填空题 Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations,{{U}} (31) {{/U}}to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect educational achievement. The survey of 643 children and adults, aged from pre-school to do-plus, also suggests{{U}} (32) {{/U}}pen-holding techniques have deteriorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far{{U}} (33) {{/U}}attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style. Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher{{U}} (34) {{/U}}findings have been published, was inspired to investigate this area{{U}} (35) {{/U}}she noticed that those pupils who had the most trouble with spelling{{U}} (36) {{/U}}had a poor pen grip. While Ms. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link{{U}} (37) {{/U}}pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling, she{{U}} (38) {{/U}}find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite{{U}} (39) {{/U}}between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing. People who{{U}} (40) {{/U}}their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics{{U}} (41) {{/U}}, inhibit learning,{{U}} (42) {{/U}}as poor posture, leaning too{{U}} (43) {{/U}}to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen{{U}} (44) {{/U}}than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure{{U}} (45) {{/U}}is being written). Ms. Thomas believes that the{{U}} (46) {{/U}}between older and younger writers is{{U}} (47) {{/U}}too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow{{U}} (48) {{/U}}. She attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between{{U}} (49) {{/U}}groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year-olds showed a huge range of grips,{{U}} (50) {{/U}}the over dos group all had a uniform 'tripod' grip."

填空题 Authorities and experts in Nanjing, capital of East China's Jiangsu Province, are calling for more attention to the sexual needs of migrant workers due {{U}}(31) {{/U}} an increase in the number of rape cases. In one case, a 33-year-old married migrant worker was {{U}}(32) {{/U}} to 20 years in prison last week by the city's Jiangning District People's Court for {{U}}(33) {{/U}} four women. Luo Shuang, from a village outside the district, was quoted {{U}}(34) {{/U}} local newspaper Nanjiug Daily as saying that he felt pained by his sexual {{U}}(35) {{/U}} and regretted the crimes he conducted. Luo even asked {{U}}(36) {{/U}} to give him the death penalty out of shame. "Luo is a typical {{U}}(37) {{/U}} of how a migrant worker can go off the rails due to sexual frustration. This tragedy definitely {{U}}(38) {{/U}} widespread attention, because it keeps happening {{U}}(39) {{/U}}," said Yin Jinfu, vice-dean of the Public Prosecution Department of the Nanjing Municipal Procuratorial Department. Statistics from procuratorial bureaus in four major districts in Nanjing {{U}}(40) {{/U}} 78 cases of rape were reported involving migrant workers {{U}}(41) {{/U}} 2004 and 2005, accounting for 48 per cent of all rape cases in the districts in the period. The youngest migrant worker rapist was only 16, while the {{U}}(42) {{/U}} were aged around 25. Rape by migrant workers has been on the {{U}}(43) {{/U}} in recent years, according to He Gal, head of the Publicity Department of the People's Procuratorial Bureau in Jiangning District. "Now is the time for society to work together and 16ut a stop to this {{U}}(44) {{/U}} crime," he said. Nanjing has a reported 1 million long-term migrant workers, and a survey {{U}}(45) {{/U}} by students from a local university this May showed that most migrant workers described their lack of sex while working in the city as" {{U}}(46) {{/U}}". Wu Yiming, dean of the Sociology Department of Nanjing Normal University, said ignoring {{U}}(47) {{/U}} sexual needs of migrant workers, most of whom are male, will lead to physical and {{U}}(48) {{/U}} problems. "Migrant workers are first and foremost {{U}}(49) {{/U}} beings with normal sexual needs. Society cannot ask them to adhere to laws and regulations {{U}}(50) {{/U}} suppressing and ignoring their natural demands," said Wu.

