填空题WhendidDr.Hubergethisowntelescope?

填空题Besidestheformofreports,inwhatotherformscanwegiveoralpresentations?

填空题Machines and foreign competition will replace 1 of American jobs. But work will be plentiful for people 2 in the occupations of the future. The Labor Department predicts a net increase of 25 million new jobs in the United States in 1995, 3 service-industry jobs growing three times 4 rapidly as factory jobs. "Work will shift its emphasis from the fatigue and 5 of the production line and the typing pool to the more interesting challenge of the electronic service center, the design studio, the research laboratory, the education institute, and the training school, "predicts Canadian economist Calvert. Jobs in high-tech fields will multiply fastest, 6 from a low base. In 7 of actual numbers, more mundane occupations will experience the biggest surge: custodians, cashiers, secretaries, waiters and clerks. Yet much of the drudge work will be taken 8 by robots. The 9 of robots performing blue-collar tasks will increase 10 3 000 in 1981 to 40 000 in 1990, says John E. Taylor of the Human Resources Research Organization in Alexandria, Va. Robots might also be found on war zones, 11 space-even in the office, perhaps 12 coffee, opening mall and delivering messages. One unsolved problem: what to do 13 workers displaced by high technology and foreign competition. 14 the world "the likelihood of growing permanent unemployment is becoming 15 accepted as a reality among social planners," notes David Macarov, associate professor of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Meantime, the percentage of time people 16 on the job is 17 to continue to fall. Robert Theobald, 18 of Avoiding 1984, fears that joblessness will 19 to increasing depression, bitterness, and unrest. "The dramatic consequences of such a shift on the Western psyche, 20 has made the job the way we value human beings, are almost incalculable, "he comments.

填空题A=BOOK1 B=BOOK2 C=BOOK3 D=BOOK4 Which book(s) say(s) that... ·the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development? 71. ______ ·environmental control is related with the national revenues? 72. ______ ·the environmental problems are not caused overnight? 73. ______ ·a variety of species are on the decrease? 74. ______ ·agriculture is also a factor for the degradation of environment? 75. ______ ·pollution can be controlled by increasing the production cost of polluting goods? 76. ______ ·pollution control needs the support of technology and techniques? 77. ______ ·provides lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy from an economic perspective? 78. ______ ·the degradation of environment causes the change of climate? 79. ______ ·the approaches to research should be adjusted to the changing situation? 80. ______ A BOOK 1 The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for climatic change as we move into the twenty-first century. It assesses the impact of potential feature global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for the economic development. The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental constraints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural research systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability. The third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part examine the effect of climate change on production, trade, land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries remain a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy. B BOOK 2 The ozone layer is threatened by chemical emissions; the climate is endangered from fossil and deforestation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environmental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years' and many countries' economic development. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development processes together—this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world's countries cooperate successfully to manage global development? How should they manage it? Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems? This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking: the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evolution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by looking at how and why specific negotiations and agreements have failed to achieve their targets. The book is designed as an introductory text for those studying global environmental policy making and institution building. It will also be of interest to practitioners and policy makers and scholars in the areas of environmental economics and law. C BOOK 3 Industrialization to achieve economic development has resulted in global environmental degradation. While the impacts of industrial activity on the natural environment are a major concern in developed countries, much less is known about these impacts in developing countries. This source book identifies and quantifies the environmental consequences of industrial growth, and provides policy advice, including the use of clean technologies and environmentally sound production techniques, with special reference to the developing world. The developing world is often seen as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. This, combined with a substantial agriculture sector, which contributes to deforestation, the erosion of the top soil and desertification, has led to extreme pressures on the environment and impoverishes the population by destroying its natural resource base. This crisis suggests that sound industrialization policies are of paramount importance in developing countries' economic development, and calls for the management of natural resources and the adoption of low-waste of environmentally clean technologies. The authors consider the industrial sector as a pollutant to other sectors of the economy, and then focus on some industrial-specific pollutants within the manufacturing sector and some process-specific industrial pollutants. They conclude by reviewing the economic implications of promoting environmentally sound industrial development, specially adressing the question of the conflict or complementarily which may exist between environmental goods and industrial production. D BOOK 4 This is an important book which presents new concepts of the marginal cost of substituting non-pollutive for pollutive goods. Technically in its approach it complements the other literature in the field and will be a significant contribution to the understanding of microeconomic issues in pollution control. The book focuses on the three main concepts: substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoidance. The first part considers the adjustment of the scope and combination of goods produced as a method for controlling pollution. The author argues that pollution is controlled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the production process, thereby reducing demand and subsequent production of the goods. In the second part, the discussion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models: first, pollution prevention when non-polluting inputs and processes are substituted for pollutants; second, when a proportion of the polluting output is recycled rather than being discarded; and finally end-of-pipe abatement where additional technology is used. In conclusion, the author assesses the extent to which pollution damage is controlled by avoidance of emissions, with avoidance being modeled as an add-on technology with its own returns to scale.

