increased interest in natural healing. How well these nostrums actually work and whether other ingredients could be substituted for seahorses have yet to be explored. Paul Pui-Hay, professor of the Department of Biology and the Chinese Medicinal Material Research Center at the Chinese University of Hong Kong studies endangered animals used in traditional medicine. It is important, he says, to find the balance between medical requirements and the need for wildlife protection. "With our joint efforts," he believes, "we would find a win-win situation" in which both threatened animals and sick humans could be saved. 69. ______ For creatures in such high demand, surprisingly little is known about seahorses. They have existed an estimated 40 million years and were credited with curative properties by Greek and Roman writers, as far back as 342 B.C. The animals range in size from the 10-to 20-mm H. minotaur recently discovered in Australia to the 300-mm H. igneus found in the Pacific. They are able to change color, chameleon-like, and to grow appendages to blend in with their surroundings. 70. ______ The male pregnancy brings a smile to the scientist's face. This strange biological behavior, Vincent says, appeals to her both as a scientist who started out studying sex differences, and "as a feminist." It also, she notes, stirs smiles among the Handumon fishermen's wives, who are struggling to bring up their many children. Garrick-Maidment surmises that the male pregnancy is a form of burden-sharing, and he expresses a real affection for his brood of several hundred adults and their offspring." They all seem to have characters," he smiles. "They're very individualistic, very unfishlike."These most unfishlike of fish are found all over the world in shallow waters around the Americas, Europe, the Persian Gulf countries, Africa, Asia and Australia. Only in Tasmania is it illegal to catch and sell seahorses without a permit. Even there enforcement is difficult. Says Rod Connolly, a marine ecologist at Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia: "The Asian waters either are being depleted or will shortly be depleted, so Australia ... will be easy pickings." With no accurate count of seahorse numbers, no one yet knows if there will come a time when scientists will call for limits on trade--or an outright ban on seahorse fishing.A. "There cannot be any single, prescribed answer", Vincent argues. Though seahorses are under siege, "they are not yet on the verge of extinction," so any ban on their fishing now would harm traditional livelihoods, and would be, she says, "pure and simple cultural imperialism."B. Their special qualities have made seahorses highly sought after--for everything from adorning exotic aquariums to providing ingredients for aphrodisiacs. The resulting pressure on their populations and habitats has, in turn, attracted attention from enthusiasts such as Neil Garrick-Maidment, a naturalist with a background in animal management. Garrick-Maidment obtained a second mortgage on his house to open the Seahorse Nature Aquarium in Exeter, England, Europe's only specially built seahorse research and conservation aquarium. And Amanda Vincent, an assistant professor of conservation biology at McGill University in Montreal, has spent thousands of hours underwater, studying seahorse behavior, qualifying her as the world's leading expert on the animals. On land, she has investigated the lucrative trade that has made them universally vulnerable. What she has found is that everywhere from the British Isles to Tasmania seahorses are wanted--dead or alive.C. For the time being, Vincent and her colleagues forge ahead on other fronts, including Project Seahorse, set up through the London Zoological Society to raise funds for--and awareness of--seahorse conservation.D. From their equine heads to their prehensile tails--which enable them to grip on to seaweed, coral and other objects--seahorses are unique among undersea creatures. Their dawn courtship rituals are long and colorful, often taking three mornings. The female visits the male's territory and, gripping the same bit of sea grass or coral, they circle around as if on a miniature merry-go-round. When they are ready to mate, they rise together through the water, face to face.E. To preserve seahorses in the wild, activists have begun to work with traditional medical practitioners. Judy Mills, East Asia director TRAFFC (Trade Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce), a monitoring group of the World Wild Fund for Nature and the World Conservation Union, met recently in Hong Kong with 500 practitioners to warn that "if we lose seahorses in the wild, they lose them from their pharmacopeia, One billion or more of the world's people depend in some respect on traditional Chinese medicine."F. Seahorses are caught mainly by subsistence fishing communities in Thailand, India, the Philippines and Vietnam, and often are the catchers' only source of income. As the fish live in relatively shallow water--in sea grass, mangroves and coral reefs--they are easy to catch and are often scooped up with other fish. Figures are inexact, but Vincent believes global demand is growing by up to 10% a year. In Hong Kong, a hub of the trade, seahorses are more valuable, by weight, than silver. The most desired specimen are "pale, large and smooth," according to Vincent, and can fetch ＄ 1200 per kg. But the huge demand for their medicinal use often means that immature seahorses and others considered of poor quality also are taken because even they can command ＄ 300 to ＄ 400 per kg. When the young are captured, killed and sold, the total population ultimately shrinks.

