填空题 When it comes to trying to eat your cake and have it, too, it's hard to top John Malone, the most powerful person in the cable-TV business. Malone, president of Tele-Communications Inc., the nation's biggest cable company, cut himself a nice chunk of cake last year by recombining TCI with its cableprogramming business, which he had split off into a separate company in 1991. This financial gene splicing gave Malone a personal paper profit approaching half a billion dollars. 66. ______. Liberty's holdings include the Discovery Channel, regional sports programming, Encore and big pieces of Home Shopping Network, Turner Broadcasting and the Black Entertainment network. Rather than separate TCI into two companies, Malone wants to convert TCI's common stock into two separate "targeted" stocks. One stock, called TCI, would represent its cable operations, a business in disfavor on Wall Street these days. The second, called Liberty, would represent pure programming, which is hot. The idea: the cable and programming stocks will fetch a higher total price than TCI, which trades at its 1989 price level. 67. ______. Wall Street has been combing the fat document describing the split-up, trying to find how Malone has loaded this deal in his favor. That search is perfectly understandable. After TCI and Liberty split in 1991, Malone sliced and diced Liberty in so many different ways that he put up almost no money but ended up with TCI shares worth more than half a billion dollars, even at today's depressed price. 68. ______. "A lot of things changed," said Peter Barton, president of Liberty, who points out that even though the TCI-Liberty recombination was completed last August, it had been in the works for many months. And to be fair to Malone, much of what he's doing here is giving Wall Street what it wants. This is a classic example of the old line "When the ducks quack, feed them." Running a combined cableprogramming company today is like waking up with a closet full of out-of-style ties. The 1993 plan to recombine TCI and Liberty obviously was part of the deal Malone made to sell both companies to Bell Atlantic for around $ 30 billion. But after that deal cratered in February 1994, Malone went ahead and recombined the companies anyway. Why? TCI won't say. I think Malone recombined the companies to get his Liberty chips off the table. If you read TCI filings closely, you see that Liberty might have negative cash flow as a stand-alone company. There's nothing wrong with Liberty's businesses. The problem is that holdings like its stake in Turner Broadcasting and Home Shopping Network produce little in the way of cash for Liberty, despite being very valuable. 69. ______. It sure looks like John Malone is trying to get the best of both worlds. He made a fortune by making Liberty a separate company, then recombining it with TCI to produce one financially sound whole. 70. ______. A. Malone wants a higher stock price to help TCI raise money to compete against deep-pocketed regional phone companies, which are trying to muscle into the cable business even as cable companies are trying to provide local phone service. Malone's plan to avoid this problem by selling out to Bell Atlantic collapsed in 1994. Hence TCI's need for big bucks. B. TCI, by contrast, gets an enormous cash flow from the currently unfashionable cable business. Barton claims cash flow isn't a very big problem, because Liberty can borrow all the money it needs to expand and its overhead is very low. Well, maybe. C. The combination can benefit consumers. They can look forward to a future of lower prices--by some estimates, international calling rates should drop 80% over several years--and better service. D. Now, less than 10 months after recombining TCI with the Liberty Media programming company, Malone is asking holders to split up the businesses again. E. Now, having become a major TCI shareholder with his Liberty machinations, he's trying to goose TCI's share price by carving up the company's stock without carving up the company. If that works, TCI will be better able to fight the phone companies. And it will give Malone, who scarcely needs it, a second portion of cake. F. So far, no one has been able to find Malone's trick this time. But that's probably because we're looking for the wrong thing. Instead of looking at this deal, which seems perfectly straightforward, we should look at the last deal, to see why Liberty and TCI were recombined in the first place. Think about it. The companies merged in August, and by November TCI announced plans for a split-up. Why was it a good idea to recombine the companies in August and then to create separate stocks in November?

