填空题What'stheaverageincreaseperyearofforeignstudentpopulationintheperiodbetween1985and1990intermsofpercentage?

填空题·is often called the" Sunny South"?

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填空题 Rush hour in a provincial town is certainly not so busy as in London, but even so there are plenty of people moving about. Long patient queues wait wearily for buses. Never-ending lines of cars are checked while red traffic lights change to green. Thousands of people are packed tightly in trains, the men's faces buried in their evening papers while women trying in vain to knit. In a slow train it may well be an hour's journey to their station.66. ______. Facing him this evening there is a Finnish youth of eighteen, Matti Arpola. This is his first visit of England, though he already knows Geoffrey, the eldest son of the Jackson family, with whom he is going to stay.67. ______. "Can he really be typical?" he thinks. "He has an umbrella, neatly rolled, but no bowler hat; in fact, no hat at all. Of course, he is reading about cricket and he is reserved and not interested in other people. But he is only of average height and his hair is not fair, but as dark as that of an Italian, and curly, with almost no parting. He is not smoking a pipe, and although we foreigners think that a real Englishman ought to have a moustache, he is clean shaven. His nose is slightly crooked. What a serious face he has. He is frowning a little, but the eyes beneath his worried-looking forehead are sincere and honest. I don't think he is intelligent.68. ______. I think he is probably an office clerk or a shop assistant. Does he look like a teacher, though? Anyhow, he lives with a plain wife and five children in a small worker's house with a tiny garden, where he spends his leisure time digging and weeding and mowing the lawn, or painting the tool-shed. But tonight, first he is helping his wife to put the children to bed and then he is taking her to the cinema as this is pay day. I am sure he very much likes a cup of tea. He seems quite energetic, but his complexion is pale and he is very thin."69. ______. "Who is that?" Matti asks. "Why is he getting into that car? Where does he live? He looks like a poorly paid clerk or a workman." Geoffrey laughs loudly as if this is a good joke. "That is Sir James Saxon," he replies. "He has a fortune of around two million pounds, and controls forty-two factories in this area alone. He is a bachelor who lives in a fourth-storey luxury flat. His father and mother are both Finns: perhaps that is why he takes no interest in cricket. His real name is Jussi Saksalainen, but he is now a naturalised British subject with an English name. He doesn't look at all Finnish."70. ______. Matti remembers sadly all that his school-teachers say about his overactive and unreliable imagination. Perhaps they are right after all. [A] His clothes are anything but smart. In fact, they are rather old, though well brushed. His gloves are fur-lined and his trousers well pressed. He keeps far too many things in his pockets, so his suit looks badly out of shape. [B] As there are several people standing, James Saxon is the only person he can see clearly. Matti decides that he is probably a typical Englishman, and he observes James carefully. [C] "Here's you other case. Put it down a minute while I unlock the ear. Do you enjoy gardening? If so, you can help me: digging, weeding and mowing the lawn. You don't know how to play cricket yet, but I'm going to take you to a match on Saturday. Can you speak English any better now? You can soon lose that Finnish reserve." [D] At last, shortly after a quarter past six by Matti's watch, the train reaches Lakewell Junction, and Matti immediately sees Geoffrey waiting for him. They greet each other and the two boys go off to find Geoffrey's father's car. Near it there stands another car, a magnificent Rolls-Royce, and a handsome, uniformed chauffeur is holding the door open while James Saxon steps in. [E] Regional differences can lead to localism, but modem society can help to reduce it. The British people as a whole have a strong national sense. [F] James Saxon is in his usual comfortable comer, quietly smoking a cigarette. When he is travelling by train at this time, he always reaches the station at ten past five by the station clock, but he never catches the 5:14 train. Instead he travels by the train which leaves at twenty-four minutes past five so as to be sure of getting his comer seat. He appears to be absorbed in the sports news on the back page of his paper and ignores the hurrying crowds.

填空题states that job-sharing can offer the chance of interesting work to people who can only work part-time?

