填空题Some recent world-beating genetic research may pave the way for the breeding of super stock. The research, by a husband and wife team at the Ruakura Agriculture Research centre in Hamilton, New Zealand, has far-reaching implications not only for meat production, but for medicine and science. 1 The latest discovery is a genetic mutation that causes double muscle growth in some breeds of cattle. It gives the first specific genetic information on the inheritance of agriculturally desirable traits in cattle and could lead to the development of cattle reeds with improved yield and quality. 2 The report, in May, described the double-sized muscles of mice that lacked a gene known as myostatin. Dr. Kambadur said the huge muscles of the mice were reminiscent of the double muscling in some breeds of cattle. In just two months the couple"s work proved that myostatin was the key factor to the growth in the double-muscled Belgian Blue cattle, as well as in the mice. Dr. Kambadur read the report in May and the couple started work in the middle of that month. They had the finished results in late June, and in July worked on the scientific paper describing their work for publication. Dr. kambadur said his wife"s experience in human genetics was critical to the success of the work. 3 Other developments being studied could identify genes that produce on the marbling of fat in beef so desired by the Japanese, and cattle could be bred with that trait. As well, growth rates would be the same for genetically identical cattle whose muscle fiber, size and type can also be determined. This could mean the breeding of cattle can produce steaks that are consistent in size, tenderness and color in the way that peas in a prod are similar. Dr. Bass said it was believed that researchers in other countries were working along similar lines to the New Zealand group. The Ruakura researchers got a head start because studies were already being done there on Belgian Blue cattle and tissue samples were immediately available. Dr. Kambadur and Dr. Sharma "worked very hard and didn"t make mistakes," he said. 4 They married in 1987 and seven months later Dr. Kambadur went to the United States and a position with the National Institute for Health in Washington. Dr. Sharma followed in 1989 to a job with the same institute. Both moved now to the prestigious Johns Hopkin University Medical School in Baltimore, Maryland; she in pediatrics, he in gastro-enterology. 5 Dr. Kambadur said his father, a veterinarian who knows the breed of Belgian Blue cattle used in the genetic research, lives in southern India, and was not an expressive man. Though he was proud of his son"s achievements he had never put it into words before. Dr. Sharma said her family also in India, were similarly impressed and were keen to get the newspaper pictures taken at the announcement of the couple"s successful genetic research. A. Until now the only way of increasing meat production in cattle was through selective breeding and diet. Double-muscled cattle not only have a higher meat yield but their meat is more tender than normal beef breeds. They also have less bone and fat. Dr. Bass said the finding could mean higher returns for farmers because each animal would produce more of the meat used in high-priced cuts. B. The gene, which is also present in humans, may have application in medicine, including the treatment of musculo-degenerative diseases or in tissue repair. The couple behind the work, Dr. Ravi Kambadur and Dr. Mridula Sharma of Ruakur"s growth physiology group, followed up a report in a British scientific journal. Their subsequent discovery was unprecedented for its speed. C. Project leader Dr. John Bass said the discovery "opened the flood gates" for further work on the factors that controlled muscle growth. D. To reduce the effects of a sting, and to perhaps save a life, swift action is essential. Rubbing or even touching the affected area will only increase the amount of toxin released and damage the surrounding tissue or internal organs. An antivenin, available since the mid-1980s, has meant fewer deaths, but keeping the patient calm and dousing the affected area with vinegar is the best thing. E. The husband-and-wife team Mridula Sharma and Ravi Kambadur met over their text-books at India"s premier biomedical research institute, as they completed doctoral theses in biochemistry on similar topics under the same supervisor. Dr. Sharma said they became good friends through science; her husband joked: "The antibodies brought us together." F. Dr. Kambdur won the Andhra radish state"s only gold medal for academic and all-round excellence when he completed his master"s degree in biochemistry in 1982, but it was the recent genetic research which saw, for the first time in his life, the 36-year-old Indian-born scientist praised by his father.

