填空题Florence Sephton is 77 and lives (31) Deganwy, North Wales. She is reading (32) an arts degree. "I'm more (33) a creature to polish my mind (34) polish my furniture. The house takes second place while I put the studying (35) ." "I was very happy at school and had wonderful teaching. I (36) the university entrance examination and was ready to go to (37) but with World War II I went into banking. I was (38) ￡1 a week. Manchester University kept my place open for three years but I was enjoying the money and the freedom so I turned it (39) ." Mrs. Sephton is now in the second year of her Open University course and is finding it hard work. "I'm feeling tired more frequently. I can't do more than an hour's work at (40) time. The memory's shocking. I'm supposed to be reviewing and I look (41) notes I took earlier this year and think, 'Have you read this before? So I'm doing it very (42) —one credit a year, so it'll take six years. " "At the moment the greatest (43) is simply the increase in knowledge—and the discipline. I had an essay failed this week. The professor said I hadn't (44) the question. I've been thinking about it all week. I find it difficult to organize ideas of an essay properly. I just let myself go and get excited. I feel more emotionally than I do mentally. I'm very ordinary really. " While claiming to be (45) and lazy, Mrs. Sephton is still working hard daily (46) her assignments. Mrs. Sephton sees her studies (47) keeping her fit and independent. "Because of my life I've been self-sufficient. It's not a very nice characteristic. It means I don't care enough (48) people. I can't say I find comfort in (49) I'm learning, so I'll be interested to see (50) there's a life ahead. /

填空题 It was a moment most business executives would pause to savor: late last year, German sporting goods pioneer Adidas learned that after years of declining market share, the company had sprinted past U.S. Reebok International to take the second place behind Nike in the race for worldwide sales. But Robert Louis-Dreyfus, the rumpled Frenchman who new runs Adidas, and didn't even stop for one of his trademark Havana cigars in celebration, worried that the company would grow complacent. Instead, he and a group of friends bought French soccer club Olympic de Marseille "Now that's something I have dreamed about since I was a kid." Louis-Dreyfus says with an adolescent grin.66. ______ With sales in the first three quarters of 1996 at $2.5 billion, up a blithering 30.7% over 1995, it's hard to recall the dismal shape Adidas was in when Loins-Dreyfus took over as chairman in April 1993. Founded in 1920 by Adi Dassler, the inventor of the first shoes designed especially for sports, the company enjoyed a near monopoly in athletic shoes until an upstart called Nike appeared in the 1970s and rode the running fad to riches. By the early 1990s Adidas had come under the control of French businessman Bernard Tapie, who was later jailed for bribing three French soccer players. Although the company tried to spruce up its staid image with a team of American designers, Adidas lost more than $100 million in 1992, prompting the French banks that had acquired control of the company from Tapie to begin a desperate search for a new owner.67. ______ The poker-loving Louis-Dreyfus knew he had been dealt a winning hand. Following the lead set by Nike in the 1970s, he moved production to low-wage factories in China, Indonesia and Thailand and sold Adidas' European factories for a token one Deutsche mark apiece. He hired Peter Moore, a former product designer at Nike, as creative director, and set up studios in Germany for the European market and in Portland, Oregon, for the U. S. He then risked everything by doubling his advertising budget. "We went from a manufacturing company to a marketing company," says Louis-Dreyfus. "It didn's take a genius—you just had to look at what Nike and Reebok were doing. It was easier for someone coming from the outside, with no baggage, to do it, than for somebody from inside the company."68. ______ "The marketing at Adidas is very, very good right now," says Eugenio Di Maria, editor of Sporting Good Intelligence, an industry newsletter perceiving Adidas as a very young brand. "The company is particularly strong in apparel, much stronger than Nike and Reebok." Although 90% of Adidas products for wear on street instead of sports fields, Louis-Dreyfus felt the previous management had lost sight of Adidas' roots as a sporting products company. After all, Adi Dassler invented the screw-in stud for the soccer shoe and shod American champion Jesse Owens in the 1936 Olympics. So he sold off or folded other non-core brands that Adidas had developed, including Le Coq Sportif, Arena and Pony. Europe is still the company's largest market because Adidas dominates the apparel industry and thanks to soccer's massive popularity there, Louis-Dreyftts is quick to share credit for the turnaround with a small group of friends who bought the company with him in 1993. One of those fellow investors is a former IMS colleague, Christian Tourres, now sales director at Adidas. "We're pretty complementary because I'm a bit of a dreamer, so it's good to have somebody knocking on your head to remind you there's a budget," says Louis-Dreyfus. Commuting to the firm's headquarters in the Bavarian town of Herzogenaurach from his lakeside house outside Zurich, Louis-Dreyfus also transformed Adidas from a stodgy German company into a business with a global outlook. Appalled on his first day at work that the chief executive had to sign a salesman's travel voucher for $300, he slashed the company's bureaucracy, adopted American accounting rules and brought in international management talent. The company's chief financial officer is Australian and the international marketing manager is a Swede. English is the official language of the head office and no Germans remain on the managing board of the company, now whittled down to just himself and a few trusted aides. "It was clear we needed decentralization and financial controls;" recalls Louis-Dreyfus. "With German accounting rules, I never knew if I was making money or losing."69. ______ "He gives you a lot of freedom," says Michael Michalsky, a 29-year-old German who heads the company's apparel design team. "He has never interfered with a decision and never complained. He's incredibly easy to work for."70. ______ The challenge for Louis-Dreyfus is to keep sales growing in a notoriously trend-driven business. In contrast to the boom at Adidas, for example, Reebok reported a 3% line in sales in the third quarter. Last fall Adidas rolled out a new line of shoes called "Feet You Wear" which are supposed to fit more comfortably than conventional sneakers by matching the natural contour of the foct. The first 500,000 sold out. Adidas is an official sponsor of the World Cup, to be held next June in France, which the company hopes to turn to a marketing bonanza that will build on the strength of soccer worldwide. But Reebok also has introduced a new line called DMX Series 2000 and competition is expected to be fierce coming spring. A. Just as the transition was taking place, Adidas had a run of good luck. The fickle fashion trendsetters decided in early 1993 that they wanted the "retro look", and the three-stripes Adidas logo, which had been overtaken by Nike swoop, was suddenly hot again. Models such as Cindy Crawford and Claudia Schiffer and a score of rock idole sported Adidas gear on television, in films and music videos, giving the the company a free publicity bonanza. Demand for Adidas products soared. B. Louis-Dreyfus, scion of a prominent French trading dynasty with an M. B. A. form Harvard, earned a reputation as a doctor to sick companies after turning around London-based market research firm IMS—a feat that brought him more than $10 million when the company was eventually sold. He later served as chairman of Saatchi & Saatchi, then the world's largest ad agency, which called him in when rapid growth sent profits into a tailspin. With no other company or entrepreneur willing to gamble on Adidas, Louis-Dreyfus got an incredible bargain from the banks: he and a group of friends from his days at IMS contributed just $10,000 each in cash and signed up for $100 million in loans for 15% of the company, with an option to buy the remainder at a fixed price 18 months later. C. In another break with the traditional German workplace, Louis-Dreyfus made corporate life almost gratingly informal: employees ostentatiously called him "Rowbear" as he strides down the corridors, and bankers are still amazed when counterparts from Adidas show up for negotiations wearing sweatshirts and sneakers. D. The company's payroll, which had reached a high of 14,600 in 1986, was pared back to just 4,600 in 1994. (It has since grown to over 6,000.) E. A sports fun who claims he hasn't missed attending a soccer World Cup final since the 1970s or the Olympic Games since 1968, the 50-year-old Louis-Dreyfus now is eminently well placed to live out many of his boyhood fantasies. Not only has he turned Adidas into a global company with market capitalization of $4 billion (he owns stock worth $250 million), but he also has endorsement contracts with a host of sports heroes from tennis great Steffi Graf to track's Donovan Bailey, and considers it part of the job to watch his star athletes perform on the field. "There are very few chances in life to have such fun." he says. F. After reducing losses in 1993, Adidas turned to a profit in 1994 and has continued to surge: net income for the first three quarters in 1996 was a record $214 million, up 29% from the previous year. Louis-Dreyfus and his friends made great personal fortunes when the company went public in 1995. The original investors still own 26% of the stock, which sold for $46 a share when trading has doubled to $90.