填空题Student life at American universities is chaotic during the first week of each quarter or semester. Registering for classes, becoming familiar with the buildings on campus, buying books, adding and dropping classes, and paying fees are confusing for everyone. 1 Participation in the classroom is not only accepted but also expected of the student in many courses. Some professors base part of the final grade on the student"s oral participation. Although there are formal lectures during which the student has a passive role (i. e., listening and taking notes), many courses are organized around classroom discussions, student questions, and informal lectures. 2 In the teaching of science and mathematics, the dominant mode of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes. However, new educational trends have emerged in the humanities and social sciences in the past two decades. Students in education, sociology, and psychology classes, for example, are often required to solve problems in groups, design projects, make presentations, and examine case studies. Since some college or university courses are "applied" rather than theoretical, they stress "doing". 3 Professors may establish social relationships with students outside of the classroom but in the classroom they maintain the instructor"s role. A professor may have coffee one day with students but the next day expect them to meet a deadline for the submission of a paper or to be prepared for a discussion or an exam. The professor may give extra attention outside of class to a student in need of help but probably will not treat him or her differently when it comes to evaluating school work. Professors have several roles in relation to students; they may be counselors and friends as well as teachers. Students must realize when a teacher"s role changes they must appropriately adapt their behavior and attitudes. 4 When research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take the initiative and to complete the assignment with minimal guidance. It is the student"s responsibility to find books, periodicals, and articles in the library. Professors expect students, particularly graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference sources in the library. 5 The university classroom in the U.S. manifests cultural values through professors and students" expectations and attitudes. Educational practices such as student participation indicate a respect for individual responsibility and independence. Alternative teaching methods show a cultural preference for innovation. The manner in which education is provided in any country reflects basic cultural and social beliefs of that country. A. A professor"s teaching style is another factor that determines the degree and type of student participation. Some professors prefer to control discussion while others prefer to guide the class without dominating it. Many professors encourage students to question and challenge their ideas. B. International students, accustomed to their countries" educational expectations, must adapt to new classroom norms in a foreign college or university. In some classrooms around the world students must obey their teacher"s commands and remain silent during a class period. In others, students may talk, eat, and smoke during lectures as well as criticize a teacher"s methods or contradict his or her statements. It is not always easy to understand a new educational system. C. There is considerable variety in university class rooms in the United States. Because of diverse teaching methods and non-standardized curricula, no two courses are identical. Nevertheless, there are shared features in American college and university classrooms despite the diversity of educational institutions of higher learning. D. Many instructors believe that an informal, relaxed classroom environment is helpful to learning and innovation. It is not uncommon for students to have friendly relationships with their professors. The casual professor is not necessarily a poor one and is still respected by students. However, no matter how casual professors would like to be, they still are in a position of authority. E. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students not be overly dependent on them (This differs from teacher-student relationships in other countries). If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during office hours or make an appointment. F. Many teachers believe that the responsibility for learning lies with the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or give an examination. The ideal student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for sake of learning, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with a brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible for learning the material assigned.

填空题We still do not know all of the reasons why babies are born sick or with major disabilities. But we do know (31) . One baby, maybe more, (32) of one hundred is born with a serious genetic problem. Gene therapy (33) a very real possibility of correcting many of these disorders. It could transform — indeed, it already has — lives that are doomed (34) the pain and anguish of chronic illness. But scientific advances can also generate misunderstanding and fear. The Salk polio vaccine, so closely identified (35) the March of Dimes, was one of the most important medical gains of our time. It was safe. It worked. But (36) earlier vaccine used "live" viruses that caused fatalities, researchers (37) to overcome public apprehension. Some critics are concerned that gene therapy will be abused create "super" humans. (38) are disturbed about possible disclosures of personally sensitive (39) history. Still, the public seems to be giving this new technology the benefit of the doubt. (40) recent survey conducted for the foundation revealed that eighty-nine (41) of Americans support gene therapy and favor continued research. Curiously, this (42) poll showed widespread public ignorance about this form of treatment. (43) the need for public education on a broad scale is self-evident. There is much yet for (44) scientists and laypeople to learn. The main thing is this: we cannot let our fears destroy our hopes. We cannot let myth and misinterpretation (45) us from seeking treatment for the thousands (46) suffer from genetic diseases. Let's continue to resolve the issues while moving (47) to intensify the research effort. (48) my own viewpoint, if genetic therapy can spare one mother the anguish of knowing that her newborn will suffer (49) its whole life — if it can help sick little girls get well enough to dance — can we afford (50) to make the effort?