填空题 Answer questions 71-80 by referring to the introductions of three universities from a guide- book of Australian universities. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on {{B}}ANSWER SHEET 1{{/B}}. Some choices may be required more than once.{{B}}A = Melbourne University B = La Trobe University C = Monash UniversityWhich university...{{/B}} {{B}}Melbourne University{{/B}} Established in 1853, the University is Australia's second oldest university. There is now a student population of over 34,000 including some 8,500 full-time international students from over 70 countries. The University offer high-quality courses delivered in a stimulating learning environment. Services which have been designed for postgraduate students can indeed be considered world class. The Graduate Centre in the historic "1888 Building" is aimed at complementing and enhancing postgraduate student life. The University has achieved top ranking for international citations among Australian universities by the Institute for Scientific Information (SI) covering the years 1993-1997. In that period, the number of scientific papers published is 11,634, that of citations is 58,590 and the citation impact is 5.04. The University's close links and partnerships with business and industry, government and other research institutes, promote collaboration across a wide range of disciplines. Located in the city of Melbourne, the campus is like a self-contained village with easy access to Melbourne's city Centre with just a five-minutes tram ride or a 15 minutes walk. The University also provides high-quality sports and recreational facilities: tennis and squash courts, gymnasiums, weight training rooms, hockey fields, basketballs, a swimming pool and athletics track. Off-campus facilities include the rowing sheds on the Yarra river, Which flows through the city centre. Staff in the University International Centre are always ready to help you make your involvement in the University community easy and enjoyable, and will provide you with assistance and further information as required. We look forward to welcoming you to the University of Melbourne. {{B}}La Trobe University{{/B}} La Trobe University is named after Charles Joseph La Trobe, the first Superintendent of Port Phillip District from 1839 to 1850 and first Lieutenant-Governor of the new colony of Victoria from 1851 to 1854. The University has more than 22,000 students, including over 1,600 international students and approximately 3,400 staff. The student population at La Trobe is diverse and re-presents many different ethnic groups and a wide range of backgrounds. This diversity provides an exciting background for students Who wish to experience the Australian way of life. Established in 1964 La Trobe University has three campuses offering undergraduate courses to international students: the Bundoora campus in metropolitan Melbourne, one in Albury, Wodonga and one in Bendigo. The University has received a high level of government funding and its buildings and facilities are among the best in Australia. All the University courses are recognised by the Victorian and Australian professional bodies and equal the standard of the finest university courses inter- nationally. The University provides facilities to enable students to pursue a range of recreational and sporting activities which cater for all levels of ability and interest. Sports facilities include gymnasiums, tennis, basketball and badminton courts and an indoor heated swimming pool and squash courts. There are also golf courses close to each of the University campuses. In recognition of the University's excellent sporting facilities, La Trobe was awarded the honor of being the host institution for the Australian University Games in 1997. We warmly invite you to join our university. {{B}}Monash University{{/B}} With its 43,000 students in its six Australian campuses located in and around Melbourne and one in Malaysia, Monash University is a truly diverse teaching and research institution. The students are from more than 120 countries and regions, with international students comprising about 15% of our total student population. Its tradition of academic excellence along with its internationally recognized awards give you, the learner, wonderful opportunities to study in. It is able to offer a full and comprehensive range of courses from university preparation and English language program through to postgraduate research programs. The University, established in 1962, has achieved remarkably for international citations. Based on the latest data provided by the Institute for Scientific Information (SI), from 1993 to 1997, the number of papers published is 6,472, that of citations is 26,545, and the citation impact is 4.10, ranking the third among all the Australian universities. The Monash University Community Service can assist enrolled students with a variety of financial matters ranging from student loans and financial advice to basic taxation information. The Housing Service provides prospective and enrolled students with information on a range of accommodation options, both on and off campus. The Monash Postgraduate Centre is located on the Clayton campus. Students have 24 hour access to the Centre which offers state-of-the-art facilities including well-equipped computer la-boratories, student lounges and tea rooms, resource libraries, photocopiers and meeting rooms. We extend to you our invitation to join us and share the truly multicultural learning environment of which we are so proud.* is located in metropolitan Melbourne? 71. ______* has the most student population? 72. ______* mentions its service of medical care? 73. ______* has golf courses nearby? 74. ______* does not mention its papers, citations and citation impact? 75. ______* has a campus abroad? 76. ______* boasts of its buildings being among the best in Australia? 77. ______* provides the number of its postgraduates? 78. ______* has the longest history? 79. ______* mentions its international students in a more detailed fashion? 80. ______

填空题Anthropologists have divided prehistoric North America Indian societies into three categories: bands, tribes, and chiefdoms. Bands were the earliest and most common form of social organization. However, it is unlikely that the first people who came to North America about forty thousand years ago traveled in bands. The climate in the Bering Strait region was so severe and food was so scarce that large groups of people, such as the bands, would have had great difficulty in making such a journey successfully. The earliest people probably traveled in single family units. Some of the units, however, may have gathered together periodically for social reasons. 66. ______ Whatever the beginning of the bands in the New World, this form of organization was very common after the initial settlement of the continent. Bands flourished throughout North America until the time of European colonization. In many areas, they survived long after the arrival of the Europeans. When English, Dutch, and Swedish colonists met Indians along the eastern seaboard, they met representatives of band groups. Contacts with band groups were also made by the Spanish along the Gulf Coast and the Pacific Coast and by the French in southern Canada and other parts of North America. 67. ______ The population of a band typically varied from about thirty people to approximately one hundred, although some bands may have been larger. Every band needed a large amount of land for its subsistence. In fact, a band's survival depended upon having at least one square mile of territory for each member of the group. The bands needed such large areas of land because they obtained food by hunting and gathering. Few places on earth provide luxuriant sources of food for man. In most case, if he does not farm, man requires at least a square mile of territory from which he can get food, simply in order to survive. The members of the band groups were equal. The only distinctions among band members were those of sex and age. And while these distinctions were important, they did not affect a person's social status. All men performed one set of tasks, and all women another. Basically, men hunted game, and women gathered and prepared food. Each adult was expected to make the tools he needed to perform his work. Time was so precious and the need for food was so great that no band could afford the luxury of a specialist such as a toolmaker. There was no concept of property ownership in the band. Band members were expected to share their goods. And they felt that the earth belonged to all men equally; no one had the right to own a portion of it all by himself. 68. ______ All societies are forced to make decisions. Band groups ordinarily made unanimous decisions. If someone in a band disagreed with his fellow members, he was usually warned to conform. If he persisted in his opposition, punishment would probably follow. Band groups were in many respects extremely conservative organizations. They did not change or accept change readily. 