填空题A = NewspapersA. B = NewspapersB. C = NewspapersC. Which medium... ※ Possibly has 48 or even 200 pages a day . 1 ※ Has no censorship of press. 2 ※ Has Le monde in French. 3 ※ Has the most voracious readers in the world. 4 ※ Has the Daily Express, the Daily Mail and 5 the Daily Mirror and the Sun. ※ Is an organ of the Communists. 6 ※ Carries the "Letter to the Editor". 7 ※ Once courageously exposed the Watergate Affair. 8 ※ Has extremely high quality papers with widely 9 quoted views all over the world. NewspapersA. No country in the world has more daily newspapers than the USA. There are almost 2,000 of them, as compared with 180 in Japan, 164 in Argentina and 1 1 1 in Britain. The quality of some American papers is extremely high and their views are quoted all over the world. Distinguished dailies like the Washington Post or the New York Times exert a powerful influence all over the country. However the Post and the Times are not national newspapers in the sense that The Times is in Britain or Le Monde is in France, since each American city has its own daily newspaper. The best of these present detailed accounts of national and international news, but many tend to limit themselves to state or city news. Like the press in most other countries, American newspapers range from the "sensational", which feature crime, sex and gossip, to the serious, which focus on factual news and the analysis of world events. But with few exceptions American newspapers try to entertain as well as give information, for they have to compete with the lure of television. Just as American newspapers cater for all tastes, so do they also try and appeal to readers of all political persuasions. A few newspapers support extremist groups on the far right and on the far left, but most daily newspapers attempt to attract middle-of-the-road. Americans who are essentially moderate. Many of these papers print columns by well-known journalists of differing political and social views, in order to present a balanced picture. As in other democratic countries American newspapers can be either responsible or irresponsible, but it is generally accepted that the American press serves its country well and that it has more than once courageously exposed political scandals or crimes, for instance, the Watergate Affair. The newspapers drew the attention of the public to the horrors of the Vietnam War. NewspapersB. The major agency for distributing information to the public is the newspaper. Every major city has two, three, or four general newspapers, and even the smallest towns and cities are likely to have at least one local paper. In addition to the general newspapers, there are likely to be in large cities which have large numbers of foreign-born citizens, newspapers which are printed in the native languages of these citizens. It is not surprising to get on a bus or street car in an American city and find a person there reading a newspaper in Italian or German or Polish. In addition to the foreign language newspapers, there are also newspapers published by groups with special interests. This group includes the religious newspapers, the trade and business papers, and the political journals. On a normal day, an American paper is likely to have 48 or more pages, and on Sundays the number of pages may be nearly 200. This size is accounted for in two main ways. First, a newspaper carries items of interest to everyone—young people and old people, businessmen and workers, buyers and sellers. Second, the selling price is not enough to pay for producing the paper. In order to earn additional money, newspapers sell advertising space to private citizens and business firms, and a large part of the paper is taken up by advertisements. This combination of items of interest to everyone and a large number of advertisements accounts for the size of the paper. The first section of a newspaper is devoted to general news, editorials, and the columns which give interpretations of the news. In this section are the stories of national and international interest. In the editorial section the publishers of the paper present their view of the news. The editorial section also carries the "Letters to the Editor." These are letters from readers who have views to express on the news, the government, or the policy of the newspaper itself. Among other sections of the paper there would be a section of local news, that is, news of special interest to the readers living in the community where the paper is published. There would be a feature section carrying items of special interst to women, social news, children"s items, and other special articles. There is always asports section. The final section might be devoted to financial and business news, classified advertisements, and the comic strips. In addition to newspapers as agencies of public information, there are weekly news magazines which are nationally and sometimes internationally circulated. Like the newspapers, they are privately owned and privately controlled, and they depend on advertising for a large part of their income. The best known of these weekly publications are Time, Newsweek-, and U. S. News and World Report. The weeklies Life and Look, which present their stories largely through pictures, are also widely circulated. NewspapersC. The British are the most voracious newspaper reader"s in the world. They read newspapers at breakfast; they walk to the bus reading a newspaper; they read a newspaper on the bus, as they go to work; and on the way back home, after work, they are engrossed in an evening newspaper. There are many morning papers", both national and provincial. The most famous is The Times. Contrary to what many foreigners believe, this is not a government newspaper. The various newspapers usually have their own views on polities, but they are not organs of the political parties, with the exception of the Communist Morning Star. The labour Party and the Trades Union Congress no longer have a daily newspaper to represent them. Bold headlines and a variety of photographs are features of the British press. Some newspapers, such as the sober Daily Telegraph and The Times(which belong to the "quality" press, ) use photographs sparingly. The more "popular" newspapers, using the small or "tabloid" format, such as th Daily Express, the Daily Mail, the Daily Mirror and the Sun, use pictures extensively and also run stripcartoons and humorous drawings, some of which present striking pictorial comment on politics. Besides offering features common to newspapers all over the world. British newspapers specialize in pages devoted to criticism of the arts and a woman"s page. One feature found in many foreign newspapers is missing in British papers: the serial. Nearly all papers pay special attention to the reporting of sport and athletics. The evening newspapers(the first editions of which appear in the morning! )are often bought because the purchaser wants to know the winner of a race, or to get a good tip for a race that is still to be run. There is no censorship of the press in Britain(except in wartime., though of course all newspapers—like private persons—are responsible for what they pbulish, and can be used for libel for publishing articles that go beyond the bounds of decency, or for "contempt of court" (e. g. calling a man a murderer while he is still being tried.. Such lawsuits are infrequent.

