填空题A=section A B=section B C=section C ● It is suggested that blood samples be studied to reinforce the statistical interpretation of the data. 1 ● DNA fingerprinting is valuable to the defense. 2 ● Scientists should believe that DNA fingerprinting is a powerful method to establish the truth. 3 ● A murder was convicted on the basis of the DNA fingerprinting evidence. 4 ● DNA fingerprinting is more reliable than any other evidence. 5 ● A man was proved innocent b2) DNA fingerprinting evidence. 6 ● The old-fashioned thumbprint fingerprinting is helpful to law enforcement. 7 ● The academy report insists that DNA fingerprinting should have a positive influence for a more objective courtroom testimony. 8 ● Eye witness testimony is not always reliable. 9 ● The absence of eye witness in murder cases is one of the frailties of the usual courtroom evidence. 10 Section A Case Ⅰ: A young couple was found murdered in a campground, with no apparent clues except that the woman had been raped. From the DNA evidence, a paroled (被准许获假释的) felon (重罪犯) was identified. It was shown later that he was in a nearby town the night before the crime, had no alibi (不在现场的证明) for the time of the crime, and was traced to a Florida city where he was apprehended. Case Ⅱ: A 10-year-old girl was molested by a man she identified as a "large black man". A local handyman fitting that description was said by an eyewitness to have been in the vicinity near the time of the crime. The individual so identified was found to have a previous record of child molestation, but on checking his DNA he was found to be clearly innocent and was never even brought to trial. The power of DNA fingerprinting is well illustrated by these two cases, which tell of the conviction of a guilty man who otherwise was unlikely to have been connected with the crime and the lack of charges against an innocent person who would, in the opinion of experts, have probably been convicted on the basis of the eyewitness testimony. Section B A new National Academy of Sciences report provides strong support for the use of DNA fingerprinting in legal proceedings. The report argues that rigorous controls should be incorporated into the procedure with official approval and advice provided at the federal level; the report did not suggest the need for a temporary stopping until perfection is achieved. The scientific and judicial communities should support the recommendations expressed in the report that blood samples be studied and archived in order to further strengthen the statistical interpretation of the data. Continuing to use DNA evidence while finetuning the methodology even further seems the appropriate path. Unfortunately, the New York Times broke the embargo on the Academy report in a front-page story on Tuesday (14 April) and got the bottom-line message wrong. Ironically, the paper published an editorial on Saturday (18 April) stating that, thanks to computers, the old-fashioned thumbprint fingerprinting has been a gigantic boon to law enforcement and was even better than its early boosters had predicted. When the original fingerprint idea was introduced into courtrooms (it had been used previously by officials in our colonial days to prevent forgery), many worried whether fingerprints were indeed unique and if the police could be trusted to use them. DNA fingerprinting, like all new tools of scientific methods used to solve crimes, must be proved step by step. The emotional appeal that the associated probabilities must be perfect to be admitted as evidence ignores the faults of the usual courtroom evidence. Eyewitness testimony is often absent in murder cases and is frequently unreliable in rape cases. This is especially alarming since cases of rape and attempted rape increased by 59% in the United States last year compared to the previous year. In fact, DNA fingerprinting as it is used today, and certainly as it will be improved in the future, has a stronger scientific basis than many other types of evidence. Less reliable types of evidence have been used for many years in court cases; justice can only be served better by a technique with higher standards. Section C Contrary to those who see DNA fingerprinting as a tool solely for the prosecutor, its value may be even more powerful for the defense. A figure of 33 % (which is quoted by many scientists related to law but was unverifiable as of this writing) is given for the number of "suspects" (individuals for whom there is enough other evidence to go to trial) who are exonerated (被宣布无罪) and not brought to trial because of DNA evidence. Scientists should not be concerned with whether DNA fingerprinting evidence is more useful for the prosecution or the defense. Rather, they should be concerned with the accuracy of the results and the reliability of the method as performed by commercial laboratories. For the moment, scientists can say that (i) a new powerful tool to establish the truth has been provided, (ii) it is so powerful that it is important to maintain and improve its reliability, and (iii) any tool that aids in the establishment of truth is to the benefit of society. The Academy report, which if anything errs on the side of caution, still clearly states that we must proceed and that DNA fingerprinting should have a positive influence for more objective courtroom testimony. There should be room for controversy and doubts to be expressed in any new step, but exaggerated concerns over minor imperfections should not be allowed to halt the application of a new tool of science to a better and more just future.