填空题 The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered {{U}}(31) {{/U}} aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became {{U}}(32) {{/U}} in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country {{U}}(33) {{/U}} capitalize on his emerging interest in {{U}}(34) {{/U}} particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior {{U}}(35) {{/U}} this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was {{U}}(36) {{/U}} on aerobics, but {{U}}(37) {{/U}} weight training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength , and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness {{U}}(38) {{/U}} did not seem to benefit financially from the {{U}}(39) {{/U}} fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that {{U}}(40) {{/U}} training programs offered few, if {{U}}(41) {{/U}}, health benefits. In recent years, {{U}}(42) {{/U}} weight gaining has again become increasingly popular for males and for {{U}}(43) {{/U}} females. Many current programs focus not only on {{U}}(44) {{/U}} muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well. Historically, most physical fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and {{U}}(45) {{/U}}, not for health related reasons, but primarily {{U}}(46) {{/U}} such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, {{U}}(47) {{/U}} has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular {{U}}(48) {{/U}} and endurance might also offer some health {{U}}(49) {{/U}} as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training {{U}}(50) {{/U}} part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans.

填空题Military Police Military police (MPs) are the police of a military organization. Military police are concerned 1 law enforcement ( including criminal investigation) on military property and concerning military personnel, installation security, close personal protection of senior military officers, management of prisoners of war, management of military prisons, hunting down deserters, traffic control, route signing and resupply route management. Not all military police 2 are concerned with all of these areas, 3 . These personnel are generally 4 front-line combatants, but are sometimes used in a defensive role 5 a primary defense force in 6 area operations. In some countries, a military 7 force, generically 8 as a gendarmerie, although there are a 9 of other names, also serves as a national police force, often 10 as heavy backup for the civil police and/or policing rural 11 . For these 12 , such forces are under civilian 13 and function in the same manner as 14 police forces. This gendarmerie may or may not also 15 as a military police force within the armed forces. In most countries, military police who are not members of gendarmerie forces do not have police powers over civilians 16 while on military property. The head of the military police is commonly 17 to as the Provost Marshal. This ancient 18 was originally given to an 19 whose duty was to ensure that the army of the king did no harm to the citizenry. In many countries, military forces have separate prisons and judicial systems, 20 from civilian entities. The military possibly also has its own interpretation of criminal justice. The status of military police is usually prominently displayed on the helmet and/or on an armband, brassard, or arm or shoulder flash. In the Second World War, the military police of the German army still used a metal gorget as an emblem.

填空题In last two years the world has seen an intensification (53) ______.in the search for sustainable development and social (54) ______.responsible business. A series of events, from demonstrationsat the WTO meetings in Seattle expressing dissatisfactionfor the effects of economic globalization, the terrorist attacks (55) ______.on the WTO in New York on "9·11", corporate financialscandals such as Enron, WorldCom and Ahold, the collapse (56) ______.of He Argentinean economy and the Internet bubble, haveextended this search from wastern social and environmental circles to mainstream economic and business circles acrossthe globe. According to Hazel Henderson, a leading thinkeron economics and development, the traditional economic (57) ______.profession is in a state of crisis. We witness such impoverishing (58) ______.of millions in Thailand, Indonesia and the other "tiger economies"during the Asian meltdown, as well as in Russia, Mexico, Brazil,and Argentina. Too often, luring people from their traditionalways and communities into monetarized urban areas hasproved unsustainably and led to such human tragedies. (59) ______.This criticism is recognized by an increasing number of mainstreameconomists, who are "defecting" their orthodoxies. They are helpingexpand the horizons of the economics profession toward a moremodest, inclusive and inter-disciplinary stance. Leading universitiesand institutes like the World Bank are stepping up research (60) ______.on alternate development indicators, accounting for "softer" (61) ______.values such as environment, social values and general well beingof the society with a long term time horizon. These efforts reflectmuch of that the notion of Gross National Happiness is all about. (62) _____.In response to the scandals in corporate governance and the increasedcall for truly responsible business leadership, the western businesscommunity is also exploring alternatives.