填空题

填空题 You will hear a news report about crimes in America. As you listen, you must answer Questions 21-30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk TWICE.{{B}} You now have. 60 seconds to read Questions 21-30.{{/B}}

填空题Maintaining an imperial tradition that originated from the Zhou Dynasty( c. 1066-221 BC) ,the Ming emperors selected the location and design of their tombs while they were still alive. The selection of sites, based on the prevailing winds and the water level, ensured that only benevolent spirits were inhabiting the area. Of the 16 Ming emperors, 13 chose to be buried in this serene valley (Shisanling) just north of Beijing.　　The Sacred Way. The road to the tombs, which branches off the route to the Great Wall, was once a 6.4km. (4mi.)long sacred way, forbidden to all but the emperor's funeral cottege. The road begins at a five-arched marble gate, built in 1540. A mile further down stands a three-arched gateway, the Dahongmen( Great Red Gate).　　The emperor's body was carried through the central archway. Only on this one occasion was the center door opened. Just beyond the gate sits a huge stone tortoise( symbol of longevity) with a 9.1m. (30ft.) stele mounted on its back. The stele, the largest such tablet in China, was inscribed by the fourth Ming emperor at the time of the death of his predecessor, Yong Le, in 1424. This tortoise marks the beginning of the famous Avenue of the Animals. Lions, camels, elephants, horses, and two sets of mythical ( or at least unrecognizable) beasts, 12 statues in all, line either side of the road, alternately standing and kneeling and most, these days, supporting tourists on their backs while being photo graphed.　　Beyond the animal figures stretches a series of 12 stone human statues, dating from the 15th century: four military men, four civilian officials, and four obedient retainers, all with stately postures and fixed stares—an honor guard for the dead emperor. A legend says that an emperor of the later Qing Dynasty wanted to transport the statues to line the road to his own tomb. One of the emperor's ministers was told, in a dream, that the statues were eternally loyal to the Ming emperors and therefore should not be moved. The Qing emperor took this as a warning that if the statues were disturbed, a deadly wind would blow down from the Ming Tombs upon the capital and he abandoned the project.　　A: Of the 13 tombs, only two have been excavated, those of Chang( the burial name for Yong Le, 1403-24) ,and Ding (Emperor Wan Li, 1562-1620). The Chang Ling tomb is the largest and best preserved of the tombs; it served as a model for the remaining 12.　　Visitors enter through a red gate which opens toward a courtyard. From here they pass under the Gate of Eminent Favors (Lingenmen) into a second courtyard, in which stands the marble Hall of Eminent Favors ( Lingendian), surrounded by pine trees ( another ancient symbol of longevity). The roof of the hall is supported by 32 giant tree columns. Beyond this hall is a third courtyard, where the visitor will see a simple stele with the inscription Da Ming—Great Ming. This marks the passage to the sepulcher.　　B: Also known as the Underground Palace, this is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China. The work was completed over a period of three years ( 1956-59 ). Ding ( Emperor Wan Li) was buried here in 1620 with two of his wives in a deep marble vault located four stories underground (on the hottest of summer days the vault remains mercifully cool). The entrance to the grounds is marked by a large red gate with a magnificent bronze lion. Gigantic marble doors stand at the entrance to the first of the three burial chambers. (After burial, a "locking stone", similar to the modern "police "lock, was rolled in front of the tomb itself. )Inside are three coffins. Twenty six chests of jewelry and other artifacts were discovered at the foot of the coffins, and many of these finds can be viewed in the two exhibition halls constructed above ground.The broad, tree shaded grounds surrounding the tomb are dotted with stone picnic tables and seats. Tour groups are usually provided with box lunches which may be eaten outdoors or in a" picnic room" at the foot of the Great Wall.　　C:In 1978, the tomb of the Qing emperor Qian Long (1736-96), located about 100km. (62. 5mi)east of Beijing, was opened to the public.　　Known as Yu Ling, the tomb is on a grander scale and of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs. Construction began in 1743 and cost 90 tons of silver. The wood used was the durable, fragrant, close-grained nanmu. Some logs weighed up to 20 tons.　　The tomb is, in fact, an underground palace, similar to the tomb of Ding Ling. Nevertheless, Yu Ling has distinctive architectural features. Flanking the roadway leading to the tomb are eight pairs of stone sculptures depicting civil officials, military officers, horses, qilin ( a mythical animal of good a men), elephants, camels, suanni (mythical monsters), and lions. Each figure was carved from a single stone block. The largest weighs about 43 tons.　　The underground palace contains three stone halls and four pairs of stone gates, all arched. The overhanging eaves, tile gutters, ridges, and animal-shaped ornaments on the gate corners are in white marble. Each gate weighs about two tons and contains a Bod-hisattva, each with a different mien. The inner walls and arched ceilings of the gateways and halls are decorated with four celestial guardians (also called Deva kings), seated statues of gods and Buddhas, carvings of potted flowers, and small three-legged tables to hold incense burners and Buddhist scriptures.　　The coffin of Qian Long lies in the innermost recess of the underground palace. It was placed over a well that never runs dry.