填空题The place seemed as unlikely as the coming together of the two principals. In June 1995, Princess Diana went to visit Mother Terea in New York City"s South Bronx, where the founder of the Missionaries of Charity was recovering from an illness at one of her order"s residences. 1 So they met and chatted about the work they loved, for no more than an hour. Diana helped Mother Teresa rise from her wheelchair, and the two of them emerged from a private conversation holding hands, to be greeted by squealing children in a crowd. Diana, in a cream-colored linen suit, stood over her companion. 2 Now they are dead, within a week, and one wonders how to grasp what has been lost. In a way, their deaths are the ending to two stories. 3 When she was killed, her story was curtailed, and the silence that followed was overwhelming. One reason that masses stood in lines all over the world is that they knew a story they yearned to hear, and thought would go on, was over. Mother Teresa"s story was more of process and had fewer elements with which the audience could easily identify. For most of the years of her life, no cameras followed her when she bent down in the wretched streets of Calcutta to take dying people in her arms or when she touched the open wounds of the poor, the discarded and alone. When the Nobel Committee blasted her with fame, she had already written most of the tale of her life, which was without much plot, was propelled by a main character who never changed direction, yet had a great theme. The end of Mother Teresa"s story is not the end of her order"s work, which is one reason (her age is another) that her death makes one sad without shock. The two women were united by an impulse toward charity, and charity is tricky way to live. A nun I know in Brooklyn, Sister Mary Paul, who has worked with the down-and-nearly-out all her life, once told me, "People in the helping professions are curious. I think they may feel something is missing in their lives. There can be a lot of ego, a lot of indirect fulfillment. One wants to see oneself as a good and giving person. There is nothing wrong in that, but it can"t be the goal. The ultimate goal must be a change in the system in which both the giver and taker live." 4 The idea behind such thinking is that life is a journey and one catches others on the way. Mother Teresa must have felt this. Within whatever controversies arose about her work, the central gesture of her life was to bend toward the suffering and recall them to the world of God"s province. The people she inclined toward had been chewed by rats and had magots in their skin. 5 The public mourning for Diana has so outrun the importance of the event that it has taken on the cast of an international grieving unrelated to any particular cause. It is as if the world has felt the need to be moved, to feel sympathy itself, and if that feeling of sympathy is fleeting, it will still have brought a general catharsis. Perhaps this is counterfeit emotion, aroused by television, and fueled and sustained by itself. That would not be true of the emotion shown at the death of Mother Teresa, who will draw fewer mourners to her funeral but more in the long run of history. A. She doesn"t like the word charity except in the sense of caritas, love. "Love," she said, "is not based on marking people up by assets and virtues. Love is based on the mystery of the person, who is immeasurable and is going somewhere I will never know." B. That is why the princess came to meet the nun, to pay her respect to the woman whose devotion to the poor and dying she was beginning to absorb. Surrounding the world"s two most recognizable women were the dusty tenements and deserted cars of the not yet revived area. The Saint of the Gutters was in her element, which more recently had become Diana"s too. C. Princess Diana"s was the less significant but the more enthralling, a royal soap opera played by real people suffering real pain. D. All she wanted for them was the dignity of being human. E. Like Mother Teresa, the princess addressed to the children she came across, and nurseries, kindergartens and schools were the places where she was most frequently spotted. F. They were affectionate to each other. Mother Teresa clasped her palms together in the Indian namaste, signifying both hello and farewell. The princess got into her silver ear. And that was that.

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填空题WherewouldhestayafterhisscholarshipyearinLondonwasover?

填空题 You will hear a talk on how to make oral presentations. As you listen, you must answer Questions 21-30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk TWICE.{{B}} You now have 60 seconds to read Questions 21-30.{{/B}}

填空题Lessening the effect of the epidemic upon sustainable development is one of the issues USAID will get down to in the future. 71. ______ The multinational cooperation is the best way to stop HIV/AIDS from spreading among the mobile population. 72. ______ The effective way to deal with HIV/AIDS in the full involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS and all of the communities. 73. ______ USAID is trying to work out ways to prevent HIV/ AIDS transmission from mother to child. 74. ______ In the past eight years USAID has experimented with and improved various methods to slow the spread of HIV/AIDS. 75. ______ USAID will strengthen women's ability to resist HIV/AIDS. 76. ______ Women and children are those who are very easy to be infected HIV/AIDS. 77. ______ USAID will put the prevention method into effect. 78. ______ The epidemic has been spreading very fast over the past eight years. 79. ______ The integration of prevention and cure is the most efficient way of preventing HIV/AIDS. 80. ______ Section A Since the US Agency for International Development (USAID) began its first HIV/AIDS prevention efforts eight years ago, the epidemic has changed dramatically. HIV has spread to every region of the world. Millions of people infected with HIV during the first decade of the epidemic are developing opportunistic infections and other AIDS-related illnesses, and many are dying. Women and children are among those most vulnerable to HIV infection. As HIV prevalence and AIDS mortality soar, millions of children will lose their parents. HIV/AIDS is having a devastating impact on the health and well-being of families, communities and nations worldwide. The epidemic's effects on the structure of societies and the productivity of their members undermine efforts to promote sustainable development around the globe. USAID's approach to slowing the spread of HIV/AIDS relies on strategies tested and refined over the past eight years. At the same time, the Agency is moving forward to address new challenges posed by the evolving epidemic. One of the important lessons learned during the past decade is that an effective response to HIV/AIDS requires the full participation of people and communities affected by the virus. Although people living with HIV/AIDS are among the most successful advocates and communicators for prevention, too often their voices are not heard or heeded. Greater involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS is essential to creat the supportive political, legal and social environments needed to control the epidemic. Section B In December 1994 at the Paris AIDS Summit, representatives of 42 governments adopted resolution pledging greater support for networks of people living with HIV/AIDS. Before and during the summit, members of these networks worked with government and multilateral organizations, including USAID, to develop a plan for translating the words of the resolution into concrete action. The Agency is committed to ensuring that people living with HIV/AIDS are accepted in full partnership with governments, international organizations and the private sector in developing, implementing and evaluating HIV/AIDS policies and programs. People living with HIV/AIDS and community-based organizations have been at the forefront of efforts to draw attention to the connection between compassionate AIDS care and effective HIV prevention. In the absence of a vaccine or cure, USAID continues to emphasize HIV/AIDS prevention. But as the number of people suffering from AIDS-related illness begins to increase dramatically, the Agency is also exploring ways to reduce the social impact of AIDS and enhance prevention efforts by integrating prevention and care. The Agency will also continue to pioneer regional approaches to an epidemic that does not recognize national boundaries. Crossborder interventions throughout the world will target mobile populations, including migrant workers, tourists, traders, transport workers and people displaced by war, and social disruption. Results from USAID-supported research on preventing HIV/AIDS in women, from microbiocide development to behavioral research on communication between men and women, will play a key role in slowing the rapid spread of the epidemic in the future. The Agency will continue to support research designed to strengthen programs for women and wilt move quickly to incorporate promising prevention methods into field activities. USAID will also work to reduce women's vulnerability to HIV prevention by promoting multisectoral efforts to improve their economic and social status. Section C Recognizing the growing threat HIV/AIDS poses to child survival, the Agency will support efforts to identify and test methods of preventing transmission from mother to child, such as Vitamin A supplements and other promising interventions. In addition, USAID will expand efforts to reduce HIV/AIDS among women and children by integrating prevention interventions into its family planning and child survival programs. Effective use of integrated interventions is critical for HIV/AIDS prevention because the virus affects people who are most active in the development process. Decades of progress in health and development are jeopardized by the social and economic impact of the epidemic. Without careful planning, development activities, in turn, can promote the spread of HIV/AIDS by encouraging migration and the separation of workers from their families. Most integration efforts to date have been in health and family planning, but other development sectors have an important role to play in HIV/AIDS prevention. In the future, the Agency will pursue opportunities for reducing HIV transmission and mitigating the impact of the epidemic on sustainable development through its programs in education, agriculture, and human resource and micro-enterprise development. USAID' s approach to HIV/AIDS has evolved along with the epidemic. To meet the challenges ahead, the Agency will continue to adapt its strategies and programs in order to benefit from lessons from the field and new opportunities for building effective partnerships. Given the epidemic's profound implications for health, economic growth and social stability, USAID's investment in HIV/AIDS prevention will save millions of lives and promote sustainable development throughout the world.