69. ______ Another characteristic of most of the bands was that the men continued to live with their original band group after they reached maturity. Women, on the other hand, were expected to marry men from other bands and to move to the band group of their husbands. 70. ______ Another reason for exogamy may have been the division of labor that was characteristic of all of the bands. As you have read, the male members of the bands ordinarily hunted game for food. In order to track a large animal, kill it, and carry it back to the rest of the band, the hunters had to have thorough knowledge of local territory and terrain. They also needed to develop teamwork. For these reasons it was essential that men remain with their original bands. A. Usually only one group member was thought to have special power. He was the medicine man, known to anthropologists as the shaman. This individual was thought to have the power to heal and to cure, the power to predict future events, and the ability to interpret the meanings of events. In band groups a member became a shaman simply by persuading others that he actually did possess such powers. B. The bands were widely scattered throughout the North American continent. Because each group was forced to adapt its life style to the local environment, there was a great deal of diversity among them. Nevertheless, several characteristics were shared by all of the different bands. C. It seems likely that true band organization did not evolve until a significant number of family units reached the America. No doubt the increased food resources south of the Bering Strait helped to make band organization possible. In what is now the United States, for example, vegetables, fruits, and game were far more abundant than in the Arctic. Here several families, not just one, could make use of the food resources of a given land area. D. There are several possible reasons for these marriage customs. First, most band groups were so small that almost all members of the group were closely related. The practice of marrying outside the group, or exogamy, prevented incest. Second, and equally important, this practice encouraged peaceful relations among neighboring groups. Bands were less likely to settle their disputes by violence when they knew that they would be battling their own relatives. E. In summary, the band was a group which hunted game and gathered food but did not farm. The band's small population lived in a large territorial area. Band groups had no specialists and no social classes. Their leaders had no real power. All members were regarded as equal. There was no concept of property ownership. The division of labor between men and women did not confer a difference in status. F. Many bands had leaders, hut the power of their leaders was far from absolute. Band leaders did not rule, and they did not administer justice. Among the Crow Indians, for example, the leader's main functions were to supervise the annual buffalo hunt and to inform the other band members of important news. His authority Was minimal.

填空题places an emphasis on something that can hardly be learnt at school? (71) is particularly helpful for those who fear changes? (72) tells readers it doesn't follow that those who don't have good academic achievement will not make a fortune? (73) is not written by a single writer? (74) tells a very simple story but it contains some messages? (75) seems not to express ideas straightforward? (76) is written by the one who also wrote a lot of other works with other writers? (77) is probably full of facts? (78) is not only statistical but also interesting? (79) is not related to finance? (80) A Change can be a blessing or a curse, depending on your perspective. The message of Who Moved My Cheese? is that aI1 can come to see it as a blessing, if they understand the nature of cheese and the role it plays in their lives. Who Moved My Cheese? is a parable that takes place in a maze. Four beings live in that maze. Sniff and Scurry are mice--non-analytical and non-judgmental, they just want cheese and are willing to do whatever it takes to get it. Hem and Haw are "little people", mouse-size humans who have an entirely different relationship with cheese. It's not just sustenance to them; it's their self-image. Their lives and belief systems are built around the cheese they' ve found. Most of us reading the story will see the cheese as something related to our livelihoods--our jobs, our career paths, the industries we work in--although it can stand for anything, from health to relationships. The point of the story is that we have to be alert to changes in the cheese, and be prepared to go running off in search of new sources of cheese when the cheese we have runs out. Dr. Johnson, co-author of The One Minute Manager and many other books, presents this parable to business, church groups, schools, military organizations-any place where you find people who may fear or resist change. And although more analytical and skeptical readers may find the tale a little too simplistic, its beauty is that it sums up all natural history in just 94 pages: things change. They always have changed and always will change. And while there's no single way to deal with change, the consequence of pretending change won' t happen is always the same: the cheese runs out. B Personal-finance author and lecturer Robert Kiyosaki developed his unique economic perspective through exposure to a pair of disparate influences: his own highly educated but fiscally unstable father, and the multimillionaire eighth-grade dropout father of his closest friend. The lifelong monetary problems experienced by his "poor dad" (whose weekly paychecks, while respectable, were never quite sufficient to meet family needs) pounded home the counterpoint communicated by his "rich dad" (that "the poor and the middle class work for money, " but "the rich have money work for them"). Taking that message to heart, Kiyosaki was able to retire at 47. Rich. Dad, Poor Dad, written with consultant and CPA Sharon L. Lechter, lays out the philosophy behind his relationship with money. Although Kiyosaki can take a frustratingly long time to make his points, his book nonetheless compellingly advocates for the type of "financial literacy" that's never taught in schools. Based on the principle that income-generating assets always provide healthier bottom-line results than even the best of traditional jobs, it explains how those assets might be acquired so that the jobs can eventually be shed. C What do you do after you' ve written the No. 1 best-seller The Millionaire Next Door? Survey 1, 371 more millionaires and write The Millionaire Mind. Dr. Stanley's extremely timely tome is a mixture of entertaining elements. It resembles Regis Philbin' s hit show (and CD-ROM game) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, only you have to pose real-life questions, instead of quizzing about trivia. Are you a gambling, divorce-prone, conspicuously consuming "Income-Statement Affluent" Jacuzzi fool soon to be parted from his or her money, or a frugal, loyal, resole your shoes and buy your own groceries type like one of Stanley's "Balance-Sheet Affluent" millionaires? "Cheap dates " millionaires are 4.9 times likelier to play with their grandkids than shop at Brooks Brothers. "If you asked the average American what it takes to be a millionaire, " he writes, "they'd probably cite a number of predictable factors., inheritance, luck, stock market investments Topping his list would be a high IQ, high SAT scores and grade point average, along with attendance at a top college. " No way, says Stanley, backing it up with data he compiled with help from the University of Georgia and Harvard geodemographer Jon Robbin. Robbin may wish he'd majored in socializing at LSU, instead, because the numbers show the average millionaire had a lowly 2.92 GPA, SAT scores between 1100 and 1190, and teachers who told them they were mediocre students but personable people. "Discipline 101 and Tenacity 102" made them rich. Stanley got straight C's in English and writing, but he had money-minded drive. He urges you to pattern your life according to Yale professor Robert Sternberg's Successful Intelligence, because Stanley' s statistics bear out Sternberg' s theories on what makes minds succeed-and it isn't IQ. Besides offering insights into millionaires' pinchpenny ways, pleasing quips ("big brain, no bucks"), and 46 statistical charts with catchy titles, Stanley's book booms with humanpotential pep talk and bristles with anecdotes--for example, about a bus driver who made $ 3 million, a doctor (reporting that his training gave him zero people skills) who lost $1.5 million, and a loser scholar in the bottom 10 percent on six GRE tests who grew up to be Martin Luther King Jr. Read it and you' 11 feel like a million bucks.