填空题One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic (31) in stores, restaurants, and hotels, (32) home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services (33) as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making (34) possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch (35) is open. For many of us the "cashless society" is not (36) the horizon--it's already here. While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for (37) too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than (38) ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and (39) whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods (40) showing which (41) are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or (42) goods to suppliers can then be made. Computers are relied (43) by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to (44) which products to emphasize now, (45) to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods (46) stock, of raw materials on (47) , and even of the production process (48) Numerous (49) commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of (50) .

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填空题A = Nathaniel Hawthorne B = Galph Waldo Emerson C = Henry David Thoreau D = Herman Melville Who... ※ kept a journal throughout his life. 72. ______ ※ had Nathaniel Hawthorne as his neighbor. 73. ______ ※ met Wordsworth when on a tour of Europe. 74. ______ ※ wrote as a moralist. 75. ______ ※ was born where many of the literary figures 76. ______ of the 19th century lived. ※ completed a novelette just before his death. 77. ______ ※ was concerned with the abolition of slavery. 78. ______ ※ worked as a customs inspector in New York. 79. ______ ※ his "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" is a study of 80. ______ right and wrong in human Conduct. ※ thought a minimum of material kept men 81. ______ closer to nature. Nathaniel Hawthorne Hawthorne was imbued with an inquiring imagination, an intensely meditative mind, and an unceasing interest in the ambiguity of man's being. He was an anatomist of "the interior of the heart," conscious of the loneliness of man in the universe, of the darkness that enshrouds all joy,and of the need of man to look into his own soul. In both his novels and his short stories, Hawthorne wrote essentially as a moralist. He was interested in what happened in the minds and hearts of men and women when they knew they had done wrong. He focused his examination on the moral and psychological consequences that manifested themselves in human beings as a result of their vanity, their hatred, their egotism, their ambition, and their pride. He was intrigued by the way they felt and the way they acted when they knew they had done wrong. In "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment," Hawthorne illustrates several sides of his writing: his disenchanted view of human nature, his use of symbolism, and his interest in the supernatural. In addition, the story treats one of the new nineteenth century ideas that concerned Hawthorne: scientific experiment. The story itself is a stimulating and rewarding study of right and wrong in human conduct. Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson was born in Boston, where his father was a Unitarian clergyman, as six generations of Emersons had been before him. While a student at Harvard he began keeping journals—records of his thoughts — a practice he continued throughout his life. He later drew on the journals for material for his essays and poetry. After graduating, he ran a school for young ladies for a time, but eventually he returned to Harvard to study for the ministry. Following his second graduation he served as pastor of a church for a few years, but finally resigned his position because he had doubts about the beliefs of the church. In 1832 Emerson toured Europe, meeting such major English poets as Wordsworth, Carlyle, and Coleridge. Through his acquaintance with these men he became closely involved with German idealism and Transcendentalism. Returning to Boston, he devoted most of his time to lecturing. An address that he delivered at the Harvard Divinity School in 1838 in which he attacked formal religion and defended intuitive spiritual experience aroused such an adverse reaction that he was not invited back to Harvard for 30 years. Emerson was concerned with many reform movements, among them the abolition of slavery. In 1840 he joined with other Transcendentalists in an attempt to spread ideas through publication of a small magazine named The Dial. Henry David Thoreau Thoreau(1817—1862) was born in Concord, a village near Boston where many of the literary figures of the 19th century, including Emerson, lived. After graduating from Harvard and teaching school for a few years, Thoreau went to live with Emerson both to study with him and to work as a handyman. Later in his life he traveled a little, but in general Thoreau stayed near his home. He had a strong attachment to his family, and he preferred to travel vicariously through books. The trips he did take were often camping trips, for he enjoyed the outdoors and was skillful woodsman. Through his writing Thoreau wanted to illustrate that the pursuit of material things had no value. He desired a life of contemplation, of being in harmony with nature, and of acting on his own principles. His study of Eastern religions contributed to his desire for a simple life, while his reaction against such Yankee pragmatists as Benjamin Franklin is also apparent. Both Franklin and Thoreau advocated thrift and hard work, but while Franklin expected the frugal to get richer and richer, Thoreau thought physical labor and a minimum of material goods made men more sensitive and kept them closer to nature. Herman Melville In 1841 Melville went to the South Seas on a whaling ship, where he gained the information about whaling that he later used in Moby-Dick. After jumping ship in teh Marquesa Islands, he and a friend were captured by some of the islanders. They lived with these people for a month, then escaped on an Australian ship, deserting the latter in Tahiti, where they worked for a time as field laborers. Melville finally returned to the United States as a seaman on an American ship. These experiences provided material for his first and most popular books, which are primarily adventure stories. In 1850 Melville moved to a farm in Massachusetts where Nathaniel Hawthorne was his neighbor. The latter soon became a confidant with whom Melville often discussed his work. As he changed from writing adventure stories to philosophical and symbolic works, Melville's popularity began to wane. From the writing of complex novels such as Mob? Dick, Pierre and The Confidence Man, Melville turned to writing poetry. But unable to support himself by his writing, he secured a political appointment as a customs inspector ill New York. When he retired from that job, after 20 years, he wrote the novelette, Billy Budd, completing it just before his death, it was not until the i920s that his work again came to the attention of literary scholars anti the public. His reputation now rests not only on his rich, poetic prose, but also on his philosophy and his effective use of symbolism.