填空题Asagrown-up,howdoesthespeakerseeherselfinthemirror?

填空题 {{B}}Which school...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} Ellesmere College is one of the fastest-growing independent schools in the country over the past two years, with pupils numbers rising by almost 20%. The growth has led to a $1million investment program in 1999 and the building of a new lower school for boys and girls aged nine to thirteen. The new lower school will be the largest single building project at the college since its foundation in 1884. In the senior school, two-thirds of the pupils are boarders, and boarding is available from the age of 11. The sixth form is strong with over 120 pupils; there is an exceptionally wide-range of A-level subjects on offer and the College has pioneered the use of video conferencing technology as a way of improving its curriculum. Microsoft Office qualifications are also available in the sixth form. The College is set in extensive grounds in the beautiful North Shropshire Lake District. Facilities are excellent and various, and include many sports fields, six all-weather tennis courts, indoor and outdoor shooting ranges, a nine-hole golf course and a purpose-built theater. The College sailing club has boats within walking distance on Whitemere. The majority of the day pupils at the College enjoy the College bus service which covers a very wide area. Boarding throughout the School has benefited from a recent multimillion pound refurbishment which has done away with dormitories in favor of modem, comfortable rooms, the largest sleeping six, but most sleeping two or one. Academic standards are high for a school with a broad entry range. Many scholarships are awarded across a range of talents, but the emphasis of an Ellesmere education is firmly on breadth with each pupil achieving his or her full potential, whatever that may be. Recent pupil successes range from international honors in shooting, fencing and canoeing to a recent leaver's election—after only one year as an undergraduate—to an Exhibition in Chemistry at Jesus College, Oxford. The College has a national reputation for the quality of its dyslexia provision.{{B}}B{{/B}} The choice of tile right school for your son or daughter is important. For over 100 years Edgehill College has proudly prepared independently-minded young people to take their place in a world of rapidly advancing technology. The foundations of a sound education are laid down early in life. Edgehill does this within the friendly walls of its prep school. Learning through enjoyment begins at the age of three and continues to the point where pupils can proceed smoothly and confidently into senior school. Entry to the prep school is by interview and to the senior school by examination at 11+, 12+, 13+ and 16+. Edgehill is a friendly, caring and purposeful community with a fame for high academic achievement. Students are encouraged to reach their potential and develop their talents to the full. A reputation for achievement in music and drama is matched by outstanding results in sports, for which Edgehill students enjoy some of the finest facilities in the West Country. There are excellent recreational opportunities in the contrasting beauties of the North Devon coast and Dartmoor. The College motto "Beyond the Best There Is a Better" can certainly sum up the achievements of Edgehill students. The accolade of winning the Schools Curriculum Award in 1997 gave Edgehill national recognition and, recently, the College has been chosen as a National Coaching Foundation Center, confirming its place as a leading southwest school. Parents naturally worry when their children are away at school so great emphasis is placed on pastoral care. Edgehill is more than a school with high standards of education; it prides itself on tradition, firm but friendly discipline and a keen sense of moral values. The demands of the world of the future, changes in family lifestyle and in work patterns serve only to underline the advantage of an Edgehill education where qualifications matched by confidence and good manners enable students to make their mark in whatever career they choose. All this makes Edgehill College a rather special school—a school that offers the best for your children.{{B}}C{{/B}} The School has exceptional facilities for academic work, including good laboratories, an attractive circular library and separate areas for music, drama, craft, art and design, technology and business studies. There is a fine chapel and well-equipped medical center. Sporting facilities include a new sports hall, finished and equipped to the highest international standards, as well as an indoor swimming pool, 12 tennis courts and superb playing fields. The School is set in 300 acres, 30 minutes from central London and Heathrow International Airport. The School caters for girls of average ability and above but it is not narrowly academic. The core subjects of the national curriculum offer a balanced basic education. A wide. range of GSCE options provides courses for girls of varying abilities and interests. Regular high standard performances in music and drama, public speaking and debating are important preparation for adult life. Brownies, Guides, Duke of Edinburgh's and young Enterprise schemes all flourish, alongside clubs and societies for all ages. Scholarships for academic merit at every stage. Six scholarships every year are available only the daughters of Freemasons. Additional minor awards for music, art and business studies in the sixth form. The sixth form offers all the traditional academic subjects at A-level alongside more popular additions like psychology and theatre studies. GNVQ (advanced) in business studies and health and social care provides an alternative vocational pathway to university or a direct route into employment. Every year a number of new girls join at this stage. All have chances for leaderships and responsibility. The emphasis is on each girl fulfilling her own potential and finding an area in which she can excel. We pride ourselves on building self-esteem and nurturing a generosity of spirit which leads naturally to a desire to serve the community.· is not for boys? 71. ______· has won the national award? 72. ______· enrolls students under the age of 6? 73. ______· has a good reputation for what they do for some special persons7 74. ______· has a limit in the age for these who will live on campus? 75. ______· put emphasis on developing students' verbal talents7 76. ______· does not offer any scholarships? 77. ______· provides students with vocational training? 78. ______· has a lot of extra-curriculum activities? 79. ______· applies advanced devices to teaching? 80. ______