填空题Wheredidriceoriginate?

填空题Andrena Gravida is the name of a wild bee declining in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. A (31) of months ago the recent drop in migratory bird populations was known, based on a study (32) in the Netherlands. Now there's more troubling news from that part of the world: a study released today by the journal Science reports that there's been a dramatic loss of (33) among wild bees over the past 25 years in Holland. There's (34) to a 70% decline in the variety and (35) of bee (36) in some areas in Britain. A loss of biodiversity is more subtle (37) an overall drop in absolute numbers of (38) or plants, but it's still (39) a problem because the (40) species in an ecosystem, the more the system (41) on each one of them, and if disease or some other (42) wipes out a species, its function could go unfilled. In the (43) of bees, that (44) is to pollinate plants, both wild and crop plants. And (45) the authors of the study show, there's been a (46) decline in plants that were once pollinated (47) the disappearing bees. Indeed, it isn't clear (48) came first, the plant decline or the decline in bees. It's also not clear (49) any crops are in trouble, only that there's a potential for it if this trend continues. It's also not clear (50) it's happening. Climatic changes caused by global warming are a possibility, but so is the destruction of wild habitat in both countries, as population and industry both expand.

填空题From her vantage point she watched the main doors swing open and the first arrivals pour in. Those who had been at the head of the line paused momentarily on entry, looked around curiously, then quickly moved forward as others behind pressed in. Within moments the central public area of the big branch bank was filled with a chattering, noisy crowd. The building, relatively quiet less than a minute earlier, had become a Babel. Edwina saw a tall heavy-set black man wave some dollar bills and announce loudly, "I want to put my money in the bank." 66.____________________. It seemed as if the report about everyone having come to open an account had been accurate after all. Edwina could see the big man leaning back expansively, who was still holding his dollar bills. His voice cut across the noise of other conversations and she heard him proclaim, "I'm in no hurts. There's something I'd like you to explain. ' Two other desks were quickly manned by other clerks. With equal speed, long wide lines of people loaned in front of them. Normally, three members of staff were ample to handle new account business, but obviously inadequate now. Edwina could see Tottenhoe on the far side of the bank and called him on the intercom. She instructed, "Use more desks for new accounts and take all the staff you can spare to man then. " 67.____________________. Tottenhoe grumbled in reply, "You realize we can't possibly process all these people today, and however many we do will tie us tip completely." "I've got an idea, "Edwina said, "that's what someone has in mind. Just hurry the processing all you can." 68.____________________. First, an application form called for details of residence, employment, social security, and family matters. A specimen signature was obtained. Then proof of identity was needed. After that, the new accounts clerk would take all documents to an officer of the bank for approval and initialing. Finally, a savings passbook was made out or a temporary checkbook issued. Therefore the most new accounts that any bank employee could open in an hour were five, so the three clerks presently working might handle a sum of ninety in one business day, if they kept going at top speed, which was unlikely. 69.____________________. Still the noise within the bank increased. It had become an uproar. A further problem was that the growing mass of arrivals in the central public area of the bank was preventing access to tellers' counters by other customers. Edwina could see a few of them outside, regarding of the milling scene with consternation. While she watched, several gave up and walked away. Inside the bank some of the newcomers were engaging tellers in conversation and the tellers, having nothing else to do because of the melee, chatted back. Two assistant managers had gone to the central floor area and were trying to conduct the flood of people so as to clear some space at counters. They were having small success. 70.____________________. She decided it was time for her own intervention. Edwina left the platform and a failed--off staff area and, with difficulty, made her way through the milling crowd to the main front door. A. Yet she knew however much they hurried it would still take ten to fifteen minutes to open any single new account. It always did. The paperwork required that time. B. But still no hostility was evident. Everyone in the now jam--packed bank who was spoken to by members of the staff answered politely and with a smile. It seemed, Edwina thought, as if all who were here had been briefed to be on best behavior. C. A security guard directed him, "Over there for new accounts. "The guard pointed to a desk where a clerk—a young girl—sat waiting. She appeared nervous. The big man walked toward hers smiled reassuringly, and sat down. Immediately a press of others moved into a ragged line behind him, waiting for their turn. D. Even leaning closer to the intercom, it was hard to hear above the noise. E. Even tripling the present complement of clerks would permit very few more than two hundred and fifty accounts to he opened in a day, yet already, in the first few minutes of business, the bank was crammed with at least four hundred people, with still more flooding in, and the line outside, which Edwina rose to checks appeared as long as ever. F. Obviously someone had alerted the press in advance, which explained the presence of the TV camera crew outside. Edwina hoped to know who had done it.