填空题A job interview is your chance to 1 an employer what he or she will get if you"re 2 . That is why it is 3 to be well prepared for the job interview. Preparing means knowing about the industry, the employer, and yourself. It means 4 attention to details like personal appearance, punctuality, and demeanor. 5 you begin to think about how you will dress for the interview, or answer questions, you should gather as much information about the employer as you can. Not only will you appear informed and intelligent, it will also help you make a decision if a job 6 is eventually made. 7 employer information is not always an easy task, 8 if the employer is a small private company. Next step is answering 9 . You might want to prepare for answering questions by listing some of your attributes. Talk to former co-workers with 10 you worked closely. Ask them to list some traits about you that they most admired—work 11 , of course. Try to find some faults as well. One question that sometimes comes 12 in an interview is "What is something that has been a problem for you at work?" 13 studying your faults, you will be able to choose one that is somewhat innocuous or could be 14 around into a positive. You want to seem somewhat spontaneous, but you also want to appear self-confident. The way to do that is to rehearse, not exactly what you will say, but 15 you will say it. A great 16 is to rehearse in front of a video camera. Study your posture, the way you make eye 17 , and your body 18 . If you don"t have a video camera, a mirror will do. Have a friend do mock 19 with you. The more you repeat a scenario, the 20 comfortable you will begin to feel with it.

填空题 It was a sorry end. Cut down in his prime, the cunning thief lay on the slab, his cold body offering pathologist Brett Gartrell no outward sign of how he. had met his maker. Once Gartrell had wielded his scalpel, however, the cause became, clear: a belly stuffed with sticky brown gunk. Diagnosis? Death by chocolate. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} If you're reading this after scoffing your fifteenth chocolate Santa, don't panic: We humans have been safely enjoying the beans of the cacao plant, Theobroma cacao, for millennia. Theobroma is Greek for "food of the gods", reflecting the Mayan belief that cocoa had divine origins. Every April, they sacrificed a dog with cacao-coloured markings in honour of Ek Chuah, the god of cacao. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} It was methylxanthines that did for the kea too. Gartrell, a wildlife pathologist at Massey University in Palmerston North, New Zealand, is wearily familiar with keas' propensity m poison themselves. Besides being arguably the world's smartest birds, keas are extraordinarily inquisitive foragers, using their beaks to rip open tents and backpacks, open garbage bins and even pry pieces off cars in their quest for food. "They'll try anything that is vaguely edible, which is part of the reason they get into trouble," says Gartrell. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} The reason humans don't turn up their toes after bingeing on chocolate is largely down to the speed at which our bodies metabolise theobromine, the most abundant methylxanthine in chocolate. Rats metabolise it much more slowly than humans, and dogs are slower still. There are no reliable figures for theobromine toxicity in humans, but based on caffeine toxicity an average adult would have to gorge on around 50 kilograms of milk chocolate in a single sitting to get anywhere near a lethal dose. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Coyotes are a serious pest in the US, killing $44 million worth of livestock each year, damaging property and attacking people and pets. Measures such as fences are often ineffective. Sometimes culling them is the only option but unfortunately the poisons now used, such as sodium cyanide, are toxic to humans and most other animals too. "If we can come up with something that is more selective, it offers an advantage," says Johnston. "It's a more responsible approach." {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} Methylxanthines are also shaping up as a way to dispatch other pests. Earl Campbell of the US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center in Hilo, Hawaii, discovered that caffeine sprays could kill two species of noisy and ecologically damaging Caribbean tree frogs that have plagued the island since they were accidentally introduced in the 1980s. Campbell noticed that the spray also killed slugs. His colleague Robert Hollingsworth then found that caffeine spray made snails kick the bucket too. Hollingsworth is now developing caffeine as an alternative to conventional pesticides, such as those used in slug pellets. "There's a huge amount of interest in using botanical extracts," he says. "People are more comfortable with things that are natural."A. Knife-wielding priests aside, chocolate is still bad news for many animals. Cocoa beans are naturally rich in caffeine and its chemical relatives theobromine and theophylline, collectively called methylxanthines. To humans these are little more than benign stimulants, but to a number of animals they are highly toxic. Just 240 grams of unsweetened dark chocolate contains enough methylxanthines to kill a 40-kilogram dog, about the size of a German shepherd.B. The methylxanthines are just a start. "Cocoa is a real gold .mine of different components," says Herwig Bernaert, research manager at Barry Callebaut, a chocolate manufacturer in Zurich, Switzerland. Cocoa contains more than 700 compounds and there is a great deal of research on which of these can affect people or other creatures.C. Methylxanthines looked as though they might fit the bill. After testing the toxicity of several different types of chocolate, Johnson came up with a mixture of theobromine and caffeine that killed coyotes quickly and with minimal distress. The mixture can be hidden in bait and is currently undergoing field tests.D. The observation that methylxanthines are highly toxic to animals, with dogs being especially vulnerable, prompted John Johnston, a chemist at the US Department of Agriculture in Fort Collins, Colorado, to investigate chocolate as a more selective way of controlling coyotes.E. Divine—yes. Delicious--absolutely. But deadly? For some it certainly is. The corpse on Gartrell's slab belonged not to a human but to a kea, an endangered New Zealand parrot. Like many animals, keas are acutely sensitive to chemicals in chocolate that are harmless to humans in all but huge doses. Scientists are now studying these chemicals, along with other substances in cocoa, hoping to exploit their toxic effects to control pests or microbes.F. The dead kea was found outside a hotel kitchen in the holiday resort of Mount Cook Village in the Southern Alps. It had eaten more than 20 grams of dark chocolate, presumably pilfered from the kitchen garbage. "He'd really pigged out," says Gartrell. The ill-fated kea was by no means alone in its folly. Veterinary journals are peppered with stories of dogs, cats, parrots, foxes, badgers and other animals dropping dead after finding chocolate or being fed it by well- meaning humans.