填空题A=Report 1 B=Report 2 C=Report 3 D=Report 4 Which report (s) say (s) that... · hot weather may cause serious health problems associated with air pollution? (71) · a weather warning system is established to help people away from danger heat? (72) · not only people but also animals and crops are victims of the heat wave? (73) · there were controversies on the issue of global warming? (74) · human activities contribute to global warming? (75) · the deadly heat wave cannot kill people? (76) · hot weather will have its effects on consumers? (77) · reducing exposure to air pollution can decrease deaths associated with pollution? (78) · hot weather had attacked France twice since 2003? (79) · wildfires increased in North America and other parts of the world recently? (80) A A new study requested by the US Congress is helping clear up some of the controversies regarding global warming. It finds the warming of the northern hemisphere in the last decades of the 20th century was unprecedented in the past thousand years. It also says the decade of the 1990s was the warmest on record. Authors believe human activities are at least partly responsible for recent warming. The study concludes extreme weather has struck many parts of the United States. There was flooding in parts of the Midwest last week, more heavy rains this week in the southern and eastern United States. Scientists say that the warmer the air, the more evaporated water it holds. Winds pick up more moisture from the hotter ocean surfaces, resulting in heavier and more frequent downpours. Recent data compiled on wildfires indicate an increasing frequency in North America and elsewhere around the world. Scientists say generally over the last five decades snows are melting sooner and faster, producing hot, dry drought conditions in many parts of the world. Weather patterns have natural cycles, but this latest study suggests more frequent extremes of too dry and too wet conditions may exist for the rest of the decade and beyond. B Scientists observed the highest air pollution on record above the Arctic Circle in May. Air pollution has been linked to a number of medical problems including heart attacks, asthma and stroke. It is so hot in many parts of the US that officials are cautioning people to stay indoors. Even short exposure to high temperatures can cause serious health problems. Heat is not the only danger factor. Hot weather with little or no wind can lead to high levels of air pollution, especially ozone. Last year researchers in Boston analyzed pollution rates in nine major US cities. They found the risk of stroke was one percent higher on days with relatively higher air pollution. Scientists say while this increase may seem small, it has a huge effect, since the number of people living in pollution-prone cities is so great. Researchers say pollution particles in the air may enter the body through the lungs and irritate the wails of blood vessels, encouraging clots that travel to the brain. The Hopkins scientists found these fine particles can reach the small air ways and the air sacks in the lungs. A study found a link between fine particles in air pollution and risk of death. It also found that reducing exposure to air pollution decreased the number of deaths associated with pollution. C Europe is baking under a heat wave that has sent temperatures soaring past 36 degrees Celsius in some places. The sizzling weather is blamed for the deaths of at least half a dozen people. Temperatures in parts of France were expected to soar as high as 36 degrees Celsius Wednesday. Other parts of Europe are expected to be even hotter. So far, the heat wave has killed at least six people around Europe, including three in France. The heat is accompanied by unusually dry weather in many places. The sizzling scenario seems very similar to the heat wave of 2003, when heat was linked to the deaths of roughly 30 000 people around Europe, half of them in France. Things are different this summer. French social workers and ordinary French are checking in on older people, to make sure they're OK. The government has established a weather warning system, and a help hot line for the elderly and other fragile people. Other European countries are taking similar preventative measures. Nobody wants a repeat of the killer heat wave of 2003. D Eleven days of triple digit temperatures in California are taking a toll on the state agricultural industry. Meteorologists expect the deadly heat wave that has killed at least 60 people could subside by this weekend. But the relief may be too late for many California farmers. California dairy farmer Hank Van Excel is doing his best to keep his herds comfortable. But the effect of the heal on his dairy cows is evident. He has lost 14 cows and says milk production is down more than 20 percent. The heat has led to emergency declarations in several counties. The heat has been unprecedented. It's been oppressively hot at night. All of these factors coming together have made it very challenging for the local community. "And California's $ 50-billion-a-year dairy industry is not the only victim. In vineyard, the scorching temperatures will affect the taste of the wines and grapes are beyond raisin. Over in the tomato fields, the heat has killed about 15 percent of the blossoms that typically yield 46 000 tons of tomatoes per season. People are obviously losing money as the days continue to be hot. It's a story repeated in peach orchards and walnut groves and melon patches up and down the state. It's too early to assess total damages but consumers will feel the heat in their pocketbooks. The consumers deal with it in the prices they're going to pay when they go to the store or when they go to the restaurant. /

填空题The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000. Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today's global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (66) Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social; the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity. (67) This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter., there is no radical innovation without creative destruction. Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords—environmental changed or—climate change have increased rapidly since 2004. (68) When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local. Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example. And whether the community's work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful. The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (69) This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today's economic climate. The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed. Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (70) That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems. A．However, the numbers are still small, in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords. B．The idea is to force society to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies. C．The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones. D．These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy. E．Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding cate- gory for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development. F．During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.