填空题 Answer questions 71～80 by referring to the following games. Note: Answer each question by choosing A ,B , C or D and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once. Which school... ·is not for boys? 71.______ ·has won the national award? 72. ______ ·owns most full-time faculty members who hold a Ph.D. or terminal degree in their field? 73.______ ·has a good reputation for what they do for some special persons? 74.______ ·has a limit in the age for those who will live on campus? 75.______ ·put emphasis on developing students' verbal talents? 76.______ ·does not offer any scholarships? 77.______ ·provides students with vocational training? 78.______ ·combines liberal arts with professional studies and promotes service to others? 79.______ ·applies advanced devices to teaching? 80.______ A Ellesmere College is one of the fastest-growing independent schools in the country over the past two years, with pupils' number rising by almost 20%. The growth has led to a $1 million investment program in 1999 and the building of a new lower school for boys and girls aged nine to thirteen. The new lower school will be the largest single building project at the college since its foundation in 1884. In the senior school, two-thirds of the pupils are boarders, and boarding is available from the age of 11. The sixth form is strong with over 120 pupils; there is an exceptionally wide-range of A-level subjects on offer and the College has pioneered the use of video conferencing technology as a way of improving its curriculum. Microsoft Office quail fications are also available in the sixth form. The College is set in extensive grounds in the beautiful North Shropshire Lake District. Facilities are excellenf and various, and include many sports fields, six all-weather tennis courts, indoor and outdoor shooting ranges, a nine-hole golf course and a purpose-built theater. The College sailing club has boats within walking distance on Whitemere. The majority of the day pupils at the College enjoy the College bus service which covers a very wide area. Boarding throughout the School has benefited from a recent multimillion pound refurbishment which has done away with dormitories in favor of modem, comfortable rooms, the largest sleeping six, but most sleeping two or one. Academic standards are high for a school with a broad entry range. Many scholarships are awarded across a range of talents, but the emphasis of an Ellesmere education is firmly on breadth with each pupil achieving his or her full potential, whatever that may be. Recent pupil successes range from international honors in shooting, fencing and canoeing to a recent leaver's election--after only one year as an undergraduate--to an Exhibition in chemistry at Jesus College, Oxford. The College has a national reputation for the quality of its dyslexia provision. B The choice of the right school for your son or daughter is important. For over 100 years Edgehill College has proudly prepared independently-minded young people to take their place in a world of rapidly advancing technology. The foundations of a sound education are laid down early in life. Edgehill does this within the friendly walls of its prep school. Learning through enjoyment begins at the age of three and continues to the point where pupils can proceed smoothly and confidently into senior school. Entry to the prep school is by interview and to the senior school by examination at 11+, 12+, 13+ and 16+. Edgehill is a friendly, caring and purposeful community with a fame for high academic achievement. Students are encouraged to reach their potential and develop their talents to the full. A reputation for achievement in music and drama is matched by outstanding results in sports, for which Edgehill students enjoy some of the finest facilities in the West Country. There are excellent recreational opportunities in the contrasting beauties of the North Devon coast and Dartmoor. The College motto "Beyond the Best There Is a Better" can certainly sum up the achievements of Edgehill students. The accolade of winning the Schools Curriculum Award in 1997 gave Edgehill national recognition and,recently, the College has been chosen as a National Coaching Foundation Center, confirming its place as a leading southwest school. Parents naturally worry when their children are away at school so great emphasis is placed on pastoral care. Edgehill is more than a school with high standards, of education;it prides itself on tradition, firm but friendly discipline and a keen sense of moral values. The demands of the world of the future,changes in family lifestyle and in work patterns serve only to underline the advantage of an Edgehill education where qualifications matched by confidence and good manners enable students to make their mark in whatever career they choose. All this makes Edgehill College a rather special school--a school that offers the best for your children. C The School has exceptional facilities for academic work,including good laboratories, an attractive circular library and separate areas for music, drama, craft, art and design, technology and business studies. There is a fine chapel and well-equipped medical center. Sporting facilities include a new sports hall, finished and equipped to the highest international standards, as well as an indoor swimming pool, 12 tennis courts and superb playing fields. The School is set in 300 acres ,30 minutes from central London and Heathrow International Airport. The School caters for girls of average ability and above, but it is not narrowly academic. The core subjects of the national curriculum offer a balanced basic education.'A wide range of GSCE options provides courses for girls of varying abilities and interests. Regular high standard performances in music and drama, public speaking and debating are important preparation for adult life. Brownies ,Guides ,Duke of Edinburgh's and young Enterprise schemes all flourish ,alongside clubs and societies for all ages. Scholarships for academic merit at every stage. Six scholarships every year are available only to the daughters of Freemasons. Additional minor awards for music, art and business studies in the sixth form. The sixth form offers all the traditional academic subjects at A-level alongside more popular additions like psychology and theatre studies. GNVQ (advanced)in business studies and health and social care provides an alternative vocational pathway to university or a direct route into employment. Every year a number of new girls join at this stage. All have chances for leaderships and responsibility. The emphasis is on each girl fulfilling her own potential and finding an area in which she can excel. We pride ourselves on building self-esteem and nurturing a generosity of spirit which leads naturally to a desire to serve the community. D Founded in 1859, Valparaiso University is a private, independent Lutheran university with a distinguished history of academic excellence and a values-centered approach to higher education. More than 70 major areas of study are offered in five undergraduate colleges-Arts and Sciences, Business Administration, Engineering, Nursing, and Christ College-as well as several graduate programs, including law and a master's in business administration. Current enrollment is 4,000, with 30 percent of first-year students graduating in the top 10 percent of their high school classes. More than 90 percent of the University's full-time faculty members hold a Ph.D. or terminal degree in their fields, and the student-faculty ratio is 13:1. This exceptional student body and dedicated faculty are the primary reason U. S. News World Report has ranked Valpo either first or second in its region 12 of the past 13 years. Furthering its mission of faith and learning, Valparaiso University combines liberal arts with professional studies and promotes service to others. With its pulse on today's globally interconnected world, the University offers 14 study-abroad programs on four continents, as well as national and international internships and cooperative programs. More than 90 percent of graduates are employed in professional positions or enrolled in continuing degree programs within six months of graduation.