填空题A = Washington D. C. B = New York City C = Chicago D = Los Angeles Which city... · is the headquarter of the Supreme Court? (71) · was discovered as early as 1524? (72) · has served as the capital of the country? (73) · is now the largest industrial city in the country? (74) · leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts? (75) · is the largest city? (76) · is the second largest city in population in U. S. A.? (77) · has become one of the world's busiest ports? (78) · covers an area of over 69 square miles? (79) · is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the mid-west area? (80) A Washington D. C. Washington, the capital of the United States, is in Washington D. C. and is situated on the Potomac River between the two states of Maryland and Virginia. The population of the city is about 800,000 and it covers an area of over 69 square miles (including 8 square miles of water surface). The section was named the District of Columbia after Christopher Columbus, who discovered the continent. The city itself was named Washington after George Washington, the first president of U. S. A. The building of the city was accomplished in 1800 and since that year, it has served as the capital of the country. Thomas Jefferson was the first president inaugurated there. In the War of 1812, the Britain army seized the city, burning the White House and many other buildings. Washington is the headquarters of all the branches of the American federal system: Congress, the Supreme Court and the Presidency. Apart from the government buildings, there are also some other places of interest such as the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Literary of the Congress and Mt. Vernon, home of George Washington. B New York City New York City, located in New York State, is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. The city of New York has a population of over 7 million (1970) and Metropolitan, 12 million. The city with its good harbor was discovered as early as 1524, and it was established by Dutch who named the city New Amsterdam. In 1664, the city was taken by the English and it got the name New York as it bears now. During the American Revolution in 1776, George Washington had his head-quarters for a time in New York City. The Declaration of Independence was first read there in July 4th, 1776. The city remained the nation's capital until 1790. New York became an important port early in the last century. A large portion of the national exports passed through New York Harbor. New York has become one of the world's busiest ports and also the financial, manufacturing, and travel center of the country. Some of the places of interest in the city are: the State of Liberty (152 meters high) which was given by the French people to the American people as a gift in 1877. It was erected on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor. Broadway, Wall Street and Fifth Avenue are a few of New York's most famous streets. Wall Street, where many famous banks are centered, is the financial center of America and has become a symbol of the American monopoly capitalism. Fifth Avenue is the street with famous stores and shops. Time Square is in the center of New York City, at Broadway and 42nd Street. Greenwich Village is an art center. Many American artists and writers have lived and worked there. The group of the third largest city buildings of the United Nations stands along the East River at the end of the 42nd Street. C Chicago Chicago, the second largest city in population in the United States, lies on the southwestern shore of the Lake Michigan at a point where the Chicago River enters the lake. The city is now the largest industrial city in the country. Both heavy and light industries are highly developed, particularly the former. Black metallurgical industry and meat processing are assumed to be the head in the U. S.. It is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the mid-west area. The working class in Chicago has a glorious revolutionary tradition. On May 1st, 1886, thousands upon thousands of workers in the city and the country went on strike for the eight-hour workday and succeeded. Since 1890, May 1st has been observed every year as an International Labor Day. On March 8th, 1909, women workers in Chicago held a big strike for freedom and equal rights with men and since 1910, March 8th has been celebrated each year as an International Working Women's Day. D Los Angeles Los Angeles is situated near the Pacific coast in California. It is an important center of shipping, industry and communication. The city was first founded by a Spanish explorer in 1542 and turned over to the US in 1846. The city leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts and the area has become an aviation center. California is a leading state in the production of electronic products and the area of Los Angeles has grown into an important electronic center. Since the first American movie was made in Los Angeles in 1908, the city has remained the film center of the United States. Hollywood, the base of the film industry in the city, is a world famous film producing center.

