填空题tells us that the government will give support to employers, who offer part-time jobs? 71. ______ states that employers can benefit from having two people performing the same job? 72. ______ provides means for older people to ease into retirement? 73. ______ implies that work-sharing schemes have so far been unsatisfactory? 74. ______ shows that the author approves the Government's plan? 75. ______ indicates that a 63-year-old man might find job-sharing against his interest? 76. ______ states that job-sharing can offer the chance of interesting work to people who can only work part-time? 77. ______ says that many organizations are doubting the motives of the government in advocating job sharing? 78. ______ implies that increased payment for less work would destroy the scheme? 79. ______ states that a rise in output does not reduce unemployment? 80. ______ A. The Government is going to give new "job splitting", grants to employers willing to offer part-time work to people claiming unemployment benefit. The next scheme, which took many union leaders and large employers by surprise yesterday night, will be announced in detail in the autumn. It is intended to cost die taxpayer nothing because of savings in unemployment benefit. The proposal, unveiled last night by Mr. Norman Tebbit, Secretary of State for Employment, will be in addition to the new Community Programme for the long-term unemployed. Mr. Tebbit said that under the scheme a vacancy could be offered to two unemployed people, one existing full-time employee or two existing full-time employees if one of them would otherwise have been made redundant. The Employment Secretary suggested yesterday that workers reaching retirement might find the idea of sharing their job attractive, if pensions could be secured. But he also said that firms might find it attractive to offer one vacancy to two school leavers. In a sharp reaction to the Community Programme, Mr. Nicholas Hinton, director of the National Council for Voluntary Organizations, whose members will be expected to sponsor many of the new places, said: "The Government is trying to spread too little money too thinly among too many people and many voluntary organizations are suspicious of its motives. " B. Few people believe that unemployment in the United Kingdom will fall favorably below the 3.2 million mark, or 13.4 percent of the labour force, during the next few years. The remarkable rise in productivity over the past year will, if it continues, make it even more difficult to tackle unemployment. Many firms are confident that they can meet any increase in demand without hiring extra staff. Remedies more imaginative and more permanent than those tried so far are needed. The Government's job-splitting scheme announced on Tuesday is one example that should be welcomed. Another good idea is Rank Xerox's "networking" plan, by which executives would be able to work part-time from home. The possibilities of work-sharing need to be more vigorously investigated, on the lines indicated by a recent OECD study. If the total hours of work required are not going to increase with output rising thanks to improved productivity then let us try to share those working hours more equitably among the labour force. Work-sharing helps to produce new jobs by reducing the working hours of those in existing jobs. The danger with work-sharing is that employees may expect to be paid more per hour for working shorter hours, and that fixed labour costs will rise as the numbers on the payroll increase. Many employers therefore fear that the effect on costs and prices would be inflationary. The Government is therefore subsidizing employers to participate in its job splitting scheme. Most kinds of work-sharing involve marginal cuts of a few per cent in total working hours, and thus only modest increases in the number of jobs. The biggest difference would be made if a substantial number of full-time jobs could be tamed into part-time jobs. The Government's role would be to adapt the tax and social security system to make part-time work more attractive to employers and employees, notably by ensuring that as many part time employees as possible escape both tax and social security payment. The social effects of work-sharing, are likely to be beneficial, since it would involve an attempt to match work opportunities to a wider variety of life styles. The combination of one full-time and one part-time spouse might become much more universal. C. Part-timers usually earn less per hour than a full-timer, have fewer fringe benefits and less job security. They have virtually no career prospects. Employers often think that working part-time means that a person has no ambition and no chance of promotion. But job-sharing bridges that gap and offers the chance of interesting work to people who can only work part-time and that does not mean just married women. As Adrienne Broyle of "New Ways to Work" formally the London Job-sharing Project points out: "There are various reasons why people want to job-share and so have more spare time. "A growing number of men want to job-share so that they can play an active role in bringing up their children. It allows people to study at home in their free time, and means that disabled people or those who otherwise stay at home to look after them, can work. Job-sharing is also an ideal way for people to ease into retirement. Many employers are wary of new work schemes, but an investigation carded out by the EOC shows that they can profit in various ways from sharing. If one sharer is away sick, at least half the job continues to be done. Skilled workers who cannot work full-time can bring years of experience to a job. Half-timers have to work flat out without a tea break. Another attraction is that two people bring to one job twice as much experience, sets of ideas and discussion. But there are financial pitfalls for the job-sharers. If one becomes unemployed, he should be eligible for Unemployment Benefit. But he has to sign on as being available for full-time work. Otherwise, he can not claim the benefit. Pensions are a big block. The EOC paper points out that the Local Government Superannuation Scheme excludes people who work less than 30 hours a week. For those who are attracted to job-sharing, beware. Most occupational pension schemes are based either on the average annual earnings during membership of the scheme or on the employee's final salary.