填空题The epidemic has been spreading very fast over the past eight years.

填空题The most obvious purpose of advertising is to inform the consumer of available products or services. The second 1 is to sell the product. The second purpose might be more important to the manufacturers than the 2 . The manufacturers go beyond only telling consumers about their products. They also try to persuade customers to buy the 3 by creating a desire 4 it. Because of advertisement, consumers think that they want something that they do not need. After buying something, the purchaser cannot always explain why it was 5 . Even 6 the purchaser probably does not know why he or she bought something, the manufacturers 7 . Manufacturers have analyzed the business of 8 and buying. They know all the different motives that influence a consumer"s purchase—some rational and 9 emotional. Furthermore, they take advantage of this 10 . Why 11 so many products displayed at the checkout counters in grocery stores? The store management has some good 12 . By the time the customer is 13 to pay for a purchase, he or she has already made rational, thought-out decisions 14 what he or she needs and wants to buy. The 15 feels that he or she has done a good job of choosing the items. The shopper is especially vulnerable at this point. The 16 of candy, chewing gum, and magazines are very attractive. They persuade the purchaser to buy something for emotional, not 17 motives. For example, the customer neither needs nor plans to buy candy, but while the customer is standing, waiting to pay money, he or she may suddenly decide to buy 18 . This is exactly 19 the store and the manufacturer hope that the customer will 20 . The customer follows his or her plan.