填空题With unfamiliar human beings, when we acknowledge their humanness, we must avoid staring at them, and yet we must also avoid ignoring them. To make them into people rather than objects, we use a deliberate and polite inattention. We look at them long enough to, make it quite clear that we see them, and then we immediately look away. 66. ______ The important thing in such an exchange is that we do not catch the eye of the one whom we are recognizing as a person. We look at him without locking glances, and then we immediately look away. Recognition is not permitted. 67. ______ If you pass someone in the street, you may eye the oncoming person until you are about eight feet apart, then you must look away as you pass. Before the eight-foot distance is reached, each will signal in which direction he will pass. This is done with a brief look in that direction. Each will veer slightly and the passing is done smoothly. 68. ______ To strengthen this signal, you look directly at the other's face before looking away. 69. ______ It becomes impossible to discover just what they are doing. Are they looking at you too long, too intently ? Are they looking at you at all? The person wearing the glasses feels protectedand assumes that he can stare without being noticed in his staring. However, this is s self-deception. To the other person, dark glasses seem to indicate that the wearer is always staring at him. We often use this look-away technique when we meet famous people. We want to assure them that we are respecting their privacy, that we would not dream of staring at them. The same is true of the crippled or physically handicapped. We look briefly and then look away before the stare can be said to be a stare. 70. ______ Of course, the opposite is also true. If we wish to put a person down, we may do so by staring longer than is acceptably polite. Instead of dropping our gazes when we lock glances, we continue to stare. The person who disapproves of interracial marriages or dating will stare rudely at the interracial couple. If he dislikes long hair, short dresses, or beards, he may show it with a longer-than-acceptable stare. A.There are different formulas for the exchange of glances depending on where the meeting takes place. B.In the subway or bus where long rides in very close circumstances are a necessity, we may be hard put to find some way of not staring. We sneak glances, but look away before our eyes can lock. If we look with an unfocused glance that misses the eyes and setties on the head, the mouth, the body for any place but the eyes is an acceptable looking spot for the unfocused glance. C.Actually in this way we are saying, in body language, "I know you are there, " and a moment later we add, "But I would not dream of intruding on your privacy. " D.It is the technique we use for any unusual situation where too long a stare would be embarrassing. When we see an interracial couple, we also use this technique. We might use it when we see a man with an unusual beard, with extra longhair, with outlandish clothes, or a girl with a minimal miniskirt may attract this look-and-away. E. For this passing encounter Dr. Erving Goffman in Behavior in public places says that the quick look and the lowering of the eyes is body language for, "I trust you. I am not afraid of you. " F. Sometimes the rules are hard to follow, particularly if one of the two people wears dark glasses.

填空题A = Station manager B = Purchasing manager C = Retail foodstore manager D = Retail store manager E = City manager Who... ※ should maintain an adequate supply of necessary items. 71. ______ ※ should have a Master's degree in public administration. 72. ______ ※ could earn 26000 U. S. dollars annually in a small city. 73. ______ ※ should have been trained in mass communications at 74. ______ college. ※ may have learned the trade in a family-owned store. 75. ______ ※ is very much concerned with employee and customer relations. 76. ______ ※ works longer hours than clerks do. 77. ______ ※ works for the construction company. 78. ______ ※ coordinates operations in the foodstore. 79. ______ ※ may get bonuses for sales volume and profits generated. 80. ______ STATION MANAGER The station manager of a small television or radio station may also be the owner and may play an active role in various functions of the four major departments: programming, engineering, sales, and general administration. In large stations of metropolitan cities, the station manager may be titled Director of Directors, since he's in communication with directors of programming, continuity, radio and television, public service, etc. In either case, his function is to control all aspects of production—from budgeting to presentation of programming—to inform, educate and entertain the viewing and listening audience. Places of Employment New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles offer the most opportunities. However positions can be found in medium-to-large cities throughout the country. Skills Required A four-year program with a specialization in broadcasting, mass communications, telecommunications, speech, or journalism provides an excellent background for the station manager. However emphasis in programming, management, and marketing may be sufficient education for efficiently operating a television or radio station. Employment Outlook through 1990 Good, especially in cablevision. Competition for higher-man agement positions is vigorous; the ratings game can be ruthless and take its toll at all levels. Salaries Managers in small communities: $15 000-$25 000; managers in larger cities: $30 000-$65 000. PURCHASING MANAGER If materials, supplies, or equipment are not on hand when they're needed, the entire production process or workflow in an organization could be interrupted or halted. Maintaining an adequate supply of necessary items is the purchasing manager's responsibility. This includes more than just buying goods and services, however. Market forecasting, production planning, and inventory control are all parts of the job. Purchasing managers supervise purchasing agents or industrial buyers , who carry out the actual purchase process. Places of Employment Over half of all purchasing managers work for moderate-to-large manufacturers. The remainder are employed by government agencies, construction companies, hospitals, and schools. These opportunities exist everywhere yet are concentrated in large industrial and governmental centers such as Washington, D. C. Chicago, Pittsburgh, and Los Angeles. Skills required two or four-year program. More employers are requiring an M.B.A. Employment Outlook through 1990 Good; excellent with an M. B. A. Salaries Junior purchasing agent: $18 500; purchasing managers: $27 000-$60 000. The federal government pays entry-level purchasing agents $12 000 -$14 000. RETAIL FOODSTORE MANAGER In the various types of foodstore—supermarket, small grocery store, convenience store, and specialty foodstore the manager coordinates all store operations. These duties often include planning work schedules and controlling advertising, ordering, pricing, hiring, and especially customer relations. Managers may assist clerks and stockboys in their day-to-day functions or may supervise and assist in the delicatessen sections, film processing, check cashing, and catering. Other responsibilities include store security, personnel matters, expense control, and planning possible competitive strategy. Places of Employment Throughout the country. Most growth is in the Sun Belt region. Skills Required Four-year program. In the smaller owner/operator grocery store a manager may have learned the business from stockboy on up or may have learned the trade in a family-owned store. More and more formal education is becoming essential in the growing retail foodstore business, with the ever-expanding offerings of product, services, and nonfood items. Employment Outlook thru 1990 Average. Salaries Trainees: $14000-$18000 RETAIL STORE MANAGER There are some 2,700,000 retail trade workers, and of those some 10 percent may be considered managerial or supervisory. The job of the retail store manager is to coordinate all store operations, plan work schedules, and control advertising, ordering merchandise, pricing, displaying, amt selling. The manager is always concerned with employee and customer relations in addition to store security, personnel services, expense control, and planning all phases of the merchandising and selling procedures. Managers work longer hours than do sales-people and clerks, planning merchandising strategy, taking inventory, and completing reports. Places of Employment Throughout the country. As chains continue to discover opportunities in smaller communities, positions will be available in communities of under 15 000 population. Careers with traditional department stores are primarily limited to the medium-to-large cities. Skills Required Two-or four-year program. National chains require a four-year degree. Positions as department heads, division managers, and corporate executives may be available for those who survive the rigors of first-line management to take on added responsibilities at higher levels. Employment Outlook thru 1990 Average. Salaries $12 000-$17 000 for assistant managers; $17 000-$50 000 for managers, plus commissions and/or bonuses for sales volume and profits generated. CITY MANAGER With the increase in urban problems—growth versus decay of the inner cities, industrial expansion—there's increasing need for people with managerial skills. City managers are usually appointed by elected officials, such as city councils, and the managers are responsible to that governing body. The duties of the city manager include tax collections and disbursements, law enforcement, public-works projects, hiring department heads and supporting staffs, and preparation of annual budgets(to be approved by the city officials). Other duties may include collecting rents, designing traffic control, crime prevention, urban planning, etc. Places of Employment Generally, cities with populations over 50 000. A few smaller affluent communities have moved to the city manager concept. Skills Required Master's degree in pubilc administration. Some cities will accept a person with a four-year degree and several years' experience as an assistant city manager. Employment Outlook thru 1990 Very good as cities seek out professionally qualified managers—not politicians -to handle complex city affairs. Salaries Assistant city managers: $15 000-$25 000; city managers: small city, $26 000; medium-to-large cities, $50 000 +.