填空题Life Insurance Life insurance is the best type of protection you can get for your family (1) something unfortunate happen to you. The (2) of not having any life insurance or not quite enough cover are massive, (3) it means your family could be left in a real predicament should you die. Many people don't have any cover, insufficient cover or the wrong type to (4) their needs. (5) should I buy life insurance? Many people ask me this question. The answer is right now. The younger you are the (6) the insurance will be. This is based on a risk (7) as the younger you are the less (8) you are to die. In addition to this if you get your life insurance with guaranteed rates you will keep the same low premium through the (9) of the contract, (10) you total peace of mind at a relatively low price. What will affect my life insurance? When (11) to buy life insurance you need to consider a (12) of other factors that will affect the insurance. If you smoke for example or have poor health this will all affect your final premium. The (13) thing you can do is to discuss these with your life insurance broker from the (14) and they can advise you. The most common form of life insurance is term or level life insurance, (15) is cheap and relatively straight forward. You pay a set premium each month (16) the term of the policy and you work out the sum assured as discussed previously. Then in the (17) of your death a lump sum payment would be made. If you were to still be alive at the end of the policy or even if you (18) paying the monthly premiums then the policy would not payout and you would receive (19) back from the policy. Overall you need to do your homework, work out your sum assured and buy life insurance sooner (20) than later as it will save you in the long run.

填空题the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development? 71. ______ environmental control is related with the national revenues? 72. ______ the environmental problems are not caused overnight? 73. ______ a variety of species are on the decrease? 74. ______ agriculture is also a factor for file degradation of environment? 75. ______ pollution can be controlled by increasing the production cost of polluting goods? 76. ______ The developing world is often regarded as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. 77. ______ substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoid ance. 78. ______ the degradation of environment causes the change of climate? 79. ______ the approaches to research should be adjusted to the changing situation? 80. ______ A BOOK 1 The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for climatic change as we move into the twenty-first century. It assesses the impact of potential future global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for economic development. The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental constraints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural research systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability. The third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part examine the effect of climate change on production, trade land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries remain a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy. B BOOK 2 The ozone layer is threatened by chemical emissions, the climate is endangered from fossil fuels and deforestation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environmental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years' and many countries' economic development. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development processes together--this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world's countries cooperate successfully to manage global development? How should they manage it? Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems? This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking.- the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evolution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by looking at how and why specific negotiations and agreements have failed to achieve their targets. The book is designed as an introductory text for those studying global environmental policy making and institution building. It will also be of interest to practitioners and policy makers and scholars in the areas of environmental economics and law. C BOOK 3 Industrialization to achieve economic development has resulted in global environmental degradation. While the impacts of industrial activity on the natural environment are a major concern in developed countries, much less is known about these impacts in developing countries. This source book identifies and quantifies the environmental consequences of industrial growth, and provides policy advice, including the use of clean technologies and environmentally sound production techniques, with special reference to the developing world. The developing world is often seen as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. This, combined with a substantial agricultural sector, which contributes to deforestation, the erosion of the top soil and desertification, has led to extreme pressures on the environment and impoverishes the population by destroying its natural resource base. This crisis suggests that sound industrialization policies are of paramount importance in developing countries' economic development, and calls for the management of natural resources and the adoption of low-waste of environmentally clean technologies. The authors consider the industrial sector as a pollutant vis-a-vis other sectors of the economy, and then focus on some industry-specific pollutants within the manufacturing sector and some process-specific industrial pollutants. They conclude by reviewing the economic implications of promoting environmentally sound industrial development, specifically addressing the question of the conflict or complementarity which may exist between environmental goods and industrial production. D BOOK 4 This is an important book which presents new concepts of the marginal cost of substituting non-pollutive for pollutive goods. Technical in its approach it complements the other literature in the field and will be a significant contribution to the understanding of microeconomic issues in pollution control. The book focuses on three main concepts- substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoidance. The first part considers the adjustment of the scope and combination of goods produced as a method for controlling pollution. The author argues that pollution is controlled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the production process; thereby reducing demand and subsequent production of the goods. In the second part, the discussion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models.- first, pollution prevention when non-polluting inputs and processes are substituted for pollutants; second, when a proportion of the polluting output is recycled rather than being discarded; and finally end-of-pipe abatement where additional technology is used. In conclusion the author assesses the extent to which pollution damage is controlled by avoidance of emissions, with avoidance being modeled as an add-on technology with its own returns to scale.