填空题 Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}research the relation {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}rewards often destroy creativity {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}encouraging depend ence {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}approval and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}in grade-school children, suggesting {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they're working for a {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}and can focus {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity", says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}performance or creating too {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}anticipation for re wards. " A teacher {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}continually draws attention to rewards or who hands {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}high grades for ordinary achievement ends up {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}discouraged students, Eisenberger holds. {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}. In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

填空题Among gay men who surf the World Wide Web, over one-third are using cyberspace to look for casual sexual encounters, according to a survey conducted by researchers in the U. K.. And many of these encounters involve acts that put individuals at risk for infection with HIV. "Access is almost universal and a substantial proportion are using the Internet to meet a sexual partner," noted the study"s lead author Dr. Jonathan Elford. "So the question is: does the Internet represent a new net risk environment?" 1 Most of the men were white, well-educated, employed and relatively young. The men were asked about their HIV status, recent sexual histories, and whether they had access to the Internet at home or at work. 2 Overall, those surfing the Web said they did so more often to find sex than to look for information concerning safer sex, health services, HIV treatment or testing, or recreational drugs and steroids. 3 Among HIV-positive men with internet access, over 45% reported having unprotected anal intercourse at some point in the prior 3 months. Among HIV-negative men with Web access, over one-third reported engaging in unprotected anal intercourse. 4 For HIV-negative men, unprotected sex was more likely to take place with casual partners whose HIV status was unknown. HIV-positive men were more likely to engage in unprotected sex with partners who were also HIV positive, perhaps indicating that the Internet is being used as a new resource for making such specific connections. 5 Elford told Reuters Health that the Internet—as a relatively new phenomenon—adds a new psychological dimension to the reasoning by which people might consciously choose to engage in risky behavior. "It"s the nature of the virtual encounter," he said. "When you"re on the Internet you might reinvent yourself as someone who takes greater risks than you actually do. And if you actually go and meet somebody you remain in that role, and you see that through in a sexual encounter." A. Over 80% of those questioned reported having Internet access, and almost 35% these men said they went online to seek a sexual partner, the majority reporting they did so more than once. B. The researchers were not able to determine whether the men had engaged in unprotected anal intercourse with a partner they met on or off line. However, Elford and his team noted that seeking sex on the Internet was generally associated with high-risk sexual behavior. C. Elford and his team, reporting in the current issue of the journal AIDS, note that, ethnicity employment, education, and whether or not any of the men had ever been paid for sex did not play a role in whether or not Internet users sought sexual encounters online. D. Once you have graduated from a Parlo course, you might consider tapping into the Internet"s extensive menu of international radio stations as a way of keeping your skills current. Search for talk shows, news programs or music in the language of your choice at radio-locator, Radio Tower Com. or other Net radio portals. E. Studies are looking at whether a similar connection between seeking sex on the Internet and engaging in high-risk behavior also exists among heterosexuals. So far, findings are not available. F. Between January and February 2000, Elford and his colleagues at the University College Medical School at University College London, UK, surveyed almost 750 HIV-positive and HIV-negative gay men at six gyms in central London.

填空题Earthquakes can be devastating (31) disasters. The infamous San Francisco earthquake of 1906 caused over $ 200 million worth of damage, (32) almost 30,000 buildings, and (33) about 450 persons. In Japan, the cities of Tokyo and Yokohama were leveled by the earthquake of 1923 in which more than 140, 000 persons were killed by falling buildings and fires, and over a million people were left (34) —all in 30 seconds. Hundreds (35) earthquakes occur every year (36) the world. Fortunate-ly, (37) are as destructive as those described above. The development of (38) accurate system for predicting earthquakes would (39) the loss of life and (40) , but at present scientists can only study these phenomena. The study of earthquakes is called seismology. Seismographs, instruments sensitive (41) ground movement, are used to chart each motion, and the Richter Scale is commonly used to grade each earthquake's strength (42) a 1 to 10 scale. It is now known that earthquakes are created by sudden shifts that occur along faults deep in the earth's crust. (43) to the Theory of Continental Drift, the earth's crust consists (44) about twenty rigid sections, (45) plates that are in continuous (46) . This movement grinds and presses rock at the edge of the plates. (47) the pressure becomes too great, the rocks shift, and the resulting movement sends energy, or seismic waves, to the (48) of the earth. Most major earthquakes occur along the edge of the (49) , and the most damaging impact occurs at the first surface-point reached (50) the seismic waves.