填空题is less easy to subject to shortages caused by strikes and natural disasters?

填空题 {{B}}Are Your Kids Making You Sick?{{/B}} Dr. Gerba is what you might call a germ detective. A well-known authority on germs that make us sick, he specializes in hunting down disease-causing microbes wherever they hide. His investigations have taken him from private kitchens to public restrooms to the food-export centers of South America. He seems to greet the discovery of bacteria, viruses and parasites with the glee most of us reserve for opening Christmas gifts. It's no wonder his job has earned him the nickname Dr. Clean. Dr. Gerba is attending kindergarten today at the request of Reader's Digest. We asked him to spend some time with the Kelley family of Sarasota, Fla. --Bryan and Danielle and their two children, six-year-old T.J. and two-year-old Shannon. The Kelleys seem constantly to be passing around colds, flu and other viruses---which makes them like most families with kids. "It's been shown that once you have children, the number of colds per adult in the family at least doubles, "Gerba says. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} Why? "It may be because children are going into day-care centers and into school at a younger age," Gerba says. "So they're exposed to more germs earlier on. We also take the children to large play areas, like playgrounds at fast-food restaurants. Not to mention trips to the mall." {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} We're about to find out. The slim, bespectacled scientist sits in a kiddie-size chair at the back of the classroom and sets out test tubes, swabs and chemicals--his ad hoe lab. With a Q-Tip-like swab he dabs at a spot on the table's surface. "I'm going to look for fecal bacteria, saliva, blood, mucus and a measure of general filth, "he announces as he drops the swab into a test tube. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} Gerba dabs again at the same spot, using a second swab, which he places in a separate tube. This test is for coliform bacteria and E. coli, both present in fecal matter. The E. coli he's testing for does not cause disease like the strain responsible for recent outbreaks of food poisoning, but if this type is present, the other, more dangerous variety may be as well. How might bacteria from feces find its way onto these surfaces? Improper hand washing after going to the bathroom, says Gerba. It will be about 24 hours before we'll have the fecal-bacteria results. As he shakes the test tubes, I scan the room. One child picks his nose, then wanders over to the supply shelves for a bottle of paper paste. He handles a number of bottles before he decides on the one he wants. Gerba also watches intently, then scurries over and swabs a paste bottle, as well as several markers on the shelf. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} At each desk is a water bottle with a pull-top; each is labeled with a child's name. Gerba swabs one pull-top. When the children leave for the cafeteria, Dr. Gerba examines the first set of test tubes. Gerba finds the heaviest concentrations of bodily fluids on the computer mouse(the class's favorite object), the supply shelves where paste, markers and crayons are stored, and the kids' favorite puzzle. But what does this mean? Could T. J. Kelley pick up a cold, flu or diarrhea from these objects. If somebody in the classroom had it, of course, "says the germ detective. "If the surfaces are heavily contaminated with such fluids as saliva or blood, then they're also heavily contaminated with any germs growing in those fluids." {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} Later that afternoon we regroup outside the Kelley home. Bryan Kelley is pitching balls to T. J. and a bunch of neighborhood kids. They all use T. J. 's bat, so that's one of the first objects Gerba swabs. Then we head for a favorite fast food restaurant, which has a big playroom with plastic tunnels, pens and slides. Gerba is one step behind curly-headed Shannon as she crawls through a curtain of clear vinyl streamers into a blue padded playpen. One look at the vinyl strips and Gerba knows he's hit pay dirt. "Gross! "he shouts, a little too enthusiastically for my taste. "Every kid pushes through this with his face and wipes his nose on it on the way in. "He also tests the blue pen behind the vinyl strips and one of the tunnels. While we devour our fried food, the swabbed samples develop. Within minutes, as Gerba guessed, we learn that the vinyl shield is the most heavily contaminated with bodily fluids. The playpen and tunnel are contaminated too. Those fries that I eagerly gobbled are suddenly not sitting so well. A. Gerba points to the sample he took from the sponge. The fluid is very yellow, as is the sample from the classroom sink. B. So exactly what kind of germs are out there waiting for out kids? And can we minimize our children's exposure by keeping certain surfaces clean? C. Soon we're off to the playground, where T. J. and his classmates enjoy exuberant fun before class resumes. Spoilsport that he is, Gerba is right behind them, swabbing monkey bars, play tunnels and slides. D. But annoying sniffles are the least of it. Many microbiologists believe there has been a steady increase in the number of infections in kids that lead to intestinal and stomach upset. E. Through the morning, as the kids sing and play, Gerba swabs the surfaces they touch most: toys, computer, play areas. He also checks a sponge on the sink where the kids wash up before lunch. "A sponge is a great area for microorganisms to grow, "Gerba says." So life is terrific in a sponge ff you're a bacterium." F. If the liquid in the test tube turns dark in the next ten minutes, bodily fluids are present. And if bodily fluids are present, we know that germs could be present too. As there are hundreds of possibilities--including viruses that cause colds, flu and diarrhea, and bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (staph), strep and parasites--this test doesn't look for specific microbes.