填空题 The virus came to official attention in a bag of dead chickens. Early in March 1997, a farmer from Hong Kong' s New Territories carried them into the Agriculture and Fisheries Department laboratory. Something had caused their internal tissues to hemorrhage. The result in some cases was hideous and bloody. By the time inspectors reached his farm, most of the birds were dead. Cultures of their organs revealed they had died of avian influenza, type HSN1.66. ______ Then came more bad news. A three-year-old boy died of flu complications in a Hong Kong hospital. The virus was diagnoses as HSNI. Flus of the H5 subtype had never been known to infect humans. It wasn't over. In the next seven months, 168 Hong Kong residents fell ill with HSN1 and six died. In late December, public-health officials took a drastic step, ordering the slaughter of every chicken in every farm and marketplace in Hong Kong. The HSN1 virus seemed to disappear — but for how long? Flu is one of the most changeable viruses known to man. After we' ye been sick with one strain, it can mutate to infect us again. We are only immune to flus our bodies have seen before.67. ______ Birds carry the flu virus in their intestines and excrete it in their feces. In all likelihood, shopper who got sick with H5 touched surfaces contaminated with chicken feces. Humans, however, carry flus in their respiratory tracts and usually spread them in a cough of sneeze. Flus that travel this way are highly contagious. The H5 virus in Hong Kong was different. It sickened very few, but killed a third of them. Most who got sick with H5 seemed to catch it directly from a bird they bought in a live-poultry market.68.______ That was the peak year of the greatest pandemic in recorded history, which in less than two years took at least 21 million lives. Three waves of Spanish flu — so named because it was at first erroneously thought to have started in Spain w swept the globe. Virtually everyone was infected, and up to 3 percent of them died.69. ______ Geographic isolation was no protection. In the Alaska Territory, the mortality in some villages was as high as 90 percent. All told, at least 500,000 Americans perished. The virus that became Spanish flu probably came from a bird, although experts disagree slightly about how it may have happened. Avian-flu expert Dr. Robert Webster of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tenn., believes the virus may have leapt straight from birds to humans, possibly a year or two before the pandemic began. Once lodged in human lungs, it quickly passed from person to person in a simple cough or sneeze.70. ______ "We may never have another pandemic," notes Dr. Edwin D. Kilbourne of New York Medical College in Valhalla, N. Y. "But it' s only right to plan for one as if it were going to happen tomorrow. "If it did, we could be caught by surprise and quickly over- whelmed. To avoid that grim possibility, here are three measures all nations need to take: · Better surveillance. When a pandemic starts, every day will count. · More vaccines and flu shots. · A strong pandemic plan. A. A flu can also "jump" to an animal it has never infected before. Once such a flu moves into humans, if it can "learn" to pass easily between them, it can spark a pandemic — a global outbreak. B. After the Hong Kong outbreak, flu experts feared that H5 — already deadly to humans — might learn to move between them as well. That "raise the specter of 1918," says Nancy Cox, Chief of the Influenza Branch of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). C. In April there were outbreaks at two more farms. Mortality was nearly 100%. D. An avian flu infected humans recently. It could combine with human flu to produce a lethal new virus. The H5 and N1 spikes help the virus invade cells that line the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. The virus is deadly. E. Dr. Jeffery Taubenberger, of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, asks the critical question: "What if what happened in Hong Kong in 1997 was what happened somewhere in the world before 19187" The first wave of the Spanish flu traversed the globe in four months. Today, a flight from Hong Kong to London takes 14 hours. Up to 225 international flights leave daily, each carrying as many as 400 passengers to as many as 110 locations around the world. F. The toll was frightful. In Philadelphia, for example, some 2600 perished in the second week of October and 4500 in the third week. The city' s only morgue had several hundred bodies piled three and four deep, unembalmed, in the corridors.

填空题Australian Parliament and Government. The Australian Parliament bas two chambers: The House of Representatives ( the Lower House) and the Senate (the Upper House). A system of Cabinet or "responsible" government along British lines is practised. The party or coalition of parties commanding a majority in the Lower House becomes the Government and provides the Minsitry (including the Prime Minister). All members of the Ministry must, in general, be members of Parliament. The Ministry remains collectively responsible to the Parliament (and through it to the electors) for Government actions. The Constitution requires membership of the Australian House of Representatives to be as nearly as practicable twice that of the Senate. The House has 125 members: 43 from New South Wales, 33 from Victoria, 19 from Queensland, 11 from South Australia, 11 from Western Australia, five from Tasmania, two from the Australian Capital Territory and one from the Northern Territory. Elections for the House of Representatives are held at least every three years. The House of Representatives parallels the British House of Commons and has traditionally been the more important chamber of the Australian Parliament. The Prime Minister is normally drawn from its membership. If a Ministry ceases to command a House of Representatives majority, it has to resign. A Government need not command a majority in the Senate. The Senate is modelled on its American namesake and has an equal number of members (at present 10) from each state and two senators each from the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. Normally, senators serve a six-year term, with half the Senate retiring every three years. Senators elected to represent the Territories serve a maximum of three years and their terms coincide with those of members of the House of Representatives. In Senate elections, the people of each State and Territory vote as a single electorate. The Houses of Parliament in Britain The Houses of Parliament have had a long and violent history. Guy Fawkes tried to blow them up, Hitler destroyed large parts of them, and they were burnt to the ground in 1834 because someone stuffed too many government forms into the stove that heated them. So the building you see today by the river Thames isn"t really very old. Only a few parts of it date back much more than a hundred years. But it still remains, with St. Paul"s Cathedral and Buckingham Palace, one of the most famous buildings in London and, indeed, the world. The proper name for the Houses Of Parliament is the Palace of Westminster and, in fact, there has been a royal palace on that site ever since the days of Edward the Confessor, The last king actually to live there was Henry V~ who left the Palace of Westminster after a bad fire in 1529. The Houses of Parliament are still a royal palace and were controlled by the Lord Great Chamberlain himself until 1965. There are records of a keeper of the palace since 1150, and he was paid 7 dollars a day for the job from that day until 1884, when the