填空题WhatkindofoverviewdoesthebookintendtogiveaboutAmericansociety?

填空题 You will hear a talk. As you listen ,you must answer Questions 21～30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREEwords. You will hear the talk TWICE.

填空题·was most popular in World War Ⅱ?

填空题Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from (31) praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, (32) research the relation (33) actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain (34) rewards often destroy creativity (35) encouraging dependence (36) approval and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially (37) educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks (38) in grade-school children, suggesting (39) properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, (40) to a study in the June issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they're working for a (41) and can focus (42) a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for (43) performance or creating too (44) anticipation for rewards. " A teacher (45) continually draws attention to rewards or who hands (46) high grades for ordinary achievement ends up (47) discouraged students, Eisenberger holds. (48) an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing (49) . In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in (50) students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

填空题"Down-to-earth" means someone or something that is honest, realistic and easy to deal with. It is a pleasure to find 1 who is down-to-earth. A person who is down-to-earth is easy to talk 2 and accepts other people as equals. A down-to-earth person is just the 3 of someone who acts important or proud. Down-to-earth persons may be 4 members of society, of course. But they do not let their importance " 5 to their heads". They do not consider themselves to be better persons than 6 of less importance. Someone who is filled with his own importance and pride, 7 without cause, is said to have "his nose in the air". There is 8 way a person with his nose in the air can be down-to-earth. Americans 9 another expression that means almost the same as "down-to-earth". The expression is "both-feet-on-the-ground". Someone 10 both-feet-on-the-ground is a person with a good understanding 11 reality. He has what is called "common sense," he may have dreams, 12 he does not allow them to block his knowledge of 13 is real. The opposite kind of 14 is one who has his "head-in-the-clouds". A man with his head-in-the-clouds is a dreamer 15 mind is not in the real world. 16 , such a dreamer can be brought back to earth. Sharp words from teacher can usually 17 a day-dreaming student down-to-earth. Usually, the person who is down-to-earth is very 18 to have both feet on the ground. 19 we have both our feet on the ground, when we are down-to-earth, we act honestly and openly 20 others. Our lives are like the ground below us, solid and strong.

填空题Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with one suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Between 1852, when {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}was first established that Mount Everest was the highest mountain on earth, and 1953, when Edmund Hillary, and Tenzing Norgay finally reached the peak's summit, it was every mountaineer's dream to become the first person standing on the world's {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}point. And George Mallory was one of the most tenacious early contenders. Mallory was introduced {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}rock climbing while studying at Winchester College. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}completed his studies, he settled into a career {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}a teacher at Charterhouse School, and continued to pursue his passion {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}climbing in his spare time. Mallory's {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}trip to Everest was a reconnaissance mission in 1921 {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}aimed to produce the first accurate maps of the region. Two {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}visits to the mountain followed. Then, on 8 June 1924, {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}his third attempt to reach the summit, Mallory and his partner, Andrew Irvine, disappeared. Several expeditions subsequently attempted to find the pair, and Mallory's {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}was finally discovered in May, 1999, at 8,169 metres, 600 metres {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}the summit, {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}with various items of equipment, including handwritten letters to his wife, a pocket knife, an oxygen bottle and his goggles, {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}were later donated to the Royal Geographical Society {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}Mallory's family. There is still considerable debate as to {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}Mallory reached Everest's summit. The {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}that his goggles were found in his pocket has led some to suggest that he was on his way down the mountain {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}he fell. Had he been ascending in daylight, he would have been wearing the goggles to {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}snow-blindness, and given what is known of the pair's climbing schedule, if it were {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}when they fell, they must have been on their way back down.