填空题results in "Acid rain"? 71. ______ is already the 2nd largest source of electricity in the U. S. ? 72. ______ may give off more radiative pollution into the air than a nuclear plant? 73. ______ can be taken only when large enough collector plates are built? 74. ______ is the cleanest practical source of electricity? 75. ______ costs 30% less than coal-fired power in France? 76. ______ is less easy to subject to shortages caused by strikes and natural disasters? 77. ______ is less threatened by international crises? 78. ______ will not be considered as a supplement to conventional electricity for several decades? 79. ______ could contribute to global warming? 80. ______ Our demand for electricity is climbing so fast that over the next decade U. S. generating capacity must increase by a third. Fossil fuels supply nearly three-quarters of this energy. But the smoke-belching stacks of coal-fired, gas-fired and oil-fired plants are also responsible for about half of our air pollution. That, we used to think, is a small price to pay for progress. But there is an alternative, one that produces no smoke and can actually create more fuel than it consumes. In many regions it is even cheaper than coal-fired electricity: nuclear power. Already nuclear power is the second largest source of our electricity, and a new family of "failsafe" nuclear reactors -- some now under construction in Japan -- may one day make nuclear power even cheaper and more plentiful. The only major difference between nuclear and conventional plants is that nuclear fuel is far more radioactive. For this reason, the core must be sealed from the outside environment --and so must the spent fuel, which remains radioactive for years. If other types of power didn't present equal or worse problems, it would make no sense to consider nuclear power at all. But they do. Coal is much dirtier than it used to be. The U. S. reserves of clean-burning anthracite are virtually exhausted. Today, power plants must use soft coal, often contaminated with sulfur. When the smoke from this coal is dissolved by precipitation, it results in "acid rain". Burning coal produces carbon dioxide as well, which can act as a blanket, trapping solar heat in our atmosphere. Eventually, this could contribute to global warming, the greenhouse effect, though there is no conclusive evidence that this has begun. Coal also contains a surprising amount of radioactive material. Indeed, a coal-fired electric plant spews more radioactive pollution into the air than a nuclear plant. Oil and natural gas are too scarce to meet our electrical needs now, let alone in the next century. We already import over 40 percent of our oil from abroad, and that will likely increase. Solar power seems to be a wonderful idea: Every square yard of sunshine contains about 1000 watts of inexhaustible energy, free for the taking. The trouble is, the taking isn't free. To meet our electrical needs, we'd have to build enough collector plates to cover the state of Delaware. No serious student of solar power expects it to be anything but a supplement to conventional electricity for decades. Wind power generated a lot of excitement in the early 1980s, when magazines featured photographs of a "wind farm" at Altamont Pass, California, with hundreds of windmills. Everyone seemed to forget that taxpayers' money helped buy the farm. Today, the giant blades spin productively only half a year, because winds frequently aren't strong enough to cover costs. Hydro power is the cleanest practical source of electricity. But in the United States, most rivers that can be profitably dammed already are. Other more exotic energy schemes would harness ocean tides and waves, nuclear fusion (the process that powers the sun) or heat from the earth's crust or the sea. But even proponents admit that none of these will become a major source of energy soon. Now Let's look at the advantages of nuclear power. 1. It's clean. Radioactive emissions are negligible, much less than the radioactivity released into the air naturally from the earth or produced by cosmic rays. Standing next to a nuclear plant, I am exposed to only one half of one percent more radiation than when sitting in my living room. A coal station, on the other hand, requires huge dumps of fuel and ashes that menace the environment. Despite a widespread misconception, nuclear waste is not a technical problem. The 108 nuclear plants in the United States generate less than 4 000 tons of fuel waste each year. In fact, all 33 years' worth of the nation's spent nuclear fuel would only fill a football field to a depth of five feet. Non-nuclear hazardous waste, by contrast, totals 275 million tons annually. And nuclear waste is easy to monitor and control. The spent fuel can be kept on the premises for years until it decays to a radiation level suitable for trucking to long-term storage sites. 2. It's inexhaustible. The U. S. uranium reserves will last many decades, and our long-term supply is guaranted. Through a process called "breeding", a reactor can convert uranium into plutonium -- an even better fuel. Breeder reactors, now in use in France, could thus extend the reserves for millions of years. 3. It's secure. Because it needs so little fuel, a nuclear plant is less vulnerable to shortages produced by strikes or by natural calamities. And since uranium is more evenly scattered about the globe than fossil fuels, nuclear power is less threatened by cartels and international crises. 4. It' s cheap. In France, where nuclear power supplies 70 percent of the electricity, nuclear power costs 30 percent less than coal-fired power. This enables France to export electricity to its neighbors. In Canada, where nuclear power supplies 15 percent of the electricity, Ontario Hydro has proposed building ten more nuclear reactors over the next 25 years.