position was abolished. And if you think that is funny, remember that even today all the M. P. s" cloakroom pegs have a little loop of red tape hanging from them--to hold their swords[ The oldest part of the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Hall. Parts of this were built by William Rufus who succeeded William the Conqueror. But most of it was built by a famous architect called Henry Yevele between 1394 and 1399. When William Rufus first built Westminster Hall it was called the New Hall to stop it being confused with the Old Hall built by Edward the Confessor. From that day to this the courtyard in front of it has been known as "New Palace Yard." Westminster Hall was the scene of many famous trials and Sir Thomas More, Charles I, and Guy Fawkes were all tried and condemned to death there. The President and the Congress The President of the USA has more power than any other president in the democraitc world except the French President. It is he who formulates foreign policy and prepares laws for the home front. He is leader of the nation and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. He represents the USA and, since the USA is a super power, the eyes of the whole world are on him. The fate of the world is in his hands, or so the world believes, and one careless, ill-prepared speech could precipitate a crisis. Actually, a great deal of the President"s power is controlled by Congress, the American name for "parliament." It is Congress that declares war, not the President. Unlike the Prime Minister of Great Britain, or of Germany, he can make a treaty with a foreign power. But this treaty must be debated and agreed by Congress before it comes into force. The same control applies to laws at home. Congress has on several occasions refused to ratify treaties or give approval to laws proposed by the President. The USA is the only democracy, apart from France, where a president can rule with a parliament, the majority of whose members do not belong to his own political party. Some Americans have the feeling that idealism has gone out of politics and that personal ambition and money have taken its place. The election campaign for the Presidency is unique in the amount of money poured into it. The wooing of voters lasts for months. But before the campaign for the election of the President can begin, each political party has to choose its candidate for the Presidency. This can lead to some very close contests. Men aspiring to be elected as the party candidate employ top public relations and advertising men, who invent clever catch phrases and set about "selling" their man. There are whistle stop tours by train, by plane, by car. The candidate delivers countless speeches and shakes countless hands. This razzamatazz typifies American enthusiasm and extravagance. Big money is necessary to support a presidential candidate"s campaign and the candidate himself must be rich enough to pay his share. An attractive wife is an advantage, too. Money is also needed to become the Governor of a State, or a successful Senator, or member of the House of Representatives. Yet from this small group many excellent men have become President, and the same is true of members of Congress. It is very unlikely that the President could ever become a dictator. Congress, the press and the people between them rule out such a possibility. A=Australian Parliament and Government B=The Houses of Parliament in Britain C=The President and the Congress in the U. S. Which political organization... Has a long and violent history 1 Is modeled on its American namesake and has an equalnumber of members from each state 2 Refused to ratify treaties of giving approval to laws proposed by the President 3 Has to choose its candidate for the Presidency 4 Has 125 members 5 Need not command a majority in the senate 6 Is also named the Palace of Westminster 7 Controlled a great deal of the presidents power 8 Is one where senators serve a six-year term 9 Is one where the President could not become a dictator 10

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填空题Jennydoesn'thaveaheavyloadthissemester.

填空题is written by the one who also wrote a lot of other works with other writers?

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填空题With unfamiliar human beings, when we acknowledge their humanness, we must avoid stating at them, and yet we must also avoid ignoring them. To make them into people rather than objects, we use a deliberate and polite inattention. We look at them long enough to, make it quite clear that we see them, and then we immediately look a- way. 1 The important thing in such an exchange is that we do not catch the eye of one whom we are recognizing as a person. We look at him without locking glances, and then we immediately look away. Recognition is not permitted. 2 If you pass someone in the street, you may eye the oncoming person until you are about eight feet apart, then you must look away as you pass. Before the eight-foot distance is reached, each will signal in which direction he will pass. This is done with a brief look in that direction. Each will veer slightly and the passing is done smoothly. 3 To strengthen this signal, you look directly at the other"s face before looking away. 4 It becomes impossible to discover just what they are doing. Are they looking at you too long, too intently? Are they looking at you at all? The person wearing the glasses feels protected and assumes that he can stare without being noticed in his staring. However, this is a self-deception. To the other person, dark glasses seem to indicate that the wearer is always staring at him. We often use this look-away technique when we meet famous people. We want to assure them we are respecting their privacy and that we would not dream of staring at them. The same is true of the crippled or physically handicapped. We look brief and then look away before the stare can be said to be a stare. 5 Of course, the opposite is also true. If we wish to put a person down, we may do so by staring longer than is acceptably polite. Instead of dropping our gazes when we lock glances, we continue to stare. The person who disapproves of interracial marriages or dating will stare rudely at the interracial couple. If he dislikes long hair, short dresses, or beards, he may show it with a longer-than-acceptable stare. A. There are different formulas for the exchange of glances depending on where the meeting takes place. B. In the subway or bus where long rides in very close circumstances are a necessity, we may be hard put to find some way of not staring. We sneak glances, but look away before our eyes can lock. If we look with an unfocused glance that misses the eyes and settles on the head, the mouth, the body for any place but the eyes is an acceptable looking spot for the unfocused glance. C. Actually in this way we are saying, in body language, "I know you are there, " and a moment later we add, "But-I would not dream of intruding on your privacy. " D. It is the technique we use for any unusual situation where too long a stare would be embarrassing. When we see an interracial couple, we also use this technique. We might use it when we see a man with an unusual beard, with extra longhair, with outlandish clothes, or a girl with a minimal miniskirt may attract this look- and-away. E. For this passing encounter Dr. Erving Goffman in behavior in public places says that the quick look and the lowering of the eyes is body language for, "I trust you. I am not afraid of you. " F. Sometimes the rules are hard to follow, particularly if one of the two people wears dark glasses.