填空题In last two years the world has seen an intensification (55) ______.in the search for sustainable development and social (56) ______.responsible business. A series of events, from demonstrationsat the WTO meetings in Seattle expressing dissatisfactionfor the effects of economic globalization, the terrorist attacks (57) ______.on the WTO in New York on "9·11", corporate financialscandals such as Enron, WorldCom and Ahold, the collapse (58) ______.of He Argentinean economy and the Internet bubble, haveextended this search from wastern social and environmental circles to mainstream economic and business circles acrossthe globe. According to Hazel Henderson, a leading thinkeron economics and development, the traditional economic (59) ______.profession is in a state of crisis. We witness such impoverishing (60) ______.of millions in Thailand, Indonesia and the other "tiger economies"during the Asian meltdown, as well as in Russia, Mexico, Brazil,and Argentina. Too often, luring people from their traditionalways and communities into monetarized urban areas hasproved unsustainably and led to such human tragedies. (61) ______.This criticism is recognized by an increasing number of mainstreameconomists, who are "defecting" their orthodoxies. They are helpingexpand the horizons of the economics profession toward a moremodest, inclusive and inter-disciplinary stance. Leading universitiesand institutes like the World Bank are stepping up research (62) ______.on alternate development indicators, accounting for "softer" (63) ______.values such as environment, social values and general well beingof the society with a long term time horizon. These efforts reflectmuch of that the notion of Gross National Happiness is all about. (64) _____.In response to the scandals in corporate governance and the increasedcall for truly responsible business leadership, the western businesscommunity is also exploring alternatives.

填空题Most teachers praise parent-students for their assiduity.

填空题· has detailed and interactive environments?

填空题With unfamiliar human beings, when we acknowledge their humanness, we must avoid staring at them, and yet we must also avoid ignoring them. To make them into people rather than objects, we use a deliberate and polite inattention. We look at them long enough to, make it quite clear that we see them, and then we immediately look a-way. 1 The important thing in such an exchange is that we do not catch the eye of one whom we are recognizing as a person. We look at him without locking glances, and then we immediately look away. Recognition is not permitted. 2 If you pass someone in the street, you may eye the oncoming person until you are about eight feet apart, then you must look away as you pass. Before the eight-foot distance is reached, each will signal in which direction he will pass. This is done with a brief look in that direction. Each will veer slightly and the passing is done smoothly. 3 To strengthen this signal, you look directly at the other"s face before looking away. 4 It becomes impossible to discover just what they are doing. Are they looking at you too long, too intently? Are they looking at you at all? The person wearing the glasses feels protected and assumes that he can stare without being noticed in his stating. However, this is a self-deception. To the other person, dark glasses seem to indicate that the wearer is always stating at him. We often use this look-away technique when we meet famous people. We want to assure them we are respecting their privacy and that we would not dream of staring at them. The same is true of the crippled or physically handicapped. We look brief and then look away before the stare can be said to be a stare. 5 Of course, the opposite is also true. If we wish to put a person down, we may do so by staring longer than is acceptably polite. Instead of dropping our gazes when we lock glances, we continue to stare. The person who disapproves of interracial marriages or dating will stare rudely at the interracial couple. If he dislikes long hair, short dresses, or beards, he may show it with a longer-than-acceptable stare. A. There are different formulas for the exchange of glances depending on where the meeting takes place. B. In the subway or bus where long rides in very close circumstances are a necessity, we may be hard put to find some way of not staring. We sneak glances, but look away before our eyes can lock. If we look with an unfocused glance that misses the eyes and settles on the head, the mouth, the body for any place but the eyes is an acceptable looking spot for the unfocused glance. C. Actually in this way we are saying, in body language, "I know you are there," and a moment later we add, "But I would not dream of intruding on your privacy." D. It is the technique we use for any unusual situation where too long a stare would be embarrassing. When we see an interracial couple, we also use tiffs technique. We might use it when we see a man with an unusual beard, with extra longhair, with outlandish clothes, or a girl with a minimal miniskirt may attract this look-and-away. E. For this passing encounter Dr. Erring Goff man in behavior in public places says that the quick look and the lowering of the eyes is body language for, "I trust you. I am not afraid of you." F. Sometimes the rules are hard to follow, particularly if one of the two people wears dark glasses.