填空题 For office innovators, the unrealized dream of the paperless' office is a classic example of high-tech hubris. Today's office drone is drowning in more paper than ever before. But after decades of hype, American offices may finally be losing their paper obsession. The demand for paper used to outstrip the growth of the US economy, but the past two or three years have seen a marked slowdown in sales--despite a healthy economic scene. Analysts attribute the decline to advances in digital databases and communication systems, employment trends, and a generation of office workers who are more comfortable with the new technology. Escaping our craving for paper, however, will be anything but a cold-turkey affair. 66. ______. In the early to mid-90s, a booming economy and improved desktop printers helped boost paper sales by 6 to 7 percent each year. The convenience of desktop printing allows office workers to indulge in printing anything and everything at very little effort or cost. 67. ______. In addition, Mr. Maine points to the lackluster employment market for white-collar workers--the primary driver of office paper consumption--for the shift in paper usage. The real paradigm shift may be in the way paper is used. Since the advent of advanced and reliable office-network systems, data storage has moved away from paper archives. The secretarial art of "filing" is disappearing from job descriptions. Much of today's data may never leave its original digital format. To reduce paper use, some companies are working to combine digital and paper capabilities. For example, Xerox Corp. is developing electronic paper: thin digital displays that respond to a stylus, like a pen on paper. Notations can be easily erased or saved digitally. Another idea, intelligent paper, comes from Anoto Group. It would allow notations made with a stylus on a page printed with a special magnetic ink to simultaneously appear on a computer screen. 68. ______. In the same way that digital innovations have increased paper consumption, Saffo says, so has video conferencing--with its promise of fewer in-person meetings--boosted business travel. "That's one of the great ironies of the information age", Saffo says. "It's just common sense that the more you talk to someone by phone or computer, it inevitably leads to a face-to-face meeting. The best thing for the aviation industry was the Internet." As buzzwords go, "paperless" has been bandied about for a long time with little or no results. The term "paperless clearing houses" was probably first coined in a 1966 article in the Harvard Business Review in reference to the emergence of digital data storage. 69. ______. The article quoted Xerox's George Pake, who rightly predicted a "TV-display terminal with keyboard" on office desks by 1995. "I'll be able to call up documents from my files on the screen, or by pressing a button," Pake told Business Week. "I can get my mail or any messages. I don't know how much hard copy (printed paper) I'U want in this world". Throughout the 1980s and 90s, the term "paperless" came to embody technology's promise to permanently change the way people do business. The exuberance sometimes took on a life of its own, with the trendiest companies demanding "paperlessness" long before it was practical. 70. ______. "You can never go wrong by betting that change will go slower than everyone expects", says a sage Saffo. "We're still lurching into the paperless office future. That's a little bit of a surprise to me, but I didn't expect paper to disappear completely." A. But "paperlessness" did not enter the public's imagination until 1975, when a Business Week article entitled "The Office of the Future" predicted that by 1990 "most record-handling will be electronic." B. But now, the growth rate of paper sales in the United States is flattening by about half a percent each year. Between 2004 and 2005, Ms. Dunn says, plain white office-paper will see less than a 4 percent growth rate, despite the strong overall economy. A primary reason for the change, says Duma, is that for the first time ever, some 47 percent of the workforce entered the job market after computers had already been introduced to offices. C. "Old habits are hard to break", says Merilyn Dunn, communications supplies director for InfoTrends/CAP Ventures, a market research firm in Weymouth, Mass. "There are some functions that paper serves where a screen display doesn't work. Those functions are both its strength and its weakness." D. Even with such technological advances, the improved capabilities of digital storage continues to act against "paperlessness', argues Paul Saffo, a technology forecaster at the Institute for the Future, a think tank in Palo Alto, Calif. In his prophetic and metaphorical 1989 essay, he suggests that the increasing amounts of electronic data necessarily require more paper. E. "The information industry today is like a huge electronic pinata, composed of a thin paper crust surrounding an electronic core," Mr. Saffo wrote. The growing paper crust "is most noticeable, but the hidden electronic core that produces the crust is far larger--and growing more rapidly. The result is that we are becoming paperless, but we hardly notice at all." F. In 1993, advertising mogul Jay Chiat of Chiat/Day was inspired to "free" his employees from paper--and to make that freedom mandatory--by eliminating desks and filing cabinets. The awkward, abortive attempt backfired: Employees started storing paper in the trunks of their cars and hauling it around the office on toy wagons.