填空题 In some societies it is the custom for parents to arrange the marriages of their children. Often the bride and groom will not be{{U}} (31) {{/U}}for their opinion in this matter, and sometimes they do not even meet each other {{U}}(32) {{/U}}the day of the wedding. Most Americans find the idea of arranged{{U}} (33) {{/U}}difficult to understand or accept. They believe that two people should marry for love, after a period of dating and courtship. During that period, the prospective marriage partners are supposed to{{U}} (34) {{/U}}enough about each other to decide{{U}} (35) {{/U}}or not they will be able to build a successful marriage. In the United States marriages are seldom formally arranged, but quite a lot of informal arranging goes on before two people{{U}} (36) {{/U}}husband and wife. People who get married are{{U}} (37) {{/U}}to each other by friends. {{U}}(38) {{/U}}friends have already decided that the two people are right for each other and arrange for them to meet. Friends have such great influence; their approval of a dating or mating partner is very{{U}} (39) {{/U}}. Families also exert open and subtle{{U}} (40) {{/U}}on their children to influence their{{U}} (41) {{/U}}of marriage partners. Parents often arrange dates for their own children. Also, they can meet the perfect marriage prospect for their son or{{U}} (42) {{/U}}through business relationships. Since parents often{{U}} (43) {{/U}}their children financially, they feel that they have the{{U}} (44) {{/U}}to help the bride and groom select{{U}} (45) {{/U}}they will live, what type of furniture they will purchase, and{{U}} (46) {{/U}}their life-style will be like. To a large{{U}} (47) {{/U}}, social class determines the choices of a marriage partner in the United States. Marriages are usually arranged{{U}} (48) {{/U}}people of similar religious, ethnic and financial, backgrounds. Despite what we see in the movies, the son of a bank president{{U}} (49) {{/U}}marries or even meets a coal miner's daughter. Americans may not accept or understand arranged marriages,{{U}} (50) {{/U}}marriages in the United States are arranged nevertheless.

填空题·has a lot of extra-curriculum activities?

填空题OnwhichdaydidtheTitanicsink?

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填空题War and development motivated the study of Confucianism in