填空题A=Football B=Table Tennis C=Standing Volleyball D=Basketball Which description(s) mentioned that... · the game began in England in the 1880s? 71. ______ · in 1984, it was decided to open up the game to allow other disability groups to take part in? 72. ______ · in 1926 an international organization was formed and international laws adopted? 73. ______ · the sport was created by a Canadian in the USA? 74. ______ · it was originally only played by amputees? 75. ______ · the game was extremely rough? 76. ______ · a point system on court was introduced? 77. ______ · the rulemakers enacted serious measures? 78. ______ · "Gossamer" was another early name for the kind of sport? 79. ______ · the first game was played with a soccer ball? 80. ______ A Football The game of football has a history of constant rule changes. Rule changes have been implemented to bolster the excitement of the game of football and to increase the game's safety. By 1906 the game was extremely rough, and many injuries and some deaths had occurred. Educators considered dropping the sport despite its popularity on campuses. United States President Theodore Roosevelt, and ardent advocate of strenuous sports, declared that the game must be made safer. As a result, football leaders revamped the game, and many of the rougher tactics were outlawed. In a constant attempt to maintain public interest in the game, NFL rulemakers review trends in their sport. For example, in the early 1970s, the rulemakers brought the hash marks in closer to the center of the field to give offenses more room to throw wide. The move, which increased scoring and made the game more exciting, also helped bolster the running game. Ten NFL runners gained more than 1000 yards in one season (1972) for the first time in history. During the next season, Buffalo Bills' running back O.J. Simpson rushed for more than 2000 yards, the first time a player had gained that many yards in a single season. However, the passing game eventually suffered as defenses quickly adjusted. The Pittsburgh Steelers had a stranglehold on the NFL during the 1970s, with four Super Bowl victories. The dominant defensive athletes the Steelers put on the field shut down the wide-open passing attacks that had developed in the previous era. By 1977 scoring was the lowest it had been since 1942, while offensive touchdowns had fallen to their lowest levels since 1938. The rulemakers enacted serious measures after this low-scoring 1977 season, fearing a loss of public interest in the defense-dominated game. B Fable Tennis Table Tennis began in England. The game, and to begin with it was only a game and not a sport, was born in the 1880s when adherents of lawn tennis adapted their pastime to be played indoors during the winter months. "Whiff-Wall" and "Ping Pong" were just two of a number of games patented in England during the 1890's, and sold with simple rules. "Gossamer" was another early name for the game from which Table Tennis evolved. Early equipment consisted of rubber or cork balls, and bats made of dried animal skins stretched over a wooden frame. The game's popularity rose steadily, sometimes dramatically, and by 1901 table tennis tournaments were being organised, associations had been formed, and books on the game had been published. An unofficial "World Championship" was held in 1902. The "parlour game" of table tennis was rapidly assuming the status of a serious sport. The International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) was formed in Berlin in 1926 and international laws were adopted. The first official World Championships were held in London the same year. Seven countries participated. By this time balls were made of celluloid and bats consisted of sheets of pimpled rubber glued to wooden blades. Developments over later decades included "sandwich" rubber (pimpled rubber attached to a layer of sponge), rubbers specially treated to impart extra spin or to absorb spin, and "speed" glues which were absorbed into the sponge to make the rubber springier and add speed to the ball. C Standing Volleyball Standing Volleyball was played by disabled sportsmen long before the International Federation was founded. It has its roots in Great Britain and was originally only played by amputees. Due to the variations of amputation, a classification system was set up and players were put into one of nine categories. To encourage those with a more severe amputation to participate, a point system on court was introduced — each player received points for the degree of amputation — and 13 points was the minimal team requirement on court. In 1984, it was decided to open up the game to allow other disability groups to take part in, thereby encouraging more nations to participate. Although this initially created more classification problems, the WOVD finally, after four years, established criteria for classification, which includes those players with various arm or leg disabilities. D Basketball Dr James Naismith is known world-wide as the inventor of basketball. He was born in 1861 in Ramsay township, near Almonte, Ontario, Canada. The concept of basketball was born from his school days in the area where he played a simple child's game known as duck-on-a-rock outside his one-room schoolhouse. The game involved attempting to knock a "duck" off the top of a large rock by tossing another rock at it. Naismith went on to attend McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. After serving as McGill's Athletic Director, he moved on to the YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA in 1891 where the sport of basketball was born. In Springfield, Naismith was faced with the problem of finding a sport that was suitable for playing inside during the Massachusetts winter for the students at the School for Christian Workers. Naismith wanted to create a game of skill for the students instead of one that relied solely on strength. He needed a game that could be played indoors in a relatively small space. The first game was played with a soccer ball and two peach baskets used as goals. Naismith devised a set of thirteen rules of basketball.

填空题 In Britain, the House of Commons is a representative assembly elected by voters or electors through a general election and by-elections.66. ______. A by-election is a special election held between regular elections. It is an election of a new Member of Parliament in a single constituency, which takes place when a vacancy occurs in the Commons as a result of the death or resignation of an MP, or when an MP is given a peerage.67. ______. Suffrage refers to the right to vote in political elections. In Britain, universal adult suffrage refers to the right of all adults to vote. A voter or an elector is a person who votes or who has the right to vote in political elections. The elector ate refers to all the people in a county or in an area who have the right to vote in an election, On polling day, each voter or elector goes to east one vote at a polling station. Every voter writes their choice on a ballot paper. After making a choice, they put the ballot paper into a ballot box. If a person is a British subject, who is over the age of eighteen, he or she may vote. Besides, the voter must live for a fixed period of time in any constituency. But there are a few exceptions to this, the strangest one being the Queen. As the Sovereign is considered to be above politics, the Queen has no right to vote. Members of the House of Lords also have no right to vote. Criminals and lunatics have no right to vote. The person who applies for election to the Parliament is a candidate. The candidate must be aged 21 or over 21.68. ______. Traditionally, the two major parties held different views in some issues. But now their differences are getting smaller and smaller. And even they don't make much difference in their political views. They come to power in rotation.69. ______. The party which wins the majority of seats (although not necessarily the majority of votes) in a general election, or which is able to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons, forms the Government.70. ______. The largest minority party with the next largest number of seats becomes the official Opposition, with its own leader who has the title of "Leader of the Her Majesty's Opposition". And the leader of the Opposition also has a cabinet but since it is not in power it is called the "Shadow Cabinet". [A] The United Kingdom is divided into 659 constituencies. A constituency is a district with its own elected representative in the Parliament. The constituency may also refer to the body of votes living in that district. Each constituency chooses one member to the House of Commons. The member is called Member of Parliament or MP, who will occupy one seat in the Parliament. The Member of Parliament will go to the House of Commons to represent his or her constituency. Every MP must be responsible for their constituency. Every constituency has a returning officer to oversee the voting and make sure that the votes are counted correctly. If the result of the election is very close, the official in charge may order a recount. [B] Major parties are big parties with more members and supporters while minor parties are small parties with fewer members and supporters. The majority party is the party which has won most of the seats in the Parliament, and is usually in power. The minority party is the party which has a few seats in the Parliament, and is usually out of power. [C] A general election takes place after a Parliament has been dissolved and a new one summoned by the Sovereign. Under ordinary circumstance, the political parties launch campaigns and the government officials organize the election for several weeks. The general election is a massive undertaking and all the voters in the country must be notified. [D] In tile summer before the election, each of the major political parties holds a convention. The Republicans hold the Republican Party Convention, while the Democrats hold the Democratic Party Convention. Delegates from every state meet together to choose candidates for President and Vice-President. The number of delegates from each state is determined by the population and its support for that party in previous elections. The way of choosing delegates varies from state to state. In some states, delegates are elected by the voters. In others, they are appointed by a state party convention or by state political leaders. [E] The present electoral system is based on the existence of organized political parties, each laying rival policies before the electorate. Now the two main political parties in Britain are the Labour Party and the Conservative Party. Many trades unions support the Labour Party. Trades unions were originally formed in the early 19th century to try to change the long hours of work, disgraceful conditions and low rates of pay in factories. Unions of many different types of workers were formed. They gained in strength through the 20th century and are now a strong force, negotiating pay and working conditions with the employers. [F] By tradition, the leader of the majority party is appointed as Prime Minister by the Sovereign. The Prime Minister is responsible for making the Cabinet. The Cabinet is a group of the most senior and powerful ministers in the government, who meet regularly to discuss and decide policies.