填空题A=BOOK 1 B=BOOK 2 C=BOOK 3 D=BOOK 4 Which book(s) say(s) that... · the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development? 71. ______ · environmental control is related with the national revenue? 72. ______ · the environmental problems are not caused overnight? 73. ______ · a variety of species are on the decrease? 74. ______ · agriculture is also a factor for the degradation of environment? 75. ______ · pollution can he controlled by increasing the production cost of polluting goods? 76. ______ · pollution control needs the support of technology and techniques? 77. ______78. ______ · the degradation of environment causes the change of climate? 79. ______ · the approaches to research should be adjusted to the changing situation? 80. ______ A BOOK 1 The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for climatic change as we move into the twenty-first century. It assesses the impact of potential future global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for economic development. The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental constraints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural research systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability. The third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part examine the effect of climate change on production, trade, land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries and between different social classes within the developing world, where agriculture remains a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy. B BOOK 2 The ozone layer is threatened by chemical emissions, the climate is endangered from fossil fuels and deforestation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environmental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years' and many countries' economic development. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development processes together — this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world's countries cooperate successfully to manage global development? How should they manage it? Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems? This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking: the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evolution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by looking at how and why specific negotiations and agreements have failed to achieve their targets. The book is designed as an introductory text for those studying global environmental policy making and institution building. It will also be of interest to practitioners and policy makers and scholars in the areas of environmental economics and law. C BOOK 3 Industrialization to achieve economic development has resulted in global environmental degradation. While the impacts of industrial activity on the natural environment are a major concern in developed countries, much less is known about these impacts in developing countries. This source book identifies and quantifies the environmental consequences of industrial growth, and provides policy advice, including the use of clean technologies and environmentally sound production techniques, with special reference to the developing world. The developing world is often seen as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. This, combined with a substantial agricultural sector, which contributes to deforestation, the erosion of the top soil and desertification, has led to extreme pressures on the environment and impoverishes the population by destroying its natural resource base. This crisis suggests that sound industrialization policies are of paramount importance in developing countries' economic development, and calls for the management of natural resources and the adoption of low-waste or environmentally clean technologies. The authors consider the industrial sector as a pollutant vis-a-vis other sectors of the economy, and then focus on some industry-specific pollutants within the manufacturing sector and some process-specific industrial pollutants. They conclude by reviewing the economic implications of promoting environmentally sound industrial development, specifically addressing the question of the conflict or complementarity which may exist between environmental goods and industrial production. D BOOK 4 This is an important book which presents new concepts of the marginal cost of substituting non-pollutive for pollutive goods. Technical in its approach, it complements the other literature in the field and will be a significant contribution to the understanding of microeconomic issues in pollution control. The book focuses on three main concepts: substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoidance. The first part considers the adjustment of the scope and combination of goods produced as a method for controlling pollution. The author argues that pollution is controlled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the production process; thereby reducing demand and subsequent production of the goods. In the second part, the discussion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models: first, pollution prevention when non-polluting inputs and processes are substituted for pollutants; second, when a proportion of the polluting output is recycled rather than being discarded; and finally end-of-pipe abatement where additional technology is used. In conclusion the author assesses the extent to which pollution damage is controlled by avoidance of emissions, with avoidance being modeled as an add-on technology with its own returns to scale.