填空题Accordingtothespeaker,whoshouldenjoytherightofAcademicFreedom?

填空题may give off more radiative pollution into the air than a nuclear plant?

填空题Whatisyourresponsibilitywhenyou,asaschoolprincipal,gettheteacher'sreport?

填空题Questions 9--12 Answer the following questions by using NO MORE THAN four words.

填空题One of the greatest economic and social changes of the post-war years has gone largely unnoticed. It is that more and more women are going out to work. Today in the United States, in Japan and in the United Kingdom, almost 40 per cent of the work force is female. 16. ______ Most women now work far longer hours than men -in factory, shop or office as well as in the home as cook, cleaner, child rearer, shopper and home-maker. This "double burden" means that the average woman who goes out to work is now putting in an 80-hour working week -twice as long as most men. So equality depends not only on women sharing in paid employment but also on men sharing in the tasks of the home. At the moment husbands in all industrialised countries contribute very little to domestic work and recent research shows that this contribution does not increase when the wife goes out to work. American researcher Joan Vanek, for example, found that the average father in the United States spends only 12 minutes a day with his children. Overall, women's unpaid work in the U.S.A. is estimated at about 40 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product. 17. ______ The reasons why women earn less than men go deeper than legislation. And again the main cause is the double burden' of home responsibilities which means that many women have to take part-time jobs, or less demanding jobs, and that they have less time for training and less opportunity for promotion. As children, girls are educated and conditioned either for no employment at all or for more manial and lower-paid jobs. As workers, they are crowded into industries like textiles, food, clothing, retailing -where they compete with each other for low-paid and insecure jobs which require little skill or training and offer little chance of promotion. A recent survey in Sweden shows that women have a choice of about 25 different occupations whereas a man chooses from over 306 careers. Indeed certain countries, says the OECD, "have come to rely on a supply of female labour which costs little and enjoys little protection". 18. ______ Single parent families are increasing in almost every industrialised country. In Britain at least 600,000 families are now headed by single mothers and the number is growing by 6 per cent a year. The main cause is the rise in divorce rates which have doubled in many countries during the last 15 years. 19. ______ As the ILO notes, pensioners are the poorest social group in the industrialised world. But here too it is the women who are worst off -partly because they tend to live longer than men and partly because inequality during their working lives is reflected in reduced pensions. In the United States, for example, the 8 million women who are over the age of 65 make up by far the poorest group of people in America -with almost half of them living below the official poverty line. 20. ______ The first half of the U.N. Decade for Women has now gone and the vast majority of women in the industrialised countries have seen little or no benefit. Equal-pay legislation in almost all industrialised countries has been one of the big achievements of these five years. The task for the next five years is to achieve equal work which will give substance to equal pay. The biggest barrier is that working women now do two jobs. And overcoming that barrier is as much of a challenge to men as it is to women.A. But even in the work-place itself, women's wages are everywhere lower than men's. In the U.K., women are paid an average of 25 per cent less. In the U.S.A., they are paid 40 per cent less. And this is despite equal pay legislation in most industrialised countries.B. The result of this inequality is that women have more than their fair share of poverty. And particularly hard-hit are the families dependent on a woman's earnings.C. In theory this should mean that women are becoming better-off, liberated, equal. But in practice it is a different story.D. For women at work, the final irony is that the trade unions -which have done so much to improve the pay, conditions and benefits of work forces in the industrialised world -are also dominated by men. In America's garment industry, 80 per cent of the union members are women but 21 of the 22-member board of the union are men. In New Zealand only 15 of the country's 323 unions have any women executives despite the fact that women carry over a third of all union membership cards.E. It is these single-parent families, says the International Labour Organisation, which make up the fastest rising group in any classification of the poor population. Even after the receipt of benefits, the incidence of poverty is only just below that of pensioners and is much higher than in any other group.F. In the case of younger women, such work loads are commonly combined with frequent pregnancy, childbirth and breast-feeding I exhausting processes for any woman's body, but particularly debilitating when compounded by inadequate food and long hours of back-breaking work in the fields.