填空题 Dr Marvin Marshall developed a system that would promote responsible behavior by internally motivating students. Drawing on his own teaching experiences, as well as the insights of others who had explored the are a of human potential, he would be pre-active rather than constantly reacting to inappropriate classroom behaviors.66. ______. To teach responsible behavior, he developed an order of social development that explained different levels of human social behavior in simple terms that his students could understand. Without any social order, anarchy and chaos erupt. The two lowest levels of his hierarchy are Level A: Anarchy and Level B: Bossing/Bullying. In the classroom, both levels are unacceptable. A society becomes civil when its people cooperate and live according to external influences. This led to the naming of Level C: Cooperation/Conformity. When people mature, cultivate manners, and develop values of right and wrong, the motivations to behave well — originally external — become internalized. Doing the right thing simply because it is the right thing to do — without being asked or told — is the concept that characterizes the fourth and highest level. He refers to it as Level D: Democracy, because taking the initiative to be responsible is an essential characteristics of self-rule. {{B}}Internal vs. External Motivation{{/B}} Motivation is either external or internal. External motivation applies when the aim of the performance is to gain approval, to receive a reward or to avoid punishment. Internal motivation applies when people perform for inner satisfaction. Although humans operate from both external and internal motivation, the motivation itself cannot be discerned from a person's actions. In a classroom, both types of motivation are acceptable as long as the end result is the same, but his goal was to develop a system to promote internally motivated responsibility in young people.67. ______. Management professor Douglas McGregor examined the factors underlying the different ways people at tempt to influence human activity. He concluded that the two most common leadership styles are based on two very different sets of assumptions about people.68. ______. This management style consists of the following beliefs: * The average person has an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it if possible. * Because of this inherent aversion, most people must be coerced, controlled, directed or threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort toward the achievement of goals and objectives. * The average person prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition and wants security above all. Under the management style, responsibilities are delineated, goals are imposed, and decisions are made without involving individuals or requesting their consent. Rewards are contingent upon conforming to the system, and punishments are the consequences of deviation from the established rules. McGregor concluded that this style is inadequate for full human development.69. ______. Compared to the style mentioned above, this management style leads to greater realization of goals for both the individual and the organization. The assumptions of this style are: * Work can be a source of satisfaction for employees and will be performed voluntarily, or it can be a source of punishment and may be avoided. * People will exercise self-direction and self-control in pursuit of objectives to which they are committed. * Commitment to objectives depends on the rewards associated with achieving them. The most significant reward is internal satisfaction. This style is more challenging to the participants. it sets up realistic objectives and expects people to achieve them.70. ______. Traditionally, people attempting to manage or change people use top-down authoritarian strategies, which are generally accompanied by stress, resistance and poor relationships. But the use of collaboration and empowerment — the outgrowths of the second style — reduces stress, improves relationships and is much more powerful in effecting change in others. His teaching and administrative experiences taught him that having a discipline system is even more beneficial than having a natural talent in teaching. A simple, dependable aid is precisely what he wanted to offer practitioners. [A] Top-down Authoritarian Style [B] Social Behavior Hierarchy [C] A Dependable Aid [D] Dedicated to Excellence [E] A Look at Two Different Managerial Styles [F] Higher Motivation Management Style

填空题pollution control needs the support of technology and techniques?