填空题A The people living in the Appalachian Mountains are sometimes called "hillbillies". The first settlers there came from the British Isles, and they brought their folk music with them. This music, mixed with the blues, became hillbilly music. Later, as hillbilly music became more popular, it was called country music. Country songs are often sad stories of love and broken hearts. The center for this kind of music was Nashville, Tennessee. In the 1920s people listened to country music on the radio. The moot famous Nashville radio show was the "Grand Ole Opry". This show, and country singers like Willie Nelson are still popular today. Not all country people were farmers. Many made their lives in the mines and factories. They also loved country music and it became the music of the working people. During the 1930s American had many economic problems. Workers expressed their troubles in the folk music of the time. Folk songs are like country songs but they are more traditional and more serious. They don't just talk about love, they tell about the lives of ordinary people. Woodie Guthrie was a folk song writer during the 30s. He traveled around the country and wrote songs about the poor people. During the 1950s folk music became popular again. Martin Luther King wanted to improve the lives of black Americans. He led peaceful marches to change the laws in the U. S. The marchers sang old folk songs like "We Shall Overcome". Modern folk singers like Pete Seeger wrote new folk songs about problems in America in the 50s. In the 1960s many people were against the war in Vietnam. Folk singers like Bob Dylan and Joan Baez wrote anti-war songs like Dylan's "Blowing in the Wind", and other songs about the problems of American society. Folk music kept to be the moot political of all music in America.B Although jazz began in New Orleans, it soon moved to all the big cities like St. Louis, Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles. New forms of jazz developed and their styles changed. In the 1920s, American fell in love with dancing and popular jazz music. Big hotels hired dance bands. Dance halls were opened around the country. New dances with strange names like the Charleston were popular. Women cut their hair short and wore short skirts for the first time. These women were called "flappers". Older Americans were shocked by jazz music, the new dances, and the flappers. One of the most famous musicians of this time was Louis Armstrong. He became famous for his trumpet playing and his low rough voice. Musicians like Armstrong brought a new form of music to America and the world. The 1930s in America was the time of the big bands and a new kind of jazz called swing. This new music had a special rhythm. Harlem, part of New York, became the center of swing music. Big band leaders like Benny Goddman, Duke Ellington, and Glenn Miller played in Harlem at the Cotton Club and the Savoy Ballroom. People came and danced the foxtrot and the jitterbug. Swing music was the popular music of World War Ⅱ. When Dixieland, ragtime, and swing musicians changed to new, more complex styles. At first jazz was dance music. As it became more complex it was mostly for listening. For this reason most jazz is now played in small bars and live jazz clubs, not in big dance halls. Jazz styles are always changing. In recent years, jazz musicians have put together jazz music and rock instruments like the electric guitar. This new jazz style is called electric jazz or fusion.C The 1950s were a golden time for music in America. The economic problems of the 30s and the war of the 40s were over. America was rich again. A new group of people became important— American teenagers. For the first time in history young people had money to spend. They had a new way of dressing, new hair styles and new dances. In the early 50s slow romantic songs were still popular. But teenagers liked dance music with a good beat, and so they began to listen to R & B (rhythm and blues) on the black radio stations. A white disc jockey, Alan Freed, began to play R & B on the radio for white teenagers. He was the first person to call this new music rock and roll. The first white group to make a rock and roll hit record was Bill Haley and the Comets, with "Rock Around the Clock." Rock and roll music had a strong dance beat. The musicians played electric guitars and the music was lund and fast. American teenagers loved it. About the same time, the owner of Sun Record Company, Sam Phillips said, "If I could find a white man who had the Negro [black] sound and the Negro feel, I could make a billion dollars." He found his wish in Elvis Presley, the king of rock and roll. Elvis became a new American hero and young people copied his hair style, his dress, as well as his music. On February 3, 1959 three famous rock and roll stars, Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, and Richie Valens, died in a plane crash. As a result many people thought that rock and roll music had died too. But the music of the late 50s lived on. Rock and pop from the 60s to the 90s grew out of this old rock and roll. As the song says "Rock and roll is here to stay."· cares most about politics and social problems? (72) · was popular in 1920s? (73) · had a song writer Wooie Guthrie? (74) · built an American Hero Elvis Presley? (75) · was most popular in WW Ⅱ? (76) · was most popular in Tennessee at first? (77) · was first played mostly for dancing then for listening? (78) · was played and sung by marchers? (79) · was made up by Alan Freed? (80) · was especially worshiped by teenagers? (81)