填空题In the following article some paragraphs or sentences have been removed. For questions 16—20, choose the most suitable paragraph or sentence from the lists A—F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which doesn't fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET 1. A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps, for there is a companionship of books as well as of men. And one should always live in the best company, whether it is of books or of men. 16.____________ Men often discover their attractions to each other by the love they have each for a book — just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both have for a third. There is an old proverb, "Love me, love my dog." But there is more wisdom in this: "Love me, love my book." 17.____________ A good book is often the best container of a life, containing the best that life could think out, for the world of a man's life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts. 18.____________ "They are never alone," said Sir Philip Sidney, "that are accompanied by noble thoughts." The good and tree thought may in times of temptation be as an angel of mercy, purifying and guarding the soul. It also preserves the seeds of action, for good words almost always inspire good works. 19.____________ Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author's minds, ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to separate the bad products, for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good. 20.____________ We hear what they said and did. We see them as if they were really alive. We sympathize with them, enjoy with them, and sorrow with them. Their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe. The great and good do not die even in this world. Well preserved in the books, their spirits walk abroad. A. Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. B. A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not tum its back upon us in times of misfortune or suffering. It always receives us with the same kindness, amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting us in age. C. Thus the best books are treasuries of good words and golden thoughts, which, remembered and cared about, become our lasting companions and comforters. D. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens. Hence we ever remain under the influence of the great men of the past. E. The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he in them. F. Books introduce us into the best society. They bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived.

填空题Father Figures My dad used to drop my siblings and me off at school each morning on the way to work. We'd listen to the radio and chat about our day and I was oblivious to the fact that this was the 1980s and for a man to say to his office that he wouldn't be in before 10am because he was doing the school run was very unusual. He got a lot of stick for it, but that's the way it worked in my house. 1. ______ The survey of 2,504 mothers of 17-month old babies and 1,512 of the children's fathers revealed that dads are now deeply involved in their kids' upbringing. The proportion of fathers working flexible hours to fit around childcare arrangements rose from 11% to 31% between 2002 and 2005. The number working from home doubled from 14% to 29%. It's all part, say fathers' campaigning groups, of a real change in the home and workplace. "This is evidence that there is a social revolution going on, with fathers not just talking about being more involved with their children but renegotiating their lives to allow for it," says Jack O'Sullivan of information charity Fathers Direct. "It's really good for children, families and fathers themselves who get the benefit of being a dad." 2. ______ It's just what my dad did -- bar the change of job. But back in the 1980s when the yuppy working culture meant 7:30am board meetings and 14-hour days, my dad's logic -- that he was working to 7pm most days so a 10am start was fair -- did not go down well. Some believe little has changed. "We need to modernise the laws to keep up to track with the speed of this social change, to let fathers play the part they want to play in their children's lives," says O'Sullivan. 3. ______ Announcing the research conducted by the Policy Study Institute, trade and industry secretary Alan Johnson said there had been a "positive culture change in the home and workplace. Mothers are taking more time off when. their child is born, the majority of fathers are taking up their new entitlement to paternity leave, and the number of new dads now working flexibly has tripled." 4. ______ But while the government is trumpeting the improved take-up of maternity and paternity leave and the evidence that dads are getting more involved, women who have children are still counting the cost to their careers. Some 17 months after the birth of their child, one in four mothers were not working; some had attempted a return to work only to give it up later. But fewer mothers switched jobs when they returned -- something the report's authors suggested showed employers were taking their commitments to working mothers more seriously. Three quarters of women who were not working said that they wanted to spend more time with their children. But 16% said they couldn't afford childcare, 13% said their job didn't provide suitable hours and 12% could not find the right childcare. The most likely to return to work were those in "higher level" jobs with better flexible working opportunities, or those with heavy mortgage commitments. 5. ______ Carena Rogers, policy officer at the National Family and Parenting Institute, says, "Mothers are still much more pressured to give up their careers and it can be very difficult to get back into work." A One of the government's proposals on this front is that parents should be able to share their parental leave allowance, so that parents could decide how to share out the year's leave when a new child is born. This will be a popular option for some parents -- but could also cause some rows. A quarter of mums said they would consider sharing some of their 12 months of parental leave with their partner. But a third of new fathers would like the option to spend longer with their small children. B My dad might have been a trailblazer, but there's still a way to go. C He claimed the findings in the 146-page report were evidence that the government's policy is working. After maternity leave was extended from 18 to 26 weeks and unpaid additional leave from 29 to 52 weeks last year, half of mothers took 26 weeks leave compared with 9% in 2002 and a further 14% took the full 52 weeks, compared with just 5% three years previously. D Fast forward 20 years and things are changing slowly. A mum's struggle makes daily headlines. Having a baby will cost me hundreds of thousands over my lifetime, according to one report. Parenthood is seen as a mum's dilemma. But new government research suggests that now dads are speaking up too. E The government's report did not ask the same questions of the fathers. Why? Simply because so few are providing the principal care for their children. Dads might be more involved, but shifting their working day is not the same as shifting their entire careers. F The renegotiating of dads' roles includes working shorter hours (18% said they did), moving their working day backward or forward to fit around their families (14%), changing hours to fit with their partners' work (27%) and changing jobs altogether (22%).