填空题 Our demand for electricity is climbing so fast that over the next decade U.S. generating capacity must increase by a third. Fossil fuels supply nearly three-quarters of this energy. But the smoke-belching stacks of coal-fired, gas-fired and oil-fired plants are also responsible for about half of our air pollution. That, we used to think, is a small price to pay for progress. But there is an alternative, one that produces no smoke and can actually create more fuel than it consumes. In many regions it is even cheaper than coal-fired electricity: nuclear power. Already nuclear power is the second largest source of our electricity, and a new family of "failsafe" nuclear reactors — some now under construction in Japan — may one day make nuclear power even cheaper and more plentiful. The only major difference between nuclear and conventional plants is that nuclear fuel is far more radioactive. For this reason, the core must be sealed from the outside environment — and so must the spent fuel, which remains radioactive for year. If other types of power didn't present equal or worse problems, it would make no sense to consider nuclear power at all. But they do: Coal is much dirtier than it used to be. The U.S. reserves of clean-burning anthracite are virtually exhausted. Today, power plants must use soft coal, often contaminated with sulfur. When the smoke from this coal is dissolved by precipitation, it results in "acid rain". Burning coal produces carbon dioxide as well, which can act as a blanket, trapping solar heat in our atmosphere. Eventually, this could contribute to global warming, the greenhouse effect, though there is no conclusive evidence that this has begun. Coal also contains a surprising amount of radioactive material. Indeed, a coal-fired electric plant spews more radioactive pollution into the air than a nuclear plant. Oil and natural gas are too scarce to meet our electrical needs now, let alone in the next century. We already import over 40 percent of our oil from abroad, and that will likely increase. Solar power seems to be a wonderful idea: Every square yard of sunshine contains about 1000 watts of inexhaustible energy, free for the taking. The trouble is, the taking isn't free. To meet our electrical needs, we'd have to build enough collector plates to cover the state of Delaware. No serious student of solar power expects it to be anything but a supplement to conventional electricity for decades. Wind power generated a lot of excitement in the early 1980s, when magazines featured photographs of a "wind farm" at Altamont Pass, California, with hundreds of windmills. Everyone seemed to forget that taxpayers' money helped buy the farm. Today, the giant blades spin productively only half a year, because winds frequently aren't strong enough to cover costs. Hydro power is the cleanest practical source of electricity. But in the United States, most rivers that can be profitably dammed already are. Other, more exotic energy schemes would harness ocean tides and waves, nuclear fusion (the process that powers the sun) or heat from the eath's crust or the sea. But even proponents admit that none of these will become a major source of energy soon. Now Let's look at the advantages of nuclear power. 1. It's clean. Radioactive emissions are negligible, much less than the radioactivity released into the air naturally from the earth or produced by cosmic rays. Standing next to a nuclear plant, I am exposed to only one-half of one percent more radiation than when sitting in my living room. A coal station, on the other hand, requires huge dumps of fuel and ashes that menace the environment. Despite a widespread misconception, nuclear waste is not a technical problem. The 108 nuclear plants in the United States generate less than 4,000 tons of fuel waste each year. In fact, all 33 years' worth of the nation's spent nuclear fuel would only fill a football field to a depth of five feet. Non-nuclear hazardous waste, by contrast, totals 275 million tons annually. And nuclear waste is easy to monitor and control. The spent fuel can be kept on the premises of years until it decays to a radiation level suitable for trucking to long-term storage sites. 2. It's inexhaustible. The U.S. uranium reserves will last many decades, and our long-term supply is guaranteed. Through a process called "breeding", a reactor can convert uranium into plutonium—an even better fuel. Breeder reactors, now in use in France, could thus extend the reserves for millions of years. 3. It's secure. Because it needs so little fuel, a nuclear plant is less vulnerable to shortages produced by. strikes or by natural calamities. And since uranium is more evenly scattered about the globe than fossil fuels, nuclear power is less threatened by cartels and international crises. 4. It's cheap. In France, where nuclear power supplies 70 percent of the electricity, nuclear power costs 30 percent less than coalfired power. This enables France to export electricity to its neighbors. In Canada, where nuclear power supplies 15 percent of the electricity, Ontario Hydro has proposed building ten more nuclear reactors over the next 25 years.A=Hydro powerB=Nuclear powerC=Coal-fired powerD=Solar powerWhich power ...· results in "Acid rain"? 71. ______· is already the 2nd largest source of electricity in the U.S.? 72. ______· may give off more radioactive pollution into the air than a nuclear plant? 73. ______· can be taken only when large enough collector plates are built? 74. ______· is the cleanest practical source of electricity? 75. ______· cost 30% less than coal-fired power in France? 76. ______· is less easy to subject to shortages caused by strikes and natural disasters? 77. ______· is less threatened by international crises? 78. ______· will not be considered as a supplement to conventional electricity for several decades? 79. ______· could contribute to global warming? 80. ______

填空题Exercising but Not Enough Americans are sold on the value of exercise. More than eight in ten (86%) believe exercising (1) fitness improves a person's odds of a long and healthy life by "a lot". And, about six in ten believe that exercising has "a lot" of impact (2) a person's attractiveness. (3) just 28% report that they get as (4) physical exercise as they should. There is no demographic or weight classification group (5) which a majority feels they get as much exercise as they should. Some 57% of Americans report that they do some (6) of exercise program to (7) physically fit. Even among this group, (8) , just 34% say they are getting as much exercise as they should while 65% think they should be (9) more. Those who are currently dieting are more (10) than those not currently dieting to also be exercising. The overweight may need exercise more (11) they are less likely to be doing it (12) with those who are about the right weight. About half (53%) of those who (13) themselves overweight are exercising; the comparable figure among those who consider their weight about right is 61%. Both men and women, young and old are about equally likely to be exercising. Those with more education and (14) incomes are more likely than their counterparts to take part in an exercise program. There are modest differences in exercising (15) race and ethnicity; Hispanics are less likely than non-Hispanic whites to exercise (16) blacks and whites are about equally likely to (17) so. What keeps people out of the gym? One impediment to more (18) activity may be the fun factor. There is a strong correlation between enjoyment of exercise and doing it. Among those who (19) exercising a great deal, 85% take part in an exercise program; this figure (20) to 68% among those who say they enjoy exercising "a fair amount" and to just 37% among those who are less enthusiastic about exercise.