填空题Earning a Living in the 19th Century During the 18th century, more and more families in Britain came to earn a living from industrial work rather than from 1 work. And this trend 2 in the 19th century, 3 work providing services rather than in making goods rose to prominence. At the same time, the country"s population increased more rapidly than 4 before, a marked upturn 5 the rate of growth occurring from the late 1700s. As a 6 , a far greater 7 of people were involved in making manufactured goods in early Victorian times than had been the 8 in early Georgian times. The rapidity of population 9 from the late 18th century caused a great deal of interest at the time and brought no little anxiety. Thus the gloomy Thomas Malthus predicted that, 10 checked, such rapid 11 growth would outstrip food supplies, 12 to starvation. In the event this did not happen, but 13 about population growth led to the first national census of Britain"s population taking place in 1801. Since then, censuses have been 14 every ten years, except during 1941 15 wartime disruption occurred. The early censuses give some information on occupations and hence 16 how people earned a living. But it is only from 1841 17 detail of the occupations of individuals rather than 18 groups of people is given. This crucial change arose 19 , for the first time, households were issued with forms (or schedules) on 20 they were legally required to record details of everyone who stayed in the household on census night. In 1851, the schedules required fuller information, including occupations. This information was usually collected by local people.

填空题Constantlyrevisingweatherforecastsbring______tomanypeople.

填空题·built an American Hero Elvis Presley?

填空题{{I}} You will hear a conversation about a crime. Answer questions 6-10 while you listen. Use not more than 5 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the questions.{{/I}}

填空题Growing up without a father around can present a lot of challenges to a girl. Quite apart from the behaviour problems and lower academic achievement that can accompany father absence, there are also potential consequences for sexual behaviour and relationships later in life: Daughters who grow up without a father in their home are more likely to reach puberty earlier, have sex earlier and are more likely to get divorced. Dr Lynda Boothroyd and Professor David Perrett at St Andrews University asked webrecruited volunteers to rate the appearance of the faces of three groups of women: those whose parents had a good relationship as they were growing tip, those whose father was absent, and those whose parents stayed together but had a poor relationship.67. __________. So why should separated or warring parents be associated with masculinity in daughters? One theory is that stress during childhood could raise cortisol levels, and there is some evidence that this can have masculinising effects.68. __________. The researchers suggest that the link between parental relationships and appearance could have repercussions for the daughters' choices of partner and success in relationships later in life, because, in general, less attractive women need to have lower expectations of partner quality or be willing to settle for short-term relationships.69. __________. Dr David Waynforth, of Durham University, studied the effects of father absence in a Mayan population in Belize and found that sons of absent fathers had more masculine faces. He speculates that a masculine appearance and hence high testosterone levels may be a response to help overcome the disadvantage of being without a father, enabling sons to push their interests more aggressively to make their way in society.70. __________. Another potential influence on a woman's sexual behaviour is the quality of relationships she has with men as she grows up. Professor Bruce Ellis, of the University of Arizona, found in a long- term study of girls in the United States and New Zealand that daughters whose fathers were absent tended to reach puberty earlier, and were much more likely to become pregnant as a teenager than daughters with two resident parents. He found that this early sexual activity was more pronounced in girls who were deprived of a father from early in life. Even among the girls who lived with their fathers, those who had a closer father-daughter relationship delayed sexual relationships for longer. Prof Ellis suggests that the quality of a girl's relationship with her father, especially in the first five or so years of life, becomes internalised and sets the stage for her later sexual behaviour. Could the same be true of the physical effects that we see? "The key research agenda for the future will be to assess facial masculinity and attractiveness in girls early in life," Prof Ellis says, "and then to determine whether girls who experience father absence and poor mother-father relationships change over time to become more masculinising and less attractive."71. __________. The St Andrews University study rated daughters of warring couples as the least attractive and they were deemed less healthy looking than those of separated parents, perhaps as a result of ongoing family tension. But as Dr Boothroyd says: "It's nothing new to suggest that long-term psycho-social stress is not good for children."A. Another possibility is that hormones are responsible for both marital strife and masculinity in daughters: High parental testosterone levels or sensitivity could increase the chances of marital problems and desertion by the father, and if passed on to daughters could lead to a more masculine appearance.B. The study, published in Proceedings of the Royal Society, found that father absence and parental marital strife were associated with less attractive, more masculine faces in daughters.The researchers also found that these women tended to have less feminine body shapes and more body fat than women whose parents had a good, stable relationship.C. For all the disadvantages to girls of being without a father when they are growing up, they can take some comfort in the fact that they are likely to be more attractive than those whose parents stayed together in spite of marital strife.D. "If you're more masculine it's going to be harder to get a good quality mate, in terms of what you've got to bargain with," says Dr Boothroyd. "This could be driving certain elements of why women who grew up without fathers are less likely to be in long-term relationships."E. Girls who enter puberty later generally had fathers who were active participants in care-giving; had fathers who were supportive to the girls' mothers; and had positive relationships with their mothers. But it's the fathers' involvement, rather than the mothers', which seems to be paramount to the age of the girls' development.F. Dr Waynforth doesn't think that women raised without a father around would be at a reproductive disadvantage. "While they may through higher facial masculinity be rated a bit lower for physical attractiveness, they should be more driven to seek sex and more sexual partners," he says, "assuming testosterone affects female sexual behaviour in the same ways that it seems to affect male sexual behaviour./