填空题{{B}}A = Apache B = Blackfoot C = Creek D = DelawareWhich tribe ...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} Apache: Native North Americans of the Southwest composed of six culturally related groups. They speak a language that has various dialects. Historically the Apache are known principally for their fierce fighting qualities. They successfully resisted the advance of Spanish colonization, but the acquisition of horses and new weapons, taken from the Spanish, led to increased intertribal warfare. Relations between the Apache and the white settlers gradually worsened with the passing of Spanish rule in Mexico. By the mid-19th century, when the United States acquired the region from Mexico, Apache lands were in the path of the American westward movement. The futile but strong resistance that lasted until the beginning of the 20th century brought national fame to several of the Apache leaders. Today the Apache, numbering some 50,000 in 1990, live mainly on reservations totaling over 3 million acres in Arizona and New Mexico and retain many tribal customs. Cattle, timber, tourism, and the development of mineral resources provide income. In 1982 the Apaches won a major Supreme Court test of their right to tax resources extracted from their lands. In 1995, the Mescalero Apache agreed to build a nuclear-waste storage site on their New Mexico reservation. The project is expected to produce about $250 million in income over the 40-year life of the site. {{B}}B{{/B}} Blackfoot: They occupied in the early 19th century a large range of territory around the Upper Missouri (above the Yellowstone) and North Saskatchewan rivers west to the Rockies. Their name derives from the fact that they dyed their moccasins black. There were three main tribes. Although they did not form a unified political entity, they were .united in defending their lands and in warfare. The Blackfoot were unremittingly hostile toward neighboring tribes and usually toward white men; intrusions upon Blackfoot lands were efficiently repelled. Prior to the mid-18th century they had moved into the north Great Plains area, acquired horses from southern tribes, and developed a nomadic Plains culture, largely dependent on the buffalo. Their only cultivated crop was tobacco, grown for ceremonial purposes. With the early coming of the white man, the Blackfoot gained wealth from the sale of beaver pelts, but the killing off of the buffalo and the near exhaustion of fur stocks brought them to near starvation. Presently the Blackfoot are mainly ranchers and farmers living on reservations in Montana and Alberta. They continue to a small degree the rich ceremonialism that earlier marked their religion; important rituals include the sun dance and the vision quest. In 1990 there were 38,000 Blackfoot in the United States and over 11,000 in Canada. {{B}}C{{/B}} Creek: The Creek formed the Native North American confederacy. They received their name from early white traders because so many of their villages were located at rivers and creeks. They lived primarily in Alabama and Georgia and were settled, agricultural people. There were more than 50 towns, generally called tribes, in the confederacy, which was formed chiefly for protection against the tribes to the north. Certain villages were set aside for war ceremonies, others for peace celebrations. Each had its annual green corn dance. This festival was a time for renewing social ties and was a period of amnesty for criminals, except murderers. The Creek Confederacy was not ruled by a permanent central government. The structure was a combination of democratic and communal principles. Decisions by the national council were not binding on towns or individuals who wished to dissent. Nevertheless, civil strife was almost unknown among them. Private ownership of land was unknown, but crops were privately owned to a degree. Each owner was required to contribute a certain portion for public use. The Creek impressed the first European explorers (Hernando De Soto saw them in 1540) by their height, their proud bearing, and their love of ornament. In 1990 there were over 45,000 Creek, most of them living in Oklahoma. {{B}}D{{/B}} Delaware: In the 17th century, they lived in what are now New Jersey, Delaware, east Pennsylvania, and southeast New York. They called themselves the Lenni-Lenape or the Lenape and were given the name Delaware by the settlers because they lived in the vicinity of the Delaware River. The Delaware evolved into a loose confederacy of three major divisions. They occupied the territory from which most of the Algonquian tribes had originated and were accorded the respectful title of grandfather by these tribes. They traded with the Dutch early in the 17th century, sold much of their land, and began moving inland to the Susquehanna valley. In 1682 they made a treaty of friendship with William Penn, which he did his best to honor. Some of the Delaware in Pennsylvania had been converted to Christianity by the Moravians. In 1782 a peaceful settlement of Christian Delaware at Gnadenhutten was massacred by a force of white men. By the Treaty of Greenville (1795) they and their allies ceded their lands in Pennsylvania and Ohio. They were later moved to the Indian Territory and settled with the Cherokee. In 1990 there were nearly 10,000 Delaware in the United States, most of them in Oklahoma and Wisconsin. Around 600 Delaware live in Ontario, Canada.· almost had no intertfibal warfare? 71. ______· fought fiercely against the white moving westward? 72. ______· had some tribal members who had become Christian converts? 73. ______· built some villages for ceremonial or celebrative purposes? 74. ______· has some of their people living in Canada? 75. ______ 76. ______· has won the right to levy tax on natural resources taken from its lands? 77. ______· used to lead a nomadic life but now are mainly farmers and ranchers? 78. ______· was a confederacy built on democratic and communal principles? 79. ______· was the name for many tribes united in defending their lands and in warfare? 80. ______

填空题·has a convenient way to extend the space for suitcases?

填空题William Faulkner was born in Oxford, Miss. He had (1) education, then he joined the British Royal Air Force in Canada because he was too short. After the war he stayed at the University of Mississippi and began to publish poems or essays. In New Orleans, he met Sherwood Anderson, who helped him a lot. With the publication of Sartor is (1929), he found Yoknapatawpha (2) , a regional myth of 200 - year - long history, which was written in a (3) but often baroque style and considered as a (4) Among all novels, The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I lay Dyig (1930), Sanctuary (1931), Light in August (1932), Absalom, Absalom (1936), received much critical (5) . Apart from the creation of long novels, Faulkner often used short stories to fill (6) in the historical development of Yoknapatawpha County. During the 1930s he was off and on in Hollywood as a script writer, but his works for film are not accounted as being of much (7) . For his literary accomplishments he was (8) a Nobel Prize in 1950 and he made a brief but important statement about his belief in the Nobel (9) Speech: "I believe that man will not merely endure: he will (10) ... /