填空题Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from (31) praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, (32) research the relation (33) actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain (34) rewards often destroy creativity (35) encouraging dependence (36) approval and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially (37) educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks (38) in grade-school children, suggesting (39) properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, (40) to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they're working for a (41) and can focus (42) a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity", says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for (43) performance or creating too (44) anticipation for rewards." A teacher (45) continually draws attention to rewards or who hands (46) high grades for ordinary achievement ends up (47) discouraged students, Eisenberger holds. (48) an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing (49) . In earlier grades, the use of se-called token economies, in (50) students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

填空题 Daydreaming is a healthy and natural act of the human psyche, according to American Health magazine. Like dreams during sleep, daydreaming surges every 90 minutes. It is at its peak from noon to 2 pm, when body temperature is at its highest. The phenomenon also reveals a great deal about us. Some people use their fantasies to help them make decisions, while others "escape" to enhance their sense of well-being and creativity, say Pam L. Blondin, a clinical social worker and director of programmers and services at the Child and Family Service of Saginaw County, Michigan.66. __________. Daydreaming helps people cope with a wide range of problems, partly providing insight into our emotional needs, as well as unmet needs and goals, experts say. By some estimates, approximately half of our waking thoughts consist of daydreams and fantasies.67. __________. "Daydreaming keeps our personal agendas in front of us," says psychologist Eric Klinger of the University of Minnesota, author of a new book on the subject. Daydreaming plays an important role in organizing our lives, he says. "We can actually learn something by paying attention to the whimsical interludes that occasionally interrupt our more structured thoughts."68. __________. Active, imaginative lives are vital to children's development, American Health reports. Most children start fantasizing between the ages of 2 and 5. "Children struggle to understand life's complexity, from jet planes to the TV images flashed into their living rooms," says Yale University psychologist Jerome L. Singer. He believes that make-believe helps youngsters break down elements to a level they can understand. "Unless a child's daydreaming is interfering with progress in school or hampering her social skills, there is no need to discourage it," Singer says.The types of daydreams people have, whether they are pleasant and hopeful or filled with despair, take shape in childhood when everyone develops one of three basic daydreaming styles: positive, negative and scattered, American Health reports. Although everyone lapses occasionally into each of these types, positive daydreamers are more likely to imagine happy, playful or entertaining scenarios. Negative daydreamers tend to dwell on life's darker side, envisioning dangerous and/or life-threatening situations, such as the onset of a fatal or debilitating disease of becoming a victim of violence. Scattered daydreamers are easily bored and distracted. "Their mental images tend to be fleeting, repetitive and shallow, like variations on the same fairy tale," explains Yale psychologist Roni Tower. 69. __________. There are times when drifting away can cause problems, according to Blondin. "If daydreaming gets in the way of daily function because the person is doing it all day, the person won't be very productive," she says. "The amount of time and the frequency that a person daydreams is what's important. It should not take up all of your time. If people find their daydreaming is becoming excessive, they should take a realistic look at what's going on in their life and ask themselves what they are trying to avoid. Then they can assess what steps they need to take to correct the situation." Anyone who has a hard time discriminating between reality and fantasy or starts replacing real-life family and friends with imagined people should seek professional help.70. __________.A. Besides getting rid of boredom, daydreaming can make truly grim situations a little easier to endure, Klinger writes in Whole Earth Review magazine. "Daydreaming is one of the most common and one of the most private things we do. It is intensely personal and intensely revealing, because you are in action within the area of your mind."B. But daydreaming can be beneficial in many ways and, ironically, can actually boost productivity. Plus, it's something almost everyone does naturally. Psychologists estimate that we daydream for one-third to one-half of our waking hours, although a single daydream lasts only a few minutes.C. "Daydreaming can be an escape that feels good in the midst of a hectic day," Blondin explain. "It's a good stress reducer at the desk. Getting away from it all for a while, so to speak, isn't something that is going to hurt anyone. Sometimes it helps people tap into creativity that is not always conscious."D. Singer sums up the advantages of daydreams to the average person: "By sitting quietly and letting your daydreams emerge instead of squelching them, you may find there are parts of yourself you haven't been listening to. Instead of fearing them, you'll gain access to a tremendous range of interesting, creative ideas."E. While all three types are common, positive fantasies are likeliest to serve as springboards for problem solving, while negative and scattered daydreams may leave a person feeling anxious. "Negative daydreamers are waiting for the 'other shoe to fall'. Their fantasies are often guilt-ridden or obsessive," Tower explains.F. While researchers differ in their definition of these terms, in general they define them as spontaneous, undirected musings that pop in and out of our head regardless of what is going on around us; and, contrary to popular opinion, the vast majority of daydreams are not wildly unrealistic.