填空题 Does the publisher of Douglas Starr's excellent Blood—An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce actually expect to sell many copies? Whoever chose the title, certain to scare off the squeamish, and the subtitle, which makes the effort sound like a dry, dense survey text, has really done this book a disservice. In fact, the brave and curious will enjoy a brightly written, intriguing, and disquieting book, with some important lessons for public health.66. ______ The book begins with a historical view on centuries of lore about blood—in particular, the belief that blood carried the evil humors of disease and required occasional draining. As recently as the Revolutionary War, bloodletting was widely applied to treat fevers. The idea of using one person's blood to heal another is only about 75 years old—although rogue scientists had experimented with transfusing animal blood at least as early as the 1600s. The first transfusion experiments involved stitching a donor's vein (in early cases the physician's) to a patient's vein.67. ______ Sabotaged by notions about the "purity" of their groups' blood, Japan and Germany lagged well behind the Allies in transfusion science. Once they realized they were losing injured troops the Allies had learned to save, they tried to catch up, conducting horrible and unproductive experiments such as draining blood from POWs and injecting them with horse blood or polymers.68. ______ During the early to mid-1980s, Starr says, 10,000 American hemophiliacs and 12,000 others contracted HIV from transfusions and receipt of blood products. Blood banks both here and abroad moved slowly to acknowledge the threat of the virus and in some cases even acted with criminal negligence, allowing the distribution of blood they knew was tainted. This is not new material. But Starr's insights add a dimension to a story first explored in the late Randy Shilts's And the Bond Played On.69. ______ Is the blood supply safe now? Screening procedures and technology have gotten much more advanced. Yet it's disturbing to read Starr's contention that a person receiving multiple transfusions today has about a 1 in 90,000 chance of contracting HIV—far higher than the "one in a million" figure that blood bankers once blithely and falsely quoted. Moreover, new pathogens threaten to emerge and spread through the increasingly high-speed, global blood-product network faster than science can stop them. This prompts Starr to argue that today's blood stores are "simultaneously safer and more threatening" than when distribution was less sophisticated.70. ______ A. The massive wartime blood drives laid the groundwork for modern blood-banking, which has saved countless lives. Unfortunately, these developments also set the stage for a great modern tragedy— the spread of AIDS through the international blood supply. B. There is so much drama, power, resonance, and important information in this book that it would be a shame if the squeamish were scared off. Perhaps the key lessen is this: The public health must always be guarded against the pressures and pitfalls of competitive markets and human fallibility. C. In his "chronicle of a resource", Starr covers an enormous amount of ground. He gives us an account of mankind's attitudes over a 400-year period towards this "precious, mysterious, and hazardous material"; of medicine's efforts to understand, control, and develop blood's life-saving properties; and of the multibillion-dollar industry that benefits from it. He describes disparate institutions that use blood, from the military and the pharmaceutical industry to blood banks. The culmination is a rich examination of how something as horrifying as distributing blood tainted with the HIV virus could have occurred. D. The book's most interesting section considers the huge strides transfusion science took during World War Ⅱ. Medicine benefited significantly from the initiative to collect and supply blood to the Allied troops and from new trauma procedures developed to administer it. It was then that scientists learned to separate blood into useful elements, such as freeze-dried plasma and clotting factors, paving the way for both battlefield miracles and dramatic improvement in the lives of hemophiliacs. E. Starr's tale ends with a warning about the safety of today's blood supply. F. Starr obtained memos and other evidence used in Japanese, French, and Canadian criminal trials over the tainted-blood distribution. (American blood banks enjoyed legal protections that made U. S. trials more complex and provided less closure for those harmed.) His account of the French situation is particularly poignant. Starr explains that in postwar France, donating blood was viewed as a sacred and patriotic act. Prison populations were urged to give blood as a way to connect more with society. Unfortunately, the French came to believe that such benevolence somehow offered a magical protection to the blood itself and that it would be unseemly to question volunteer donors about their medical history or sexual or drug practices. Combined with other factors, including greed and hubris, this led to tragedy. Some blood banks were collecting blood from high-risk groups as late as 1990, well into the crisis. And France, along with Canada, Japan, and even Britain, stalled approval and distribution of safer, American heat-treated plasma products when they became available, in part because they were giving their domestic companies time to catch up with scientific advances.

填空题Perhaps (31) are far more wives that I imagine who take it for (32) that housework is neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been (33) . But home and family is the one realm in (34) it is really difficult to shake free of one's upbringing and create new values. My parents' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness (35) a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that (36) been all, maybe I could have adapted myself (37) housework on (38) easygoing, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones but still believing in it as something constructive (39) it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother used to resent (40) it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn't lit activity for an intelligent being. I was the only child, and once I was at school there was no (41) why she should have continued (42) her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own. I can now begin to understand why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants to look (43) , who does not (44) reading because she has not had much of an education, and who is intelligent (45) to find neighborly chit-chat boring, should carry the pursuit of microscopic specks of dust to the (46) of fanaticism in an (47) to fill hours and salvage her self-respect. My parents had not even the status-seeking impetus to send me to university that Joe's had; my mother (48) me to be "a nice quiet person who wouldn't be noticed (49) a crowd", and it was feared that university education (50) in ingratitude (independence).

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