填空题These days we are so accustomed to telegraph messages 1 it is hard for us to imagine the excitement that was felt in the nineteenth century when the first cables were laid, Cable 2 proved to be immensely difficult. The cable 3 was laid in the autumn of 1850 carried the first telegraph messages 4 England and France had a very short life. The day after, a fisherman "caught" the cable by mistake. Thinking that the copper wire at the centre of the thick cable was gold, he cut a piece 5 to show his friends. However, a new cable was put down and 6 news could travel quickly across Europe. But there was 7 to way of sending messages between Europe and America. When the Atlantic Telegraph Company was formed in 1856, a serious 8 was made to "join" Europe to America with no less 9 2,300 miles of cable. As 10 single ship could carry such a weight, the job was shared by two sailing vessels, the Agamemnon and the Niagara. The intention was 11 after setting out in opposite directions, they should 12 in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean 13 the two cables would be connected together. But the ships had 14 covered 300 miles when the cable broke. In 1858, a second attempt was made. This time, greatly hindered by storms, the ships were again unsuccessful. There was great rejoicing a few months later, when after the combined efforts of both ships, Britain and America were at last connected by cable and the Queen of England was able to speak 15 the President of the United States. This cable, 16 only lasted eleven weeks. 17 attempts were postponed until 1864 when Brunel"s steamship, the Great Eastern, set forth. This powerful ship did the whole job 18 itself, but again messages could not travel freely 19 the cable developed a fault. While it was being mended, it broke and 1,300 mile of it lay on the ocean floor. But two years later the Great Eastern completed a highly successful journey and 20 then it has become possible to send messages to all parts of the world.

填空题TheEndlessForestwasfirstdevelopedbyAurieaHarveyandMichaelSamynin______.

填空题Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations, (1) to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect educational achievement. The survey of 643 children and adults, aged from pre-school to 40-plus, also suggests (2) pen-holding techniques have deteriorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far (3) attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style. Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher (4) findings have been published, was inspired to investigate this area (5) she noticed that those pupils who had the most trouble with spelling (6) had a poor pen grip. While Ms. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link (7) penholding style and accuracy in spelling, she (8) find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite (9) between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing. People who (10) their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics (11) inhibit learning, (12) as poor posture, leaning too (13) to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen (14) than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure (15) is being written). Ms.Thomas believes that the (16) between older and younger writers is (17) too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow (18) . She attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between (19) groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year-olds showed a huge range of grips, (20) the over 40s group all had a uniform 'tripod' grip./

填空题Thecomputerbringsboththebenefitsanddangers.Thespeakermeansdangerto______well-beingofthepeoplewhoareatcomputerterminals.

填空题Allthescientistsmentionedinthetalkhavehelpedusalotin______.

填空题A subtle distinction in the way women are singled outby the language is evident in the way that the same personality (52) ______trait is characterized approvingly for one sex and denigratedfor the other. However, if a man is aggressive, he is considered (53) ______a go-getter, a serf-starter, while a woman is considered pushyor a castrating bitch. If a woman consistently agrees to her (54) ______boss, she will be thought bright, a man will be called a yes-man (55) ______or an ass-licker. Many of these discrepancies involve in words that deal directly (56) ______or indirectly in women's sexuality. In fact, one linguist has (57) ______even made the case "lady" is used as a euphemism for (58) ______"woman," in that "woman'' implies at sexuality, while "lady" (59) ______is desexed. Certainly, "woman" is a word that can imply thepresence not only of sex, but also of power, which "lady" cannot.A lady doctor or Ladies' Lib would simply be incongruous.Although women are used harshly by language, they are not intheir own turn allowed to using harsh language. Women' s language (60) ______in English, at least according to stereotype, does not containswear words. Robin Lakoff distinguished another character (61) ______of women's speech, the tag-form sentence: a statement of factundercut by a final question. "We are going tomorrow, aren't we?""This is a terrific play, isn't it?" Even when a woman is assertive,she often shows token of apparent passivity, as ff all her assertionswere only tentative.

填空题Besidesthefunctionsasavitalentertainmentmedium,whatelsecanpeopleuseaTVas?

填空题Whatarethebiggestfour-leggedanimalslivingonland?