填空题For Investors wondering whether they should dump their stocks because they need the money, I have only this to say. if you need the money today, you should have sold years ago. 1 For some people, drops as steep as we"ve seen in Asian markets in recent months are too much to take physically. I"m a big believer in the sleep-at-night theory. No Investment is worth keeping if it robs you of your sleep. If you can"t stomach 50 per cent losses in your stock portfolio, get out now and save yourself a heart attack. You may not buy that mansion in Spain, but you"ll live to see your granddaughter"s graduation. 2 If you own stock in a company, but don"t know what it actually does to make a profit, you deserve to take a bath if the share price plunges. If your company doesn"t make money and has no reasonable prospect of doing so soon, sell. Buying things that have no intrinsic value is fun with, say, baseball cards. But this is real money we"re talking about. Earnings and dividends paid out to stockholders are the only things that can tell you in the long term whether owning a stock is worthwhile. 3 Avoid sector and country funds. You will never lead the pack if you invest in global stock or bond funds, but you"ll never finish last, either. As a dabbler at investing, how are you supposed to know whether now is a good time to buy a technology fund but a bad time to sell one investing in Thailand? Those decisions are best left to people who are paid to think about such things all day. 4 Most importantly, if you need the money in the next three to four years, look into buying bonds, either individually or through a mutual fund. Stocks in good businesses that are well run will eventually rise and outperform bonds, but maybe not as fast as you might need them to. Even if you plunge into the stock market without being precisely sure why, its never too late to think about your holdings. Remember, the worst stocks not only keep falling but can approach zero. 5 A. For mutual-fund holders, the situation is a little different. You don"t need to know what the companies in your fund do. But there are a couple of rules to live by. B. The biggest losers are those who refuse to jump off what is clearly a sinking ship. They predict the proud, valiant deaths, but they"re dead in the water all the same. C. Every week insurance companies receive premium payments customers. These payments can form a very large total running into millions of dollars. The company does not leave the money in the bank. It invests in property, shares, farms and even antique paintings and stamps. Its aim is to obtain the best possible return on its investment. D. Even if you sleep soundly, the prospect of a potentially prolonged bear market begs the most basic investment question: why do you own the stocks that you do? Now, more than at any other time in the past ten years, a few simple rules of investing apply: E. That advice holds whether the market is up or down. Even though a lot of novice investors claim they are in stocks "for the long haul", that often turns out to be nonsense. It is easy to be brave and keep buying during a bull market. But what if we"re in for mediocre stocks market gains for the next 10 years? F. Don"t pay obscene fees. Unless a fund under the same manager has consistently outperformed its peers for five years, there is no reason to pay expenses of more than two per cent a year, or a front-end load of more than two to three per cent, anything more goes into nice vacations for your manager and posh leather sofas in his waiting room.