填空题 But in preserving the balance we have to be clear where the problem actually lies. Of the total carbon dioxide emissions caused by burning fossil fuels, only 20 percent comes from transportation. 80 percent comes from static Uses of energy -- the energy used in our homes, in industry and in power generation of the total, 43 percent comes from petroleum.66. ______. On top of that, a further one megaton is produced by our chemical operations. If you add to that the carbon produced by the consumption of the products we produce -- the total goes up to around 95 megatons. That is just 1 percent of the total carbon dioxide emissions which come from all human activity.67. ______. Only a fraction of the total emissions come from the transportation sector -- so the problem is not just caused by vehicles. Any response which is going to have a real impact has to look at all the sources. That means ensuring our own house is in order. It also means contributing to the wider analysis of the problem -- through research, technology and through engagement in the search for the best public policy mechanisms -- the actions which can produce the right solutions for the long term common interest. We have a responsibility to act, and I hope that through our actions we can contribute to the much wider process which is desirable and necessary. First we will monitor and control our own carbon dioxide emissions. This follows the commitment we've made in relation to other environmental issues. Our overall goal is to do no harm or damage to the natural environment. That's an ambitious goal which we approach systematically.68. ______. Now, as well as continuing our efforts in relation to the other greenhouse gases, it is time to establish a similar process for carbon dioxide. Our carbon dioxide emissions result from burning hydrocarbon fuels to produce heat and power, from flaring feed and product gases, and directly from the process of separation or transformation. So far our approach to carbon dioxide has been indirect and has mainly come through improvements in the energy efficiency of our production processes. Over the last decade, efficiency in our major manufacturing activities has improved by 20 percent.69. ______. It is a learning process -- just as it has been with the other emissions we've targeted but the learning is cumulative and I think it will have a substantial impact. Other steps will require investment to make existing facilities more energy efficient. For instance, we're researching ways in which we can remove the carbon dioxide from large compressors and reinject it to improve oil recovery. That would bring a double benefit -- a cut in emissions and an improvement in production efficiency. The task is particularly challenging in the refining sector where the production of cleaner products re quires more extensive processing and a higher energy demand for each unit of output. That means that to make gasoline cleaner, with lower sulphur levels, takes more energy at the manufacturing stage. That's the trade off. In each case our aim will be to establish a database, including benchmark data; to create a monitoring process, and then to develop targets for improvement through operational line management.70. ______. We will increase our support for that work. That support will be focused on finding solutions and will be directed to work of high quality which we believe can address the key outstanding questions. [A] Let me put that another way -- to be clear. Human activity accounts for a small part of the total volume of emissions of carbon -- but it is that part which could cause disequilibrium. [B] As I said a few moments ago, there are still areas of significant uncertainty around the subject of climate change. Those who tell you they know all the answers are fools or knaves. More research is needed -- on the detail of cause and effect, on the consequences of what appears to be happening, and on the effectiveness of the various actions which can be taken. [C] Monitoring and controlling emissions is one step. The second is to increase the level of support we give to the continuing scientific work which is necessary. [D] Now we want to go further. We have to continue to improve the efficiency with which we use energy. And in addition we need a better understanding of how our own emissions of carbon can be monitored and controlled, using a variety of measures including sequestration. It is a very simple business lesson that what gets measured gets managed. [E] Our method has been to focus on one item at a time, to identify what can be delivered, to establish monitoring processes and targets as part of our internal management system and to put in place an external confirmation of delivery. In most cases the approach has meant that we've been able to go well beyond the regulatory requirements. [F] We've looked carefully, using the best available data, at the precise impact of our own activities. Our operations -- in exploration and in refining -- produce around eight megatons of carbon.

填空题{{B}}A Part Ⅰ{{/B}} 1. Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey with 8. 8 million inhabitants (1996 estimate, within municipal borders), is situated on both sides of the Bosporus, making it a city of two continents, Europe and Asia. It is the capital of Istanbul province with 10 million inhabitants (2004 estimate ). 2. The name "Istanbul" comes from the Greek phrase "eis ten polin" used by Constantinople's inhabitants, and which meant "in the city". The Arabs adopted it and used it as a name for the city, Istinbolin. There are 3 major parts of Istanbul. Larger Istanbul is 45 km wide and 35 long from south to north. The city continues all along the strait of Bosporus, which connects-the Black Sea to Sea of Marmara and the Mediterranean further south. 3. The original Constantinople was surrounded by seven hills, just like Rome. 6 crests lies along the Golden Horn, while the 7th lies alone about a km south. The hills have plat summits, and steep slopes. 4. This, the original part of the city, now Corresponds to Stamboul, which is the main focus of tourism, with the many sights from the city's long history. Beyoglu is the modem part of today's Istanbul, housing many theatres, government offices and businesses. The waters from the Black Sea thrust south through the Bosporus. Underneath there is strong undercurrent coming from the Mediterranean Sea. The currents change 7 times through the strait, often making it difficult to pass for smaller vessels. Istanbul is connected to Europe and the rest of Turkey with highways and railroads.{{B}} B Part Ⅱ{{/B}} 5. The bridges crossing the Bosporus are among the longest highway suspension bridges in the world. Istanbul's airport is called Yesilk International Airport, and located 27 west of the city. The largest and culturally and historically most important part lies in Europe, while the richest part lies in Asia. 6. About 35% of Turkey's manufacturing plants are located to the area around Istanbul. The city is the chief seaport as well as the commercial and financial centre of Turkey. A large scale of industries are found here: automobile and truck assembly, shipbuilding and ship repairing; cement production, cigarettes; food products, fruit, olive oil, silk; glass, cotton, leather, pottery and more. Istanbul is also an important centre for banking and insurance. Another important source of income for the city is tourism. 7. Constantinople was for centuries one of the most important cities in the world. With the decline of Rome, Constantinople took over as the leading city. It allowed for a fusion of several cultures, in customs, art and architecture. The coin of Constantinople, solidus, was the dominating monetary standard of its time.{{B}} C Part Ⅲ{{/B}} 8. Istanbul has a wide range of sights of great historical and cultural interest. There are many churches preserved in the city, many have been converted into mosques. 9. The Hagia Sophia was originally a church, but was converted into a mosque in 1453, and in 1932 into a museum. It is now known as Aya Sophia, and lies near the Sea of Marmara in the Stamboul quarters. The church was erected in the 6th century by the architects Arthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus. The dome, 33 metre wide, was among the most ambitious building projects of pre-Medieval times. The dome was completed within a period of 5 years. It would take 10 centuries before any architects dared to challenge its size, but then without full success. 10. But it would take only 20 years after its completion before serious weaknesses with the construction became evident. An earthquake made central parts of the dome collapse, and a nephew of Isidore of Miletus, called Isidorus the Younger, made changes. Among the changes were to close several of the windows, resulting in the dim half-light that characterizes the building even today.{{B}} D Part IV{{/B}} 11. While the conversion of the church to a mosque in the 15th century was hard enough, it was Crusaders in 1203, who made themselves guilty of the worst case of desecration Hagia Sophia ever saw. They tore up the altar, all valuables were taken away and a prostitute was placed on the patriarch's chair, while the hymns and processions of the eastern church were ridiculed. 12. The palace, situated on the tip of old Constantinople, was the political centre of the Ottoman Empire for 4 centuries. Large parts of the palace were devoted to offices and state institutions as well as a palace school. Only about half was the residence of the sultan and his harem. The harem women counted as many as 809 during the reign of Sultan Abdaziz in the late 19th century. 13. The palace was built between 1459 and 1465, but was in the beginning not the residence of the sultan. He stayed in his palace where the Istanbul University now is located, together with his harem. Later on all this moved into the Topkapi, but in the middle of the 19th century, a new palace was constructed a few kilometres further up the Bosporus.·there is a palace situated on the tip of old Constantinople? {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}·Constantinople was another important city in the world? {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}·Istanbul is connected to Europe and the rest of Turkey with Highways and railroads, including the bridges crossing the Bosporus? {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}·Aya Sophia experienced an earthquake which made central parts of the dome collapse? {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}·Stamboul is the main focus of tourism with many sights from the city's long history? {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}·Tourism generates an important source of income? {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}·Istanbul is a city of two continents? {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}·The Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque in 14537 {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}