填空题A = Hydro power B = Nuclear power C = Solar power D = Wind power Which power (power's)... · was developed to provide electricity for satellites at the beginning? (71) · can promote tourism development? (72) · may give off dangerous radioactive pollution into the air? (73) · may affect the downstream water quality and have an impact on plant life? (74) · stations can increase to full power very quickly? (75) · produces small amounts of waste? (76) · is a good method of supplying energy to remote areas? (77) · provides around 20% of the world's electricity? (78) · can be used to heat your water at home instead of so much gas or electricity? (79) · is not renewable? (80) A Hydro power Introduction We have used running water as an energy source for thousands of years, mainly to grind corn. The first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectricity was Cragside House, in Northumberland, England, in 1878. In 1882 on the Fox River, in the USA, hydroelectricity produced enough power to light two paper mills and a house. Nowadays there are many hydro-electric power stations, providing around 20% of the world's electricity. The name comes from "hydro", the Greek word for water. How it works A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake. Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to turn turbines and thus drive generators. Advantages Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free. No waste or pollution produced. Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power. Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand. Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other power stations. Disadvantages The dams are very expensive to build. Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream, causing problems for animals that used to live there. Finding a suitable site can be difficult—the impact on residents and the environment may be unacceptable. Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected, which can have an impact on plant life. Is it renewable? Hydro-electric power is renewable. The Sun provides the water by evaporation from the sea, and will keep on doing so. B Nuclear power Introduction Nuclear power is generated using Uranium, which is a metal mined in various parts of the world. The first large-scale nuclear power station opened at Calder Hall in Cambria, England, in 1956. Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plants for engines. How it works Nuclear power stations work in pretty much the same way as fossil fuel-burning stations, except that a "chain reaction" inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead. The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel, and the heat is generated by nuclear fission. Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat. Carbon dioxide gas is pumped through the reactor to take the heat away, and the hot gas then heats water to make steam. Advantages Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it's not expensive to make. Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel. Produces small amounts of waste. Disadvantages Although not much waste is produced, it is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Nuclear power is reliable, but a lot of money has to be spent on safety. Is it renewable? Nuclear energy from Uranium is not renewable. Once we've dug up all the Earth's uranium and used it, there isn't any more. C Solar power Introduction We've used the Sun for drying clothes and food for thousands of years, but only recently have we been able to use it for generating power. The Sun is 150 million kilometers away, and amazingly powerful. Just the tiny fraction of the Sun's energy that hits the Earth (around a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet all our power needs many times over. How it works There are three main ways that we use the Sun's energy: Solar Cells (really called "photovoltaic" or "photoelectric" cells) that convert light directly into electricity. In a sunny climate, you can get enough power to run a 100W light bulb from just one square meter of solar panel. This was originally developed in order to provide electricity for satellites, but these days many of us own calculators powered by solar cells. Solar water heating, where heat from the Sun is used to heat water in glass panels on your roof. This means you don't need to use so much gas or electricity to heat your water at home. Solar Furnaces use a huge array of mirrors to concentrate the Sun's energy into a small space and produce very high temperatures. Advantages Solar energy is free—it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution. In sunny countries, solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get electricity to a remote place. Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery chargers. Disadvantages Doesn't work at night. Very expensive to build solar power stations. Solar cells cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity they'll produce in their lifetime. Can be unreliable unless you're in a very sunny climate. Is it renewable? Solar power is renewable. The Sun will keep on shining anyway, so it makes sense to use it. D Wind power Introduction We've used the wind as an energy source for a long time. The Babylonians and Chinese were using wind power to pump water for irrigating crops 4,000 years ago, and sailing boats were around long before that. Wind power was used in the Middle Ages, in Europe, to grind corn, which is where the term "windmill" comes from. How it works The Sun heats our atmosphere unevenly, so some patches become warmer than others. These warm patches of air rise, other air blows in to replace them—and we feel a wind blowing. We can use the energy in the wind by building a tall tower, with a large propeller on the top. The wind blows the propeller round, which turns a generator to produce electricity. The more towers, the more wind, and the larger the propellers, the more electricity we can make. Advantages Wind is free, wind farms need no fuel. Produces no waste or greenhouse gases. The land beneath can usually still be used for farming. Wind farms can be tourist attractions. A good method of supplying energy to remote areas. Disadvantages The wind is not always predictable—some days have no Wind. Suitable areas for wind farms are often near the coast, where land is expensive. Can kill birds—migrating flocks tend to like strong winds. Can affect television reception if you live nearby. Is it renewable? Wind power is renewable. Winds will keep on blowing; it makes sense to use them.