填空题·was made up by Alan Freed?

填空题Florence Sephton is 77 and lives (1) Deganwy, North Wales. She is reading (2) an arts degree. "I'm more (3) a creature to polish my mind (4) polish my furniture. The house takes second place while I put the studying (5) ." "I was very happy at school and had wonderful teaching. I (6) the university entrance examination and was ready to go to (7) but with World War II went into banking. I was (8) a week. Manchester University kept my place open for three years but I was enjoying the money and the freedom so I turned it (9) ." Mrs. Sephton is now in the second years of her Open University course and is finding it hard work. She underestimates her ability. "I'm feeling tired more frequently, I can't do more than an hour's work at (10) time. The memory's shocking, I'm supposed to be revising and I look (11) notes I did earlier this year and think, 'Have you read this before?' So I'm doing it very (12) — one credit a year, so it'll take six years." "At the moment the greatest (13) is simply the increase in knowledge — and the discipline, I had an essay failed this week. The professor said I hadn't (14) the question. I've been thinking about it all week. I know I haven't got the facility for essay construction. I just let myself go and get excited. I feel more emotionally than I do mentally. I'm very ordinary really." While claiming to be (15) and lazy, Mrs. Sephton is still working hard daily (16) her assignments. Mrs. Sephton sees her studies (17) keeping her fit and independent. "Because of my life I've been self-sufficient. It's not a very nice characteristic. It means I don't care enough (18) people. I can't say I find comfort in (19) I'm learning, so I'll be interested to see (20) there's a life ahead./

填空题Lady Banks' Rose The single form, Rosa banksiae normalis, is believed to be the original wild form. More commonly grown now are the double varieties. The white double form, Rosa banksiae banksia, was the first to be widely grown; it was introduced into Britain in 1807, discovered by Sir Joseph Banks (who named it in honor of his bride). Rosa banksiae was used for medicinal purposes in China much earlier than its introduction into Europe. The most beloved and popular of the Lady Banks' roses grown today is the double yellow form. It is 20 feet in size or more and has no fragrance. "Lady Banks' Rose" blooms once per year in spring. The attractive narrow leaves are disease resistant and evergreen in zones 9 and 10. Canes are thornless and extremely vigorous. How vigorous? The Guinness Book of World Records identifies "The Tombstone", a double white Lady Banks', as the single largest rose plant in the world. Located near its namesake, Tombstone, Arizona, it covers 8,000 square feet (by the way, it may take some time for your Lady Banks' to reach such impressive proportions; the record holder was planted in 1855 by a homesick bride). Lady Banks' Rose is best grown where its enthusiastic vigor need not be restrained. Grow it as a naturalized plant or over a sturdy (very sturdy) structure. Apothecary's Rose Apothecary's Rose, Rosa gallica officinalis, is a historic rose. Beautiful very dark pink (almost red in cooler climates) flowers are produced in early summer on a three to four foot erect shrub. It has pleasant fragrance and attractive deep pink flowers. Imagine a rose which might have been part of a medicinal treatment concocted in a monk's cloistered chamber, or a rose which was the symbol of a ruler's throne, or a rose used in the great perfumeries of France. Look no further than Apothecary's Rose. Brought back by Le Chansonnier from the Crusades in the 13th century, Apothecary's Rose was used in perfume manufacture in Provins. It was used extensively by apothecaries for medicinal purposes, and is the symbol for modern pharmacology. During the War of the Roses in the 15th century, the White Rose of York, Rosa Alba was the emblem of the house of York. The House of Lancaster chose the Apothecary's Rose as their emblem. Fighting continued over who would be the king of England until, as legend has it, the two sides found a rose in the English countryside which bore both red blooms and white blooms. The "York and Lancester" rose is said to be that rose, although whether this is legend or fact is difficult to know. Cherokee Rose The "Cherokee Rose" is the State Flower of Georgia, my home, so it is understandable that this rose is close to my heart. However, it is not native to Georgia, having been naturalized from it's original home in China. Nonetheless, it is a wonderful rose with a good story surrounding its introduction. The story starts with the Trail of Tears, the forced relocation of the Cherokee Nation from Georgia to Oklahoma. As the legend goes, every time a tear hit the ground, a rose, the "Cherokee Rose", grew in that place. Certainly, it is a moving tale, but there is more to the story. Nurseryman Thomas Affleck sold huge numbers of Rosa laevigata to large homesteads and plantations, recommending the rose as a hedge. The "Cherokee Rose" naturalized successfully and is now a common sight blooming in the South during spring. The "Cherokee Rose" is often confused with Rosa bracteata (Macartney Rose) which is similar in form, but is so prolific that its rampant growth places it in the category of pest. "Macartney Rose" flowers in summer, while the Cherokee Rose flowers in spring. "Mermaid", a hybrid of the "Macartney Rose" has beautiful yellow flowers on a plant which, while still aggressive, does not have the suckering habit of its parent. The "Cherokee Rose" has nice fragrance. It is a climber which blooms once a year, bearing large, white flowers, each with five petals. It is vigorous, climbing upwards of 20 feet. It is tolerant of tough living conditions. Make sure that you have plenty of room for this historic, yet non-native and thankfully, non-invasive rose.