填空题As international commerce grows, there is an amazing development which is expanding at ever-increasing rate—business on the Internet. One of the most arresting auction business is called e-Bay. Down at the local auction house in the city, you would normally find excited bidders raising their hands or nodding agreement as the auctioneer rattles off the prices for a set of bookshelves, heater or second-hand television set. Now the same cut and thrust of auction selling is drawing not the hundreds who cram into a crowded auction room, but millions of Internet surfers who visit e-Bay, the biggest online auction site, and others of similar style. 66. ______ For example, in one month when I looked at the colorful e-Bay site, these were numbers of items for sale in some of the major categories: Collectibles 684,473; Sports Memorabilia 269,051; Books, Movies, Music 267,324; Toys 242,155; 67.______ According to the e-Bay promotion, users can find the unique and the interesting on e-Bay—everything from chintz china to chairs, teddy bears to trains, and furniture to figurines. So why do people come to e-Bay? As the leading person-to-person trading site, Buyers trade on e-Bay because of the great number of items available. If you want it, somebody's probably selling it on e-Bay. Similarly, sellers are attracted to e-Bay to conduct business because e-Bay has the most buyers. There are over a million auctions happening on e-Bay every day. 68. ______ "People tell us that they come for all the cool stuff they can get, But they stay, even after they finish their collection, for the fun people they meet at e-Bay. 'Take your time, and get to know the e-Bay world' is their advice." So how do you make a bid and buy something at this auction? 69. ______ First I had to register my name, email address and password with e-Bay. So they can track the sales and make sure that everybody is fair dealing. Remembering that bidding online is the same as buying or entering a contract with the seller, I searched under guitars in the Musical Instruments section with my mouse clicking on the various pages. I had a good look at the seller's feedback record. If the person selling goods on e-Bay has tried to cheat, or back out of a deal, email users of e-Bay can leave their own feedback comments, praising or criticizing the e-Bay seller, or bidder. This is everyone can see what is going on. The e-Bay company can ban anyone who has not acted by the rules. 70. ______ The auction details were set out and the day the auction was to end (in one week's time). There was a nice picture of the guitar. I reviewed my bid of $20 to ensure that all the information was correct and clicked on the button "Place Bid". Unfortunately I was notified that my bid was not the highest—someone else had bid more money, so I missed out. However, if I had put in the highest bid, the e-Bay website would have notified me that I was the highest bidder for the time being. When the auction ends, the highest bidder buys the goods. A. Among the special items for sale are an illustration of the winners from 84 Years of the USA Open Golf tournament, signed by the famous golfers, and framed. There is a Beatles Original Coin, especially minted for the first US tour in 1964 of the famous Liverpool pop music group. Furniture, new kitchen knives, guitar study programs, computers—you name it e-Bay auction site has it, as people world-wide take advantage of the chance to sell their goods to the biggest market in the world—the cyberspace community of Internet watchers. B. This is a business that allows customers to buy and sell goods by offering them for sale, or bidding for items displayed at the e-Bay website, as if they were at an auction. Currently, e-Bay has listed at its website 2.14 million items for sale in 1,627 categories. Each month the e-Bay site has 1.5 billion visitors who view the e-Bay pages, looking for bargains or working out how much to charge for that bed or unwanted TV they want to list for auction. C. I was looking for a guitar and this is what I did. D. There are not many stores in the world where they praise you as a good shopper or give you minus points in public if you are a bad customer. But this is the kingdom of the Internet where the rules are being constructed as the system develops. E. According to an e-Bay spokesperson, e-Bay is more than just a place to trade. It's also a place to meet that one other person in the world who shares your passion for your own particular interest, whether it's stamps, war memorabilia, sporting goods, furniture or computer programs, for example. F. Then I was ready to bid. It does not cost any money to bid on items at e-Bay. Of course, if you win the auction, you must pay the seller directly, But you will not be charged anything by e-Bay.