填空题An opera and a rugged man Our first trip to Colorado found us, tile last week of June, parking near a city playground where the boys could spend some of their pent-up energy on the swings and slides. 66. ______ After a time, a young couple passed by. She was wheeling a baby carriage anti the man, burly with long hair and a beard, was wearing a T-shirt anti jeans. He carried a basket of laundry and glanced up at the window, listening. I wondered what he'd make of such music, and I quickly learned, because he yelled up. "Aw, why don't you learn how to sing ? " We were incensed and considered what we might have said in answer, marveling that the singer had not missed a note during the outburst. My husband was particularly upset. I was puzzled about the placid attitude of the man's wife; in the same situation, embarrassed, I'd certainly have spoken up. They entered the corner laundry and I hoped their basket contained long-drying blue jeans—not diapers for the latter would mean a quicker return. 67. ______ Anticipating the couple's return, I thought to pass this wisdom on to my husband, hut instead suggested that since the first outburst hadn't upset the singer, a second might well have the same result and we'd be wise to wait and see. (I was lecturing myself also, because I'm often as impatient as my husband.) 68. ______ Again, the passer-by opened his mouth and we tensed, waiting. Then, however, instead of another insult, he began to sing a superb duet with the performer upstairs. We were simply astounded, and when the couple had passed up the street we looked at one another sheepishly, grateful that with our usual impetuosity we had not rushed in with sarcastic comment. John confessed," I guess I was a little trigger happy there." 69. ______ The rehearsal ended and we collected the boys. Riding out Eureka Street, past the Opera House with its balconied front, I read from the guide book, "Built in 1874."We promised ourselves a return to Central City someday. 70. ______ A. "We both were," I agreed. "Maybe words need a waiting period before they are used." And I remembered something else from high school. Wasn't it Polonius who said. "Apparel often proclaims the man"? I decided in this case Polonius was wrong, and so was I to impute ignorance on the basis of a T-shirt and blue jeans. B. There are few people, I imagine, except those who are already good lecturers or orators, to whom speaking on the wireless comes naturally. C. The couple returned and I placed a restraining hand on John's arm, mindful of his safety, too, since the other man obviously had an advantage in weight. D. You never know, we just might hear that duet in its entirety. E. But I found myself remembering something from high school long ago. I bad imprudently wilted thoughts to one who had immediately passed those thoughts along. And when I had gone crying to my grandmother she said, "Well, my girl, now you know. Talk's cheap until you want to buy it hack." F. Through the upstairs window in a nearby building, a man was rehearsing an operatic role—which one, I did not know. I only knew that he was a skilled professional with a beautiful voice. Listening, we felt we had been granted a great favor.

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填空题Climate, more than any other single factor, determines the distribution of life on Earth. Climatic boundaries establish the limits within 1 organisms can survive. Plants, 2 more than animals, must be well 3 in order to survive. They cannot move about or 4 shelter but must be equipped to endure whatever weather conditions are 5 to occur. In the harsh 6 of the tundra, for example, low growing mosses, lichens, and a few flowering plants all hug the ground for shelter 7 icy winds. Animals, 8 their ability to move about and find shelter, are just as much influenced by climate as plants are. Creatures such as camel and the penguin are so 9 specialized that they have an extremely limited distribution. Others, such as bears, are 10 enough to adapt to a range of climates. Ocean dwelling organisms are just as sensitive to climatic changes—in this case temperature and salinity—as land animals. Reef corals can 11 only in clear warm seawater. Certain foraminifers are so sensitive to 12 in their environment that their presence is taken 13 an index of sea temperature. Human beings are 14 the least specialized of all animals and can live almost 15 . Their clothes and their homes act as a sort of "miniature climate" that can be taken with them everywhere.