填空题How to Charge a Gorilla "Can you tell the class what it is you discovered?" Miss Larson, the teacher, asked. She was tall and blond and impatient with the concept of suspense. "Well, "I said, "1 hurt my knee playing football in high school. Now it pops out of position every once in a while. I fall down and scream because it hurts so much. That's how 1 made my discovery." 66.__________ "Okay, here's the first gorilla." The on-screen image was that of a handsome human male wearing a photographer's vest. The children squealed with laughter. Nick Nichols, a National Geographic photographer, had given me the slides to show in schools. The first real gorilla up on the screen was a frightening portrait: a head-and- shoulders shot of an adult male, mouth open in what appeared to be a scream of rage. White teeth--canines the size of small carrots--stood out against the black face. 67.__________ And I was off on Phase One of my standard grade school gorilla lecture. They're not scary mo, asters at all; in fact, they're very gentle. They don't eat humans; they don't even eat meat. I showed pictures of gorillas eating bamboo and nettles. I explained that the animals live in family groups of two to 35 or more, and that most of the time the oldest and biggest male, whose back is silver, is the boss. Silverbacks stand about five-foot-eight and weigh as much as 400 pounds. I showed a picture of a blondhaired human standing in the rain, taking notes. "That man is a scientist, "I told the students." His name is Conrad Aveling. He gets to study the gorillas every day, rain or shine." To get a job like that, I said, you have to go to school for a long time. "Field scientists are a lot like Miss Larson, but their clothes are dirtier, and they swear a lot." After the slide show, it was time for Phase Two: I asked the shyest girl and the most obstreperous boy to assist me. The gril would sit in front of the class, in Miss Larson's chair. She would be the gorilla. The boy would be the scientist. He would approach the gorilla and learn about its behavior. If they did anything wrong, anything at all, the gorilla would just go away and never come back. I think this prepares boys and girls for the realities of later life. Boys more than girls, perhaps. "It is sometimes hard to find the gorillas," I said, "Sometimes you can smell them before you see them. The silverback has an odor like skunk and vinegar, only very faint. When you see them, you should fall to the ground and approach carefully." 68.__________ Locate the silverback, I advised. Make sure he sees you. Don't get between him and any of the babies, because he will try to protect them, and then he could hurt you. Look at the silverback's face. It reads just like a human's face. If he frowns at you, go away. You should also know how to say some things in the mountain-gorilla language. "The gorilla 'hello', "I said, "sounds like this." I made my voice phlegmy and hoarse and then breathed out twice in a kind of gentle growl. "It means 'Hey, I don't want to fight or hurt anyone's babies. ' Scientists like Mr. Aveling call that sound a double-belch vocalization." I encouraged the kids to work on their belches and that evening at the dinner table demonstrate the science they'd learned. 69.__________ Mr. Aveling taught me all those things, I said, and he was very strict. He said I should observe "proper gorilla etiquette' at all times. And it was true. If I minded my manners, I could sometimes sit near them for hours. When the animals wanted me to go, they frowned and said another important gorilla word. "It's called a cough grunt, and it sounds a little like a train just starting up." I made a series of soft coughs in the back of my throat. "That means 'Go away. '" 70.__________ And I was into Phase Three: At most only 650 mountain gorillas exist today. That's all. It is tempting, at this point, to dramatize the mountain gorillas' plight by setting up a morality play of good guys and poachers, but the real problem facing the gorillas is loss of habitat. The areas in the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest and the Virunga Volcanoes in central Africa, Where the gorillas live and are protected, are a mere 274 square miles. In the aftermath of the genocidal wars in Rwanda, over 700 000 returning refugees have flooded into the Rwandan area near the mountains. Some of these people want land to farm. Families must be fed. And yet the forests of the Virungas act as giant sponges, feeding the streams and rivers during the dry season. Destroy the forest for farms and people starve during the next drought. It's a vexing problem. A. The third-graders weren't, I knew, interested in my knee problems. "Do you guys want to see some gorillas. I asked. They did, and said so at the top of their lungs. I flipped on the projector. B. The gorilla in Miss Larson's chair did a pretty good cough grunt, and the boy scientist crawled backward down the aisle. There was applause all around. C. "Scary, huh?" I said, "But it's really not, because that's what it looks like when a gorilla yawns." D. As the boy scientist crawled forward, belching loudly, I advised him to keep his head down. Watch the silverback's head. Wherever it is, yours is lower. If you stand above him, he thinks you want to fight. Scientists call that an aggressive posture. E. And that, I told the third-graders, is how playing football badly can lead to important scientific discoveries. F. My eight-year-old scientist began crawling up the aisle toward the gorilla in pigtails.