填空题is the cleanest practical source of electricity?

填空题 Perhaps{{U}} (31) {{/U}}are far more wives that I imagine who take it for{{U}} (32) {{/U}}that housework is neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been{{U}} (33) {{/U}}. But home and family is the one realm in{{U}} (34) {{/U}}it is really difficult to shake free of one's upbringing and create new values. My parents' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness{{U}} (35) {{/U}}a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that{{U}} (36) {{/U}} been all, maybe I could have adapted myself{{U}} (37) {{/U}}housework on{{U}} (38) {{/U}}easygoing, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones but still believing in it as something constructive{{U}} (39) {{/U}}it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother used to resent{{U}} (40) {{/U}}it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn't lit activity for an intelligent being.I was the only child, and once I was at school there was no{{U}} (41) {{/U}}why she should have continued{{U}} (42) {{/U}}her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own. I can now begin to understand why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants to look{{U}} (43) {{/U}}, who does not{{U}} (44) {{/U}}reading because she has not had much of an education, and who is intelligent{{U}} (45) {{/U}}to find neighborly chit-chat boring, should carry the pursuit of microscopic specks of dust to the{{U}} (46) {{/U}}of fanaticism in an{{U}} (47) {{/U}}to fill hours and salvage her self-respect. My parents had not even the status-seeking impetus to send me to university that Joe's had; my mother{{U}} (48) {{/U}}me to be "a nice quiet person who wouldn't be noticed{{U}} (49) {{/U}}a crowd", and it was feared that university education{{U}} (50) {{/U}}in ingratitude (independence).

填空题You will hear a long talk. As you listen, answer the questions or complete the notes in your test booklet for Questions 21 to 30 by writing no more than three words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk twice.

填空题Pay and productivity, it is generally assumed, should be related. But the relationship seems to weaken 1 people get older. Mental ability declines 2 age. That is the same for the brainy and the dim—and not 3 for humans: it is measurable even 4 fruit flies. 5 minds that keep lively will suffer less than the lazy. In general, the more education you have, the more productive your old 6 will be. Some 7 decline faster than others. According to most studies, people"s numerical and reasoning abilities are 8 their best in their 20s and early 30s. 9 abilities—those that depend on knowledge—may improve with age. For most workers, decreased abilities will 10 to lower productivity ; only a minority will find know-how and knowledge outweighs their failing powers. Even those employees who remain highly productive will be likely to shine only in a narrow 11 Academics notice this. It is less clear that employers do. Studies of supervisors" ratings show no clear correlation 12 age and perceived productivity. When other employees" views are 13 into account though, the picture changes: these ratings suggest that workers in their 30s are the 14 productive and hardworking, 15 scores falling thereafter. That is 16 up by studies of work samples, which find lower productivity among the oldest employees. A study for America"s Department of Labor showed job performance peaking at 35, and 17 declining. It varied by industry: the fall was 18 in footwear, but faster in furniture. Intellectual occupations are harder to measure, but the picture is the same. Academics seem to publish 19 as they age. Painters, musicians and writers show the same tendency. Their output peaks in their 30s and 40s. The only 20 is female writers, who are most productive in their 50s.