填空题A Hydro power Introduction We have used running water as an energy source for thousands of years, mainly to grind com. The first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectricity was Cragside House, in Northumberland, England, in 1878. In 1882 on the Fox River, in the USA, hydroelectricity produced enough power to light two paper mills and a house. Nowadays there are many hydro-electric power stations, providing around 20% of the world"s electricity. The name comes from“hydro”, the Greek word for water. How it works A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake. Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to turn turbines and thus drive generators. Advantages Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free. No waste or pollution produced. Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power. Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand. Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other power stations. Disadvantages The dams are very expensive to build. Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream, causing problems for animals that used to live there. Finding a suitable site can be difficult--the impact on residents and the environment may be unacceptable. Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected, which can have an impact on plant life. Is it renewable? Hydro-electric power is renewable. The Sun provides the water by evaporation from the sea, and will keep on doing so. B Nuclear power Introduction Nuclear power is generated using Uranium, which is a metal mined in various parts of the world. The first large-scale nuclear power station opened at Calder Hall in Cambria, England, in 1956. Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plants for engines. How it works Nuclear power stations work in pretty much the same way as fossil fuel-burning stations, except that a“chain reaction”inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead. The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel, and the heat is generated by nuclear fission. Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat. Carbon dioxide gas is pumped through the reactor to take the heat away, and the hot gas then heats water to make steam. Advantages Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it"s not expensive to make. Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel. Produces small amounts of waste. Disadvantages Although not much waste is produced, it is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Nuclear power is reliable, but a lot of money has to be spent on safety. Is it renewable? Nuclear energy from Uranium is not renewable. Once we"ve dug up all the Earth"s uranium and used it. there isn"t any more. C Solar power Introduction We"ve used the Sun for drying clothes and food for thousands of years. but only recently have we been able to use it for generating power. The Sun is 150 million kilometers away, and amazingly powerful. Just the tiny fraction of the Sun"s energy that hits the Earth(around a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet all our power needs many times over. How it works There are three main ways that we use the Sun"s energy： Solar Cells(really called“photovoltaic”or“photoelectric”cells)that convert light directly into electricity. In a sunny climate, you can get enough power to run a 100W light bulb from just one square meter of solar panel. This was originally developed in order to provide electricity for satellites, but these days many of us own calculators powered by solar cells. Solar water heating, where heat from the Sun is used to heat water in glass panels on your roof. This means you don"t need to use so much gas or electricity to heat your water at home. Solar Furnaces use a huge array of mirrors to concentrate the Sun"s energy into a small space and produce very high temperatures. Advantages Solar energy is free-it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution. In sunny countries, solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get electricity to a remote place. Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery chargers. Disadvantages Doesn"t work at night. Very expensive to build solar power stations. Solar cells cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity they"ll produce in their lifetime. Can be unreliable unless you"re in a very sunny climate. Is it renewable? Solar power is renewable. The Sun will keep On shining anyway, so it makes sense to use it. D Wind power Introduction We"ve used the wind as an energy source for a long time. The Babylonians and Chinese were using wind power to pump water for irrigating crops 4,000 years ago, and sailing boats were around long before that. Wind power was used in the Middle Ages, in Europe, to grind corn. which is where the term“windmill”comes from. How it works The Sun heats our atmosphere unevenly, so some patches become warmer than others. These warm patches of air rise, other air blows in to replace them—and we feel a wind blowing. We can use the energy in the wind by building a tall tower, with a large propeller on the top. The wind blows the propeller round, which turns a generator to produce electricity. The more towers, the more wind, and the larger the propellers, the more electricity we can make. Advantages Wind is free, wind farms need no fuel. Produces no waste or greenhouse gases. The land beneath can usually still be used for farming. Wind farms Can be tourist attractions. A good method of supplying energy to remote areas. Disadvantages The wind is not always predictable—some days have no wind. Suitable areas for wind farms are often near the coast, where land is expensive. Can kill birds—migrating flocks tend to like strong winds. Can affect television reception if you live nearby. Is it renewable? Wind power is renewable. Winds will keep on blowing; it makes sense to use them.

填空题You will hear an interview with Mike Rowe, host of the American TV show Dirty Jobs. As you listen, answer the questions or complete the notes in your test booklet for Questions 21 to 30 by writing no more than three words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the interview twice.