填空题Dr Marvin Marshall developed a system that would promote responsible behavior by internally motivating students. Drawing on his own teaching experiences, as well as the insights of others who had explored the area of human potential, he would be pro-active rather than constantly reacting to inappropriate classroom behaviors. 1 To teach responsible behavior, he developed an order of social development that explained different levels of human social behavior in simple terms that his students could understand. Without any social order, anarchy and chaos erupt. The two lowest levels of his hierarchy are Level A: Anarchy and Level B: Bossing/Bullying. In the classroom, both levels are unacceptable. A society becomes civil when its people cooperate and live according to external influences. This led to the naming of Level C: Cooperation/Conformity. When people mature, cultivate manners, and develop values of right and wrong, the motivations to behave well—originally external—become internalized. Doing the right thing simply because it is the right thing to do—without being asked or told—is the concept that characterizes the fourth and highest level. He refers to it as Level D: Democracy, because taking the initiative to be responsible is an essential characteristics of self-rule. Internal vs. External Motivation Motivation is either external or internal. External motivation applies when the aim of the performance is to gain approval, to receive a reward or to avoid punishment. Internal motivation applies when people perform for inner satisfaction. Although humans operate from both external and internal motivation, the motivation itself cannot be discerned from a person"s actions. In a classroom, both types of motivation are acceptable as long as the end result is the same, but his goal was to develop a system to promote internally motivated responsibility in young people. 2 Management professor Douglas McGregor examined the factors underlying the different ways people attempt to influence human activity. He concluded that the two most common leadership styles are based on two very different sets of assumptions about people. 3 This management style consists of the following beliefs: * The average person has an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it if possible. * Because of this inherent aversion, most people must be coerced, controlled, directed or threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort toward the achievement of goals and objectives. * The average person prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition and wants security above all. Under the management style, responsibilities are delineated, goals are imposed, and decisions are made without involving individuals or requesting their consent. Rewards are contingent upon conforming to the system, and punishments are the consequences of deviation from the established rules. McGregor concluded that this style is inadequate for full human development. 4 Compared to the style mentioned above, this management style leads to greater realization of goals for both the individual and the organization. The assumptions of this style are: * Work can be a source of satisfaction for employees and will be performed voluntarily, or it can be a source of punishment and may be avoided. * People will exercise self-direction and self-control in pursuit of objectives to which they are committed. * Commitment to objectives depends on the rewards associated with achieving them. The most significant reward is internal satisfaction. This style is more challenging to the participants. It sets up realistic objectives and expects people to achieve them. 5 Traditionally, people attempting to manage or change people use top-down authoritarian strategies, which are generally accompanied by stress, resistance and poor relationships. But the use of collaboration and empowerment — the outgrowths of the second style — reduces stress, improves relationships and is much more powerful in effecting change in others. His teaching and administrative experiences taught him that having a discipline system is even more beneficial than having a natural talent in teaching. A simple, dependable aid is precisely what he wanted to offer practitioners. A. Top-down Authoritarian Style B. Social Behavior Hierarchy C. A Dependable Aid D. Dedicated to Excellence E. A Look at Two Different Managerial Styles F. Higher Motivation Management Style