填空题A=Radio B=Television C=Movies Which media... · declined after 1945 and then thrived again later? 71. ______ · operates in different languages to suite audience of diverse · cultural backgrounds? 72. ______ · comes in various types for the convenience of the audience? 73. ______ · is currently the major source of entertainment at home? 74. ______ · lost half its audience in late 1940s and early 1950s? 75. ______ · offers the latest news more quickly? 76. ______ · provides programs for educational purposes? 77. ______ · went through many changes in order to keep its audience? 78. ______ · annoys people with interruptions of advertisements? 79. ______ · is well-known for its event of the year? 80. ______ Radio Almost every American family owns at least one radio, and many have three or four. Years ago, families gathered around one big living room radio. Today, people take small, lightweight radios with them into the bedroom (clock radios), down the street (transistor radios), on the road (car radios), and into the cornfields (radios built into tractors). Radios have even been built into hair dryers and sunglasses! Since the development of television, radio is no longer the major source of home entertainment; but American still turn to radio when they want the latest news quickly. Many stations broadcast up-to-the-minute news every half-hour. Americans tend to listen to radio for short periods. In an effort to hold audiences, many radio stations appeal to special interests. Some offer an all-news or all-music format; others broadcast professional sporting events. In large cities, some stations attract immigrants by presenting foreign-language programs. One New York City station broadcasts in thirteen languages! There are two types of radio broadcasting -AM and FM. FM can produce a wider range of sounds and can also broadcast in stereophonic sound. In recent years, FM has become increasingly popular. Many radios are equipped to receive both AM and FM. Television Television was in its infancy in 1946, but by the 1950s it was a firmly established industry. Today, there are about 99 million TV sets in the United States; 99 percent of American households have at least one set, and 54 percent have two or more. Color TV is in 60 percent of American homes. The average American between his second and sixty-fifth year spends 3000 entire days (almost nine years of his life) watching TV! In the United States, there is no government-owned television network. Commercial television attempts to please a vast audience of all age groups and educational levels by presenting entertainment that can be understood by all. Many adults are annoyed by the simplicity and triteness of most TV shows; they call the TV set the "idiot box" or the "boob tube." A typical day's TV listing includes cartoons and other children's shows, family situation comedies, news and weather, mysteries, westerns, melodramatic serials, interview shows, sports, movies, and musical reviews. "Public" television stations offer a wide variety of high-quality entertainment and information without the annoying interruptions of commercials. Funds to operate public TV come from donations by individuals and industries and, to a small degree, from the government. Public television has been highly praised for imaginative appealing shows which help children learn basic reading concepts, valuable psychological insights, English, and Spanish. For those who seek self-improvement via TV, there are "how-to" shows which teach cooking, skiing, sewing, guitar-playing, and dozens of other skills. Also offered are college courses which give academic credit to enrolled listeners. Movies Most American movies are produced in Hollywood, California. Hollywood, which is actually not a separate city but a part of Los Angeles, is an ideal spot for the movie industry. The sun shines most of the time, and the climate is mild. Almost every kind of natural scenery is within a few hours drive. Hollywood becomes the center of national attention one evening a year -Academy Award night. At the Academy Award presentations held each spring, statuettes called Oscars are given to film industry winners in dozens of categories, including best actor, best actress, and best picture. The winners are chosen by members of the industry before the ceremony, but their names are kept secret until presentation night, when they are announced in a long, nationally televised program. Motion pictures were extremely popular in the United States until after World War II, when television captured much of the movie audience. Geared to the masses, Hollywood movies offered much the same type of entertainment as television. With free entertainment in their homes, many American simply stopped going to movies. Between 1946 and 1954, movie attendance was cut in half. At the same time, production costs zoomed. The movie industry was in trouble. The industry adjusted in a number of ways. Movie companies rented sound stages to TV companies and sold old movies to TV. To cut costs, Hollywood produced fewer movies and filmed many of them overseas. To lure audiences, the industry invested in new lenses, wider screens, and stereophonic sound. Studios also began producing kinds of entertainment that could not be offered by TV -films with controversial or shocking themes, films with huge casts and lavish settings, as a result of these changes, today the American motion picture industry is thriving.

填空题Pollution is a "dirty" word. To pollute means to contaminate--topsoil or something by introducing impurities which make 1 unfit or unclean to use. Pollution comes in many forms. We see it, smell it, 2 it, drink it, and stumble through it. We literally lived in and breathe pollution, and 3 surprisingly,it is beginning to 4 our health,our happiness,and our civilization. Once we thought of pollution 5 meaning simply the smog—the choking, stinging, dirty 6 that hovers over cities. But air pollution, while it is 7 the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several 8 attack the most basic life functions. Through the uncontrolled use of insecticides, man has polluted the land, 9 the wildlife. By 10 sewage and chemicals into rivers and lakes, we have contaminated our 11 water. We are polluting the oceans, too, kilting the fish and 12 depriving ourselves 13 an invaluable food supply. Part of the problem is our exploding 14 . More and more people are producing more wastes. But this problem is intensified by our "throw-away" technology. Each year Americans 15 of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper, 25 million pounds of toothpaste tubes and 48 million cans. We throw away gum wrappers, newspapers, and paper plates. It is no longer wise to 16 anything. Today almost everything is disposable. 17 of repairing a toaster or a radio, it is easier and cheaper to buy another one and discard the old,even 18 95 percent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby diapers,which used to be made of reusable cloth, are now paper throw-aways. Soon we will wear clothing made of 19 :" Wear it once and throw it away" will be the slogan of the fashionable consciousness. Where is this all to end? Are we turning the world into a gigantic dump,or is there hope that we can solve the pollution problem? 20 , solutions are in sight. A few of them are positively ingenious.