填空题 No one had ever believed him, that one summer evening he had wandered on to the docks, under the legs of the biggest crane, and climbed the steel ladder, up, up, and up into the swaying heights of the counterweights and control house. The view over the city had been inspiring — the smoking derelict docklands, with miles of kingfisher — walled warehouses; the sun-tinted towers of distant churches; the cars, like insects, creeping one after the other along expressway. Clinging to the drifting girders, he felt like the most successful man in the world. 66. ______ It was so perfect that he could do it. He stood up, balancing against the breeze, feeling on top of the world. Slowly he raised his hands above his head, cast a glance upwards into the icy sky, then, just before he lost his balance, he chose to rise on tiptoe and launch himself into a taut dive. He tipped off the jib and began to tilt through the sunset. The sound which came from him was an involuntary shrink of pure joy—he cared neither if he lived nor if he died. His body, pointed like a shuttle, wove a slow circle through the air, hurtling ever downwards to the peaky grey surface. 67. ______ The shock of the water stopping his flight, and of the vicious cold, prevented him from realising immediately that he was still alive. His clothing dragged in the dark water and he started to fight his way upward to the dull light above. Disbelieving and stunned, he gasped as he broke the surface, returning to an almost unchanged peachy evening. The impetus of his dive still with him, he floundered in his shoes and jacket to the nearest quayside ladder and clambered up the vertical green wall. Once on the quay, he squeezed the edges of his jacket and emptied his shoes. He looked up to the monstrous structure towering above him and scarcely believed that he'd actually dived from that threadlike piece of lattice-work. 68. ______ Consequently, when he told anyone he'd dived off the biggest of the dockland cranes into the Clyde, and just for fun, no one believed him. 69. ______ But this time he was afraid. The metal seemed hostile as he hand-over handed his way up. The evening was still and thundery He had to get it over. Below, the river lay like sheet steel. The angle of the jib was changed automatically along the arm until he reached the end. He could barely make out their pinpoint pale faces, upturned. He just wanted to get it over. Careless, he repeated the movements of the first time, toppling headfirst towards the grey below. He felt no inclination to make a sound, not even when he realized there was no reflection expanding to meet him. 70. ______ Two weeks later, a fifteen-foot fence with angled rows of barbed wire at the top prevented further unauthorised access to the crane. A. His last thought was, "They'll still never believe me, damn it." B. He crawled, monkey-fashion along the steel lacework of the jib until he crouched, hundreds of feet up, above the wrinkling khaki river. A flock of sunstruck pigeons whorled in harmony around the control house roof. C. So, tonight, he'd told them to come and watch him do it again. D. Yet, he was certainly soaking and he remembered the exhilaration of his descent. He looked around to see if there had been any witnesses to his dive. The docks remained silent and deserted as rustcoloured sunlight flooded the area. E. By chance, his dive had him angled perfectly to enter the water with a splashless "gulp" at some dangerously high speed. E He took a last look at the city where he had lived more than 20 years.

填空题A=Nokia B=Ericsson C=Philip D=Siemens E=Motorola Which mobile phone (s)... · has a too small and complex keyboard and screen? (71) · has combined handwriting and keying? (72) · can recognize voices? (73) · has a voice dial tag? (74) · has a pen which can write in the air? (75) · might carry out financial transactions (76) · has a dual slot? (77) · can be connected to your home by saying "Home"? (78) · is popular among young users? (79) · is both a phone and personal digital assistant? (80) Once the exclusive domain of executives with expense accounts, the mobile phone is set to become one of the central technologies of the 21st century. Within a few years, the mobile phone will evolve from a voice-only device to a multi-functional communicator capable of transmitting and receiving not only sound, but video, still images, data and text. A whole new era of personal communication is on the way. Thanks in part to the growth of wireless networks, the telephone is converging with the personal computer and the television. Soon lightweight phones outfitted with high-resolution screens-which can be embedded in everything from wristwatches to palm-held units—will be connected to series of low orbit satellites enabling people to talk, send and receive e-mail, or take part in video conferences anytime, anywhere. These phones might also absorb many of the key functions of the desktop computer. Mobile devices are expected to be ideal for some of the new personalized services that are becoming available via the Internet, such as trading stocks, gambling, shopping and buying theater and airline tickets. The communications revolution is already taking shape around the globe. In Europe, small-scale trials are under way using mobile phones for electronic commerce. For example, most phones contain a subscriber identification module (SIM) card that serves primarily to identify a user to the phone network. But the card could also facilitate limited financial transactions. Deutsche Bank and Nokia, for example, are working together to develop mobile banking services. Some manufacturers plan to upgrade the SIM card to an all-in-one personal identification and credit card. Another approach is to add a slot to mobile phones for a second smart card designed specifically for mobile ecommerce. These cards could be used to make payments over the Internet or removed from the phone for use in point-of-sale terminals to pay for things like public transportation, movie tickets or a round of drinks at the bar. In France, Motorola is currently testing a dual slot phone, the StarTACD, in a trial with France Telecom, while in Finland Nokia is testing a phone that uses a special plug-in reader for a tiny smart card. Siemens is pursuing a different approach. Since it is not yet clear whether it's best to do everything with a single device, Siemens is developing dual slot phones and Einstein, a device equipped with a smart card reader and keypad that can be linked to the phone via infrared wireless technology. For those who want to, though, it will be possible to receive almost all forms of electronic communication through a single device, most likely a three-in-one phone that serves as a cordless at home, a cell phone on the road and an intercom at work. "The mobile phone will become increasingly multifunctional," says Burghardt Schallenberger, vice president for technology and innovation at Siemens Information and Consumer Products in Munich, "and fingerprint technology or advanced speech recognition will ensure that only one or two authorized users will be able to operate it. " New hybrid devices, such as Nokia's 9110 Communicator, a combination phone and personal digital assistant (PDA), are already on the market. But some customers feel the keyboard and screen are too small and complex for comfort. To gel around these problems, Nokia's 7110 mobile phone has a larger screen and is operated by a tracking ball in addition to a keyboard. The phone has found a ready market among young people, who tend to send more text messages than they make mobile phone calls—not surprising given the fact that text is approximately a tenth as costly as voice. The Nokia 7110 also offers Internet access via Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), an open standard that allows streamlined versions of website contents to be displayed on mobile phone screens. Phones equipped with WAP enable people on the move to access basic information—such as news services, stock prices and flight timetables—from specially "cut-down" sites. For some, any device that bridges the gap between handwriting and keying in text will be a world-beater. Ericsson is researching a "smart quill" pen that could do just that. Though the smart quill looks like any other pen, it permits writers to write on any surface—or even in the air—while a microchip in the tip of the pen records the shape of the scribbling and transmits them to a remote PC, where special software converts them into normal text. Could this mean the end of typing. Not yet. Ericsson cannot say when a prototype will be ready. Keyboards might eventually be unnecessary on mobile handsets if speech recognition software continues to improve. Mobile phones might then be reduced to a few computer chips, a microphone and a receiver embedded in an earring. The Philip's Genie, a light-weight mobile phone, can be operated by uttering a single word. When you type a name into the Genie's keypad, the system asks whether you would like to assign a voice-dial tag to that name. Through a series of yes or no prompts, the Genie compiles a list of up to 10 voice tags. The next time you want to call a person listed as one of these tags, just say that person's name or a relevant code word. The word "home", for example, is sufficient to place a call to your family.