填空题·states that a rise in output does not reduce unemployment?

填空题Grown-ups, as any child will tell you, are monstrous hypocrites, especially when it comes to television. It is to take their minds off their own telly-addiction that adults are so keen to hear and talk about the latest report on the effects of programs on children. Surely all that nonsense they watch must be desensitizing them, making them vicious, shallow, acquisitive, less responsible and generally sloppy about life and death. But no, not a scrap of convincing evidence from the sociologists and experts in the psyches of children. For many years now parents, teachers and newspaper editors have been disappointed by the various studies, and sociologists are beginning to fall into disrepute for failing to come up with the desired results. The latest report, "Popular TV and Schoolchildren", perhaps more attuned to the authoritarian times in which we live, assumes greater moral leadership and hands out laurels and wooden spoons to TV shows and asserts, as educators should, the importance of having values. The kids, on the other hand, will no be switching off Kenny Everett now they have been told how sexist and trivial he is. (As if they didn't know!)67. ______. The nation has lived with the box for more than 30 years now and has passed from total infatuation-- revived temporarily by the advent of colour--to the present casual obsession which is not unlike that of the well-adjusted alcoholic. And now tile important and pleasant truth is breaking, to the horror of program makers and their detractors alike, that television really does not 'affect much at all.68. ______. And if TV imparts little bad, there is no reason to think it does much good either. It has failed spectacularly to make our children more callous and violent, and it has failed by way of "Jackanory" or "Blue Peter" to forge a young nation of origami adepts, or dog handlers or builders of lawn mowers out of coat hangers and wire corks. Television turns out to be no great transformer of minds or society. We are not, en masse, as it was once predicted we would be, fantastically well-informed about other cultures or about the origins of life on earth. People do not remember much from television documentary beyond how good it was.69. ______. Documentaries are not what most people want to watch anyway. Television is at its most popular when it celebrates its own present. Its ideal subjects are those that need not be remembered and can be instantly replaced, where what matters most is what is happening now and what is going to happen next. Sport, news, panel games, cop shows, long-running soap operas, situation comedies--these occupy us only for as long as they are on.70. ______. The box is further neutralized by the sheer quantity people watch. The more of it you see, the less any single bit of it matters. Of course, some programs are infinitely better than others. There are gifted people working in television. But seen from a remoter perspective--say, four hours a night viewing for three months--the quality of individual programs means as much as the quality of each car in the rush- hour traffic. For the heavy viewer, TV has only two meaningful states--on and off. What are the kids doing? Watching TV. No need to ask what, the answer is sufficient. Soon, I'll go up there and turn it off. Like a light bulb it will go out and the children will do something else. It appears that the nation's children spend more time in front of their TVs than in the classroom. Their heads are full of TV--but that's all, just TV. The Kojak violence they witness is TV violence, sufficient to itself. It does not brutalize them to the point where they cannot grieve the loss of a pet, or be shocked at some minor playground violence. Children, like everyone else, know the difference between TV and life. TV knows its place. It imparts nothing but itself; it has its own rules, its own language, its own priorities.71. ______. Whatever the TV/video industry might now say, television will never have the impact on civilization that the invention of the written word has had. The book--this little hinged thing--is cheap, portable, virtually unbreakable, endlessly reusable, has instant replay facilities and in slow motion if you want it, needs no power lines, batteries or aerials, works in planes and train tunnels, can be stored indefinitely without much deterioration. A. Only those who knew something about the subject in the first place retain the information. B. Nor, I suspect, will they have become more sexist and trivial themselves from watching him. C. This is tough on those diligent professionals who produce excellent work; but since--as everyone agrees--awful programs far outnumber the good, it is a relief to know the former cannot do much harm. Television cannot even make impressionable children less pleasant. D. It is less amenable to censorship and centralized control, can be written and manufactured by relatively unprivileged individuals or groups, and--most sophisticated of all--dozens of different ones can be going at the same time, in the same room without a sound. E. It is because this little glowing, chattering screen barely resembles life at all that it remains so usefully ineffectual. To stare at a brick wall would waste time in a similar way. The difference is that the brick wall would let you know you were wasting your time. F. However good or bad it is, a night's viewing is wonderfully forgettable. It's a little sleep, it's entertainment; our morals, and for that matter, our brutality, remain intact.