填空题Many studies have identified a strong link between suicide and diagnosable mental illness, especially depression. So because women suffer from depression at a much higher rate than men, they would seem to be at higher risk for suicide. But women actually commit suicide about one-fourth as often as men. Writing in the journal Comprehensive Psychiatry, George E. Murphy, M. D., an emeritus professor of psychiatry at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, says that women may be protected because of the way they think about problems and interact with others. "Women process their experiences with friends. They discuss their feelings, seek feedback and take advice," Murphy says. "They are much more likely to tell a physician how they feel and cooperate in the prescribed treatment. As a result, women get better treatment for their depression." 1 There are roughly 30,000 suicides in the United States each year, and three-fourths of those are men. But the number of attempted suicides is at least 10 times that, and even that estimate may be low because many suicide attempts are euphemistically classified as lacerations or accidental poisonings when patients receive treatment in hospital emergency rooms. Although suicide rates are lower among women, women lead men two to one in suicide attempts. So, Murphy says at least 200,000 women are involved in suicide attempts annually. But he points out that attempted suicide most often is not an attempt to actually end one"s life. Its purpose, he says, is to survive with changed circumstances. 2 In attempted suicide, both men and women tend to use methods that allow for second thoughts or rescue. Murphy says that when people intend to survive, they choose a slowly effective, or ineffective, means such as an overdose of sleeping pills. That contrasts to the all-or-nothing means like gunshots or hanging used by actual suicides. In the past, researchers who looked at the high rate of attempted suicide in women concluded that women were just not as efficient as men at taking their own lives. Murphy calls that "sexist baloney" and points to statistics that show that like men, women who commit suicide most often use guns. However, even as the number of women using the most lethal means increases, the suicide rate in women has slowly declined. 3 Murphy believes women are less inclined to commit suicide because their thinking is more inclusive. While a man might tend to throw aside seemingly peripheral issues to get to the core of a problem, a woman might take more things into account. She may continue to seek input and process problems long after the point where men decide on a course of action. 4 But before they ever get to the point of considering suicide, Murphy says, women are much more likely to seek help with their problems. The classic example is asking for directions when driving. Many men refuse to do that, perhaps seeing it as an admission of weakness. They believe they are supposed to be competent in all areas. Because they are not, they are at risk. Women, on the other hand, are much more likely to seek advice and take it. Even though depressed or alcoholic men are less likely to look for help, it still may be possible to prevent many suicides, Murphy believes. He says alert physicians might be able to pick up on risk factors and refer men into treatment to help them look for ways to solve their problems without ending their lives. 5 That requires recognition that depressed men may understate their pain or their difficulty with a particular problem. Murphy says such recognition is essential if men are ever to benefit from the treatments that protect women from suicide. A. "So it really goes back to the same thing—that women, when they intend to do it, can be just as effective as men in committing suicide. But they aren"t so inclined," Murphy says. B. If this need is truly fundamental, that may be why so many unsatisfied people resort, in the end, to taking themselves too seriously. There is a certain undeniable logic in the strategy that says: if other people won"t take me seriously enough, why not do the job myself? C. That treatment may help protect them from suicide, but Murphy says there is more to it. The approach to problem-solving is what lands a woman in a psychiatrist"s office in the first place. And that approach may be keeping female suicide rates lower than those of men. D. "An attempted suicide is not really an attempt at suicide in about 95 percent of cases. It is a different phenomenon. It"s most often an effort to bring someone"s attention, dramatically, to a problem that the individual feels needs to be solved. Suicide contains a solution in itself," he says. E. "Half of all people who commit suicide have seen a physician within a month of their fatal act," he says. "Mostly they didn"t get diagnosed, and if they did, they didn"t get treated very vigorously." F. "She"ll consider not just her feelings but also the feelings of others—her family, the children, even acquaintances, and how those people will be affected by a decision like suicide," Murphy says, "A man is much less likely to take those things into account. He makes his decision, and it"s about him, so he doesn"t feel the need to share it with anyone else."