填空题A = Nathaniel Hawthorne B = Galph Waldo Emerson C = Henry David Thoreau D = Herman Melville Who... ※ kept a journal throughout his life. 71. ______ ※ had Nathaniel Hawthorne as his neighbor. 72. ______ ※ met Wordsworth when on a tour of Europe. 73. ______ ※ wrote as a moralist. 74. ______ ※ was born where many of the literary figures 75. ______ of the 19th century lived. ※ completed a novelette just before his death. 76. ______ ※ was concerned with the abolition of slavery. 77. ______ ※ worked as a customs inspector in New York. 78. ______ ※ his "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" is a study of 79. ______ right and wrong in human Conduct. ※ thought a minimum of material kept men 80. ______ closer to nature. Nathaniel Hawthorne Hawthorne was imbued with an inquiring imagination, an intensely meditative mind, and an unceasing interest in the ambiguity of man's being. He was an anatomist of "the interior of the heart," conscious of the loneliness of man in the universe, of the darkness that enshrouds all joy,and of the need of man to look into his own soul. In both his novels and his short stories, Hawthorne wrote essentially as a moralist. He was interested in what happened in the minds and hearts of men and women when they knew they had done wrong. He focused his examination on the moral and psychological consequences that manifested themselves in human beings as a result of their vanity, their hatred, their egotism, their ambition, and their pride. He was intrigued by the way they felt and the way they acted when they knew they had done wrong. In "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment," Hawthorne illustrates several sides of his writing: his disenchanted view of human nature, his use of symbolism, and his interest in the supernatural. In addition, the story treats one of the new nineteenth century ideas that concerned Hawthorne: scientific experiment. The story itself is a stimulating and rewarding study of right and wrong in human conduct. Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson was born in Boston, where his father was a Unitarian clergyman, as six generations of Emersons had been before him. While a student at Harvard he began keeping journals—records of his thoughts — a practice he continued throughout his life. He later drew on the journals for material for his essays and poetry. After graduating, he ran a school for young ladies for a time, but eventually he returned to Harvard to study for the ministry. Following his second graduation he served as pastor of a church for a few years, but finally resigned his position because he had doubts about the beliefs of the church. In 1832 Emerson toured Europe, meeting such major English poets as Wordsworth, Carlyle, and Coleridge. Through his acquaintance with these men he became closely involved with German idealism and Transcendentalism. Returning to Boston, he devoted most of his time to lecturing. An address that he delivered at the Harvard Divinity School in 1838 in which he attacked formal religion and defended intuitive spiritual experience aroused such an adverse reaction that he was not invited back to Harvard for 30 years. Emerson was concerned with many reform movements, among them the abolition of slavery. In 1840 he joined with other Transcendentalists in an attempt to spread ideas through publication of a small magazine named The Dial. Henry David Thoreau Thoreau(1817—1862) was born in Concord, a village near Boston where many of the literary figures of the 19th century, including Emerson, lived. After graduating from Harvard and teaching school for a few years, Thoreau went to live with Emerson both to study with him and to work as a handyman. Later in his life he traveled a little, but in general Thoreau stayed near his home. He had a strong attachment to his family, and he preferred to travel vicariously through books. The trips he did take were often camping trips, for he enjoyed the outdoors and was skillful woodsman. Through his writing Thoreau wanted to illustrate that the pursuit of material things had no value. He desired a life of contemplation, of being in harmony with nature, and of acting on his own principles. His study of Eastern religions contributed to his desire for a simple life, while his reaction against such Yankee pragmatists as Benjamin Franklin is also apparent. Both Franklin and Thoreau advocated thrift and hard work, but while Franklin expected the frugal to get richer and richer, Thoreau thought physical labor and a minimum of material goods made men more sensitive and kept them closer to nature. Herman Melville In 1841 Melville went to the South Seas on a whaling ship, where he gained the information about whaling that he later used in Moby-Dick. After jumping ship in teh Marquesa Islands, he and a friend were captured by some of the islanders. They lived with these people for a month, then escaped on an Australian ship, deserting the latter in Tahiti, where they worked for a time as field laborers. Melville finally returned to the United States as a seaman on an American ship. These experiences provided material for his first and most popular books, which are primarily adventure stories. In 1850 Melville moved to a farm in Massachusetts where Nathaniel Hawthorne was his neighbor. The latter soon became a confidant with whom Melville often discussed his work. As he changed from writing adventure stories to philosophical and symbolic works, Melville's popularity began to wane. From the writing of complex novels such as Mob? Dick, Pierre and The Confidence Man, Melville turned to writing poetry. But unable to support himself by his writing, he secured a political appointment as a customs inspector ill New York. When he retired from that job, after 20 years, he wrote the novelette, Billy Budd, completing it just before his death, it was not until the i920s that his work again came to the attention of literary scholars anti the public. His reputation now rests not only on his rich, poetic prose, but also on his philosophy and his effective use of symbolism.