填空题 Almost daily, the gulf between education and employment widens. Careers officers complain{{U}} (31) {{/U}}a system that presents them with school-leavers devoid of ideas for employment. Employers deplore the fact {{U}}(32) {{/U}}teenagers are unable to spell and write and calculate. Graduates discover that a knowledge of Ancient History or Zoology counts for nothing when they are{{U}} (33) {{/U}}for a job. With all our magnificent new colleges of further education, the super-polytechnics are{{U}} (34) {{/U}}up like mushrooms, and our much-vaunted increase of students in fulltime education, one vital point is being left out of educational thinking. What will it earn? Because — sad{{U}} (35) {{/U}}it may seem to those who believe in its mind- broadening, horizon-widening and stamina testing qualities — you can not eat education.{{U}} (36) {{/U}}are 39 universities and colleges offering degree courses in Geography, but I have never{{U}} (37) {{/U}}any good jobs advertised for Geography graduates. Or am I alone in suspecting that they will all return to{{U}} (38) {{/U}}Geography to another set of students, who in{{U}} (39) {{/U}}will teach more undergraduates Geography? Only 10 universities currently offer degree courses in Aeronautical Engineering, which perhaps is just as well, in view of the speed with{{U}} (40) {{/U}}the aircraft industry has been dispensing with excess personnel. On the other hand, hospital casualty departments throughout the country are having to close{{U}} (41) {{/U}}because of the lack of doctors. The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half of those who{{U}} (42) {{/U}}. It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and Productivity and the Department of Education and Science to get{{U}} (43) {{/U}}with the universities and produce a revised educational system that will make more economic{{U}} (44) {{/U}}of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being frittered away on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know{{U}} (45) {{/U}}. They might make a start by reintroducing a genuine "General" Certificate of Education. In the days{{U}} (46) {{/U}}it meant something, this was called the School Certificate. Employers liked it, because it indicated proficiency{{U}} (47) {{/U}}English, Arithmetic, Science and Humanities — in{{U}} (48) {{/U}}words, that you had an all-round education You could use it as a springboard to higher education,{{U}} (49) {{/U}}it actually meant something in itself in every{{U}} (50) {{/U}}from chemical to clothing.

填空题WhatkindofoverviewdoesthebookintendtogiveaboutAmericansociety?

填空题Pollution is a "dirty" word. To pollute means to contaminate topsoil or something by introducing impurities which make (31) unfit or unclean to use. Pollution comes (32) many forms. We see it, smell it, taste it, drink it, and stumble through it. We literally lived in and breathe pollution, and (33) surprisingly, it is beginning to threaten our (34) , our happiness, and our civilization. Once we thought of pollution (35) meaning simply the smog — the choking, stinging, dirty (36) that hovers over cities. But air pollution, (37) it is still the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several (38) attack the most basic life functions. Through the uncontrolled use of insecticides, man has (39) the land, killing the wildlife. By (40) sewage and chemicals into (41) and lakes, we have contaminated our drinking water. We are polluting the oceans, too, (42) the fish and thereby depriving ourselves (43) an invaluable food supply. Part of the problem is our exploding (44) . More and more people are producing more wastes. But this problem is intensified by our "throw-away" technology. Each year Americans (45) of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper, 25 million pounds of toothpaste tubes and 48 million cans. We throw away gum wrappers, newspapers, and paper plates. It is no (46) wise to reuse anything. Today almost everything is disposable. Instead of (47) a toaster or a radio, it is easier and cheaper to buy another one and discard the old, even (48) 95 percent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby diapers, which used to be made of reusable cloth, are now paper throw-aways. Soon we will wear clothing made of (49) : "Wear it once and throw it away" will be the slogan of the fashionable consciousness. Where is this all to end? Are we turning the world into a gigantic dump, (50) is there hope that we can solve the pollution problem? Fortunately, solutions are in sight. A few of them are positively ingenious.

填空题WhentheRomanarmycametoBritain,thefirstthingtheydidwastobuild______.