填空题{{B}} A=BOOK 1 B=BOOK 2 C=BOOK 3 D=BOOK 4 Which book(s) say(s) that ...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} BOOK 1 The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for climatic change as we move into the twenty-first century. It assesses the impact of potential future global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for economic development. The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental constraints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural research systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability. Tile third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part examine the effect of climate change on production, trade, land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries and between different social classes within the developing world, where agriculture remains a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy. {{B}}B{{/B}} BOOK 2 The ozone layer is threatened by chemical emissions, the climate is endangered from fossil fuels and deforestation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environmental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years' and many Countries' economic development. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development processes together -- this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world's countries cooperate successfully to manage global development? How should they manage it? Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems? This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking: the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evolution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by looking at how and why specific negotiations and agreements have failed to achieve their targets. The book is designed as an introductory text for those studying global environmental policy making and institution building. It will also be of interest to practitioners and policy makers and scholars in the areas of environmental economics and law. {{B}}C{{/B}} BOOK 3 Industrialization to achieve economic development has resulted in global environmental degradation. While the impacts of industrial activity on the natural environment are a major concern in developed countries, much less is known about these impacts in developing countries. This source book identifies and quantifies the environmental consequences of industrial growth, and provides policy advice, including the use of clean technologies and environmentally sound production techniques, with special reference to the developing world. The developing world is often seen as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. This, combined with a substantial agricultural sector, which contributes to deforestation, the erosion of the top soil and desertification, has led to extreme pressures on the environment and impoverishes the population by destroying its natural resource base. This crisis suggests that sound industrialization policies are of paramount importance in developing countries' economic development, and calls for the management of natural resources and the adoption of low-waste or environmentally clean technologies. The authors consider the industrial sector as a pollutant vis-à-vis other sectors of the economy, and then focus on some industry-specific pollutants within the manufacturing sector and some process-specific industrial pollutants. They conclude by reviewing the economic implications of promoting environmentally sound industrial development, specifically addressing the question of the conflict or complementarity which may exist between environmental goods and industrial production. {{B}}D{{/B}} BOOK 4 This is an important book which presents new concepts of the marginal cost of substituting nonpollutive for pollutive goods. Technical in its approach it complements the other literature in the field and will be a significant contribution to the understanding of microeconomic issues in pollution control. The book focuses on three main concepts: substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoidance. The first part considers the adjustment of the scope and combination of goods produced as a method for controlling pollution. The author argues that pollution is controlled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the production process; thereby reducing demand and subsequent production of the goods. In the second part, the discussion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models: first, pollution prevention when non-polluting inputs and processes are substituted for pollutants~ second, when a proportion of the polluting output is recycled rather than being discarded; and finally end-of-pipe abatement where additional technology is used. In conclusion the author assesses the extent to which pollution damage is controlled by avoidance of emissions, with avoidance being modeled as an add-on technology with its own returns to scale.·the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development? 71. ______·environmental control is related with the national revenue? 72. ______·the environmental problems are not caused overnight? 73. ______·a variety of species are on the decrease? 74. ______·agriculture is also a factor for the degradation of environment? 75. ______·pollution can be controlled by increasing the production cost of polluting goods? 76. ______·pollution control needs the support of technology and techniques? 77. ______ 78. ______·the degradation of environment causes the change of climate? 79. ______·the approaches to research should be adjusted to the changing situation? 80. ______

填空题This book is an invitation to share the experiences of people (31) like you, learn a new language or come to live in a culture different from the (32) they grew up in. We hope (33) the experience of reading the stories in this book will be a pleasure for you. Reading literature in a language (34) is not your native one is more likely to be a pleasant experience if you first read the text through without stopping (35) understand the meaning of every word. Words only have meaning (36) they are used with (37) words. Most of the words in these stories are used in context which makes their meanings (38) clear as they need to be for the stories to make (39) . So don't let an unfamiliar word stop you the first time you (40) it; read on. There will be time later to pay attention to the word. (41) you stop when you see it the first time, you may lose interest in the story. Reading these stories is rather (42) taking an automobile trip. Once you' re on a trip, you watch (43) signs that tell you that you' re going (44) the right direction. (45) if you stop too many times to ask for directions on the trip, you aren't likely to go very far. (46) , you put your trust in the road signs and continue. Then you (47) enjoy the sights you see or the feeling and ideas that occur to you at the time. (48) , you think back over your trip, tell other people about (49) you noticed, discover what others may (50) observed, and find out about things you wondered about. If you really like the trip, you may decide to take it again.