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填空题 For the first time, scientists have profiled specific genetic changes during the aging of experimental animals, a discovery that could aid work to extend life span and preserve health. The study, conducted with mice at the University of Wisconsin, combines a powerful new genetic technique with dietary restriction, the only known way to delay the aging process. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} Moreover, it reveals how a low-calorie diet, the only known method of slowing aging in several animal species, works at the most basic level to extend life span and preserve health. Such knowledge, used in concert with new technologies capable of rapidly surveying the activity of thousands of genes at once, premises to accelerate the development of drugs that mimic the age-retarding effects of a low-calorie diet, according to the Wisconsin scientists. The Wisconsin team, led by Tomas A Prolla, a UW-Madison professor of genetics, and Richard Weindruch, a UW-Madison professor of medicine, profiled the action of 6,347 genes. The team charted changes in genetic activity in two groups of mice, one group on a standard diet and another group whose diet had been reduced to 76 percent of the standard diet. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} "At the molecular level, normal aging looks like a state of chronic injury. "said Prolla. However, in a big step forward in understanding how a reduced-calorie diet works to dramatically slow the physical manifestations of aging, many of the same genes that exhibited changes in activity with aging in mice on a standard diet remained almost completely intact in mice on a reduced diet. "This is a leap in our understanding of how caloric restriction works, "said Weindruch, a leading authority in the field of diet and aging. "There hasn't been much consensus on how caloric restriction retards aging. " {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} The new study, Weindruch said, tends to support the idea that caloric restriction works by slowing metabolism, the chemical processes by which living organisms and cells convert food to energy. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} "Taken as a whole, our results provide evidence that during aging there is an induction of a stress response as a result of damaged proteins and other macromolecules, " the Wisconsin scientists write in Science. "This response ensues as the systems required for the turnover of such molecules decline, perhaps as a result of an energetic deficit in the cell. " {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} The new study, according to Weindmch, is important not only because it provides a genetic map of aging, but because it shows the potential of harnessing gene chip technology to screen for the effects of drugs on the process of growing old. "It gives us a molecular test to see if an agent can affect the rate of aging, "said Weindmch. "There are lots of implications. If we can understand the molecular mechanisms, we could perhaps develop drugs that mimic the effects of caloric restriction. " A. The research is published today in Science. The study is a milestone in aging research, providing scientists with an intimate look at the ebb and flow of genetic activity with age, and the roles individual genes play in the process of growing old. B. In the process of metabolism, some toxic byproducts are produced, damaging proteins and triggering a stress response that acts to repair damaged molecules and that seems to be governed by a few select genes. But with age, the body's ability to repair damaged proteins declines, possibly as a result of shrinking cellular energy levels. C. Over many years, studies of several animal species have consistently shown that reduced diets 25 to 30 percent less than a typical diet-retard aging, extend life span and improve overall health in old age. D. "This study has analyzed more genes with regard to aging than all previous studies combined, "Prolla said of the study that surveyed 5 to 10 percent of the mouse genome using a "gene chip"--a small glass plate containing DNA that, when read with a laser, quickly reveals activity levels for thousands of individual genes. The Wisconsin group found that, with age, the activity of a very small number of genes--less than 2 percent of those surveyed--changed markedly. But those genes govern critical biological tasks such as stress responses, protein repair and energy production, and they changed in big ways. E. The Wisconsin group plans to extend its studies to monkeys and humans. UW-Madison, at its Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, is the site of a decade-old study of rhesus macaques on a reduced-calorie diet. F. Prolla and Weindmch have filed for a patent covering the use of gene chip technology in aging research through the Wisconsin Alumni Re-search Foundation.

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Do you believe that only boys do well in science? Does it seem to you that{{U}} (31) {{/U}}have better vocabularies than boys?{{U}} (32) {{/U}}your opinion, are boys better at building thins? If your answer to each of those questions is "Yes", you{{U}} (33) {{/U}}right, according to an article in Current Science. There are exceptions, but here are the facts. On the{{U}} (34) {{/U}}, males score higher on tests that measure mathematical reasoning, mechanical ability, and problem-solving skills. {{U}}(35) {{/U}}show superior ability in tests measuring vocabulary, spelling, and memory. But these{{U}} (36) {{/U}}will probably not always exist. In the future, a person's abilities may not be determined{{U}} (37) {{/U}}sex. As one scientist{{U}} (38) {{/U}}"Nothing is impossible for a person to be or do. " In several recent studies, young babies have been observed and tested to discover{{U}} (39) {{/U}}different abilities are developed. A scientific team headed by Jerome Kagan, a psychologist at Harvard University, is studying the thinking ability of children 11.5 months{{U}} (40) {{/U}}. The test is a simple one. The{{U}} (41) {{/U}}, while seated on it mother's lap, watches a "show" on a small theater stage. In Act One of the show, an orange-colored block is lifted from blue box and moved slowly across the stage. Then{{U}} (42) {{/U}}is returned to the box. This is repeated six times. Act{{U}} (43) {{/U}}is similar, except that the orange block is smaller. Baby boys do not seem to notice the difference in the size of the block, but girls immediately become excited and begin to make noises that sound{{U}} (44) {{/U}}language. They seem to be trying to talk. It is{{U}} (45) {{/U}}that bones, muscles, and nerves develop faster in baby girls. Usually, too, baby girls talk{{U}} (46) {{/U}}an earlier age than boys do. Scientists think there is a physical reason{{U}} (47) {{/U}}this. They believe that nerves in the left side of the brain develop faster in girls than in boys. And it is this side of the{{U}} (48) {{/U}}that strongly influences an individual's ability to use words, to spell, and to remember things. By the time they start to school, therefore, little girls have an advantage that boys do not have. Girls are physically more ready to{{U}} (49) {{/U}}facts, to spell, and to read. These, of course, are{{U}} (50) {{/U}}that are important in elementary school.

填空题WhousuallytakecareoftheelderlypeopleintheUnitedStates?

填空题The British philosopher and logician Bertrand Russell once wrote: "Mathematics, tightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty—a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture. " 1 This seems curious, since it is clear that artists have long found inspiration in mathematics. Greek architects appear to have used a number known as the golden ratio when designing the Parthenon, and Leonardo De Vinci"s Vitruvian Man, which depicts an outstretched figure encompassed by square and a circle, is an attempt to link human beauty with geometry. And in the 20th century, artists have been exposed even more to mathematical ideas, initially because Victorian mathematicians found ways of visualizing formulae and functions in physical form. Now computers have made it possible to visualize even more complex functions such as fractal patterns, and then mathematical objects like the Mandelbrot set have become a household image. 2 What, then, constitutes beautiful mathematics? This is rarely debated among mathematicians, but there are some generally accepted tests that a piece of work must pass to be deemed beautiful—it must employ a minimal number of assumptions, for example, or give some original and important insight, or throw other work into new perspective. Elegance is perhaps a better term for it. There is a flip side, of course, a piece of mathematics laden with unnecessary assumptions and offering no new insights is deemed ugly. The most famous example of a function that meets all the requirements of beauty is Euler"s formula (e m +i =0) , which links some of the most fundamental concepts in mathematics and draws together two entirely separate branches of the science—geometry, the study of space, and algebra, the study of structure and quantity. I have never seen a physical model of Euler"s formula, but it ,would be impossible to get a sense of the function"s power and majesty from such a thing. 3 Yet it need not be like that ten years ago, I began assembling the most beautiful examples of mathematics and exhibiting them as digital prints. My latest exhibition opens next week in London. I imagined the task an intellectual diversion, like hunting for shells on the seashore. Instead, I have found it a profoundly creative experience, and laden with emotional undertones. 4 Most people"s reaction to all this is fascination. They ask questions and demand explanations and answers. I cannot tell them what to think, but now when I display the images I write a commentary for each exhibit—not an explanation of the mathematics, but a snapshot of the idea and emotions that the mathematics inspires me. 5 Which is why I have come to disagree with Russell. The beauty of mathematics can be cold and austere, when viewed in a particular way. But viewed in another it can be rich and warm, funny and sad, romantic and profound. Just like sculpture—he was right about that. A. But mathematicians are not usually thinking of images, models and sculptures when they talk about beauty. Mathematical beauty is not a visual quality. Judging a piece of mathematics by the way it looks when printed on paper is like judging a book by its typeface—it is an absurd notion. B. For example, it is hard not to be awestruck by the language of symmetry, a branch of mathematics called group theory. Likewise, who could fail to be inspired by the mathematical description of the birth of stars? There are rich veins of inspiration wherever you look. And thus, for me, mathematical photography has become an art. C. It is the equation that everybody knows, but it is just part of a theory. How you go about proving E really does equal mc 2 ? The short answer is, with a great deal of care. A multinational team has just published the most accurate ever test of Einstein"s equation. D. The best way I can describe it is to compare it with photography. Just as an ordinary photograph is a snapshot of natural beauty, an equation is a snapshot of mathematical beauty, or indeed ugliness or some other aesthetic. My "photographs" are simply mathematical statements that I have chosen. But like conventional images, making the choice can imbue them with emotion. E. Sculpture is widely admired in our societies—there is hardly a public space in our cities that does not boast a sculpture of some sort. But mathematical beauty is barely recognized beyond the confines of academia, and it is never celebrated. F. So why has mathematical beauty failed to make a cultural impact? One reason could be that this spectrum of aesthetics, with beauty at one end and ugliness at the other, sounds horribly one-dimensional. And having rules for mathematical beauty feels, as Russell put it, cold and austere: this is beauty devoid of emotion, profoundly different to that which we experience and admire in the physical world.