填空题After its misadventures in 1093, when American marines were driven out of Somalia by skinny gunmen, America has used a long spoon in supping with Somalia's warlords. This, like so much else, changed on September 11th. (69) Clandestine, up to a point: within hours of the arrival in Baidoa of nine closely cropped Americans sporting matching satellite phones and shades, their activities were broadcast. After meeting various warlords, the group inspected a compound that had apparently been offered to them as their future base. They also saw an old military depot. Neither can have been encouraging: the compound has been taken over by war-displaced families, and the depot by thorn-scrub. America was already convinced of al-Qaeda's presence in Somalia. It had listed a Somali Islamic group, al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (Islamic Unity), as a terrorist organization. (70) It fears that lawless Somalia could become a haven for escapes from Afghanistan. The American navy is currently patrolling the country's long coastline, while spy planes are said to be criss-crossing the heavens. (71) With a little bit of help, he told his American visitors, he would be ready "to liberate the country from these evil forces". America had already heard as much through its embassies in Nairobi and Addis Ababa, which maintain contact with the warlords, and from Ethiopia. The warlords are supported by Ethiopia, which has a historical fear of a strong Somalia, in a bid to oppose the government. But their differing views on where to strike at the "terrorists" reveal that their individual ambitions are even sharper than their dislike of file government. Mr. Ismail says that Merca, which is claimed by his Rahanwein clan, is the capital of terror. (72) The LIN rays there is only an orphanage there now. But the island is close to Mr. Morgan's home town of Kismaayo, which he failed to capture from a pro-government militia in July, and he is determined not to fail again. None of this looks good for Somalia's official president, Abdiquassim Salad Hassan, whose government is in control of about half the capital, Mogadishu. He has formed his own anti- terrorism unit, and invited America to send investigators, or even troops. America, armed with stories about the presence of al-Itihaad members held back, but on December 18th sent an envoy to Mogadishu. Both Mr. Hassan and the UN say that al-Itihaad is not a terrorist organization. It emerged as an armed force in 1991, battling for power in the aftermath of Siad Barre's fall. It had some early successes, briefly taking Kismaayo. But it was always dependent on the blessing of its members' clan elders. When the elders eventually called their fighters back, a hard core of Islamists fled to the Gedo border region where, in 1997, they were crushed by Ethiopian troops (73) The Baidoa alliance plainly hopes to be supported as proxies in a fight against "terrorism" and the Mogadishu regime. But the latest intelligence leaks suggest that the first reports may have overestimated al-Qaeda's presence in Somalia. Nor would Mr. bin Laden and his henchmen find it easy to lie low in an oral culture that considers rumour-mongering to be a form of manners. Even so, the warlords seem to believe that they have won some promise of help. Soon after the arrival of the American group, they pulled out of the peace talks they had been holding with their government in Nairobi. A. Al-Itihaad subsequently infiltrated Somalia's business class, and now runs Islamic schools, courts and clinics with the money it has accumulated. B. According to Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail, the acting chairman of the loose alliance of warlords who control most of Somalia and are based in Baidoa, there are "approximately 20, 480armed extremists" in Somalia and "85% of the government is al-Itihaad". C. Muhammad Hersi Morgan, known as the "butcher of Hargeisa" because he once razed that town to the ground, says an al-Itihaad camp on Ras Kamboni island is still active. D. American intelligence officers are working with two warlords to gather information about suspected al-Qaeda people in Somalia. E. It had also forced the closure of Barakaat, Somalia's biggest banking and telecoms company, which handles most of the remittances that Somalis working abroad send back to their families. F. On December 9th America sent a clandestine mission to talk to a collection of Somali warlords, who like to claim that their country, in particular their UN-sponsored government, is overrun with terrorists.

填空题The Conscientious Tourist Tourism continues to surge as a world economic force, contributing nearly $5.5 trillion to the world"s economy in 2004. A growing trend in travel is the desire of many tourists 1 non-typical tourist experiences, such as "ethical" adventures. Ecotourism, geotourism, and pro-poor tourism are 2 the increasingly popular niches in the travel industry that aim to address consumers" ethical concerns, reports the Worldwatch Institute. Which hotel more actively 3 the environment? Which 4 better support of its local community? Such questions may be more important to vacationers than a hotel"s proximity to the beach 5 the type of mint left on the pillow. One 6 driving this conscientious tourism is the growth of international travel, which exposes visitors 7 the impacts they may have on the cultures and environments they 8 . International tourism 9 by 10% in 2004, and the 10 of international tourist arrivals will reach more than 1.5 billion by 2020, predicts the World Tourism Organization. Low-cost air travel is 11 to this increased international travel, 12 one result is more air pollution and 13 environmental costs that are not factored into the price of tourism. Now, environmentally conscious travelers can choose an airline that offsets its "carbon emissions 14 purchasing credits for the amount of miles they fly, Worldwatch reports. The traveler 15 more for the flight, but is assured that the 16 money is invested in green technologies, reforestation projects, or other efforts to counter the emissions 17 by that flight. Eagerness to attract the ethical dollar may 18 to unethical marketing practices, raising the specter of "greenwashing." "The increasing market demand for responsible tourism has led many businesses to 19 names suggesting they are environmentally responsible," warns Worldwatch researcher Zoe Chafe in Vital Signs 2005. "While some are indeed examples of true ecotourism, many 20 are not. They may make superficial changes to their operations, encourage guests to reuse towels (a move that saves water, but that is often motivated by a desire to cut costs), or actually do nothing to improve their operations."

填空题·was popular in 1920s?

填空题WhousuallytakecareoftheelderlypeopleintheUnitedStates?

填空题A = Book1 B = Book2 C= Book3 D = Book4 Which book(s) gives an unconventional view of a revered river? writes about a journey through West Africa? is a blend of adventure and historical tale? are made up of black-and-white pictures gives readers a full picture of the Earth? retraces the steps of an 18th-century explorer? consists of a photographer"s experiments with photography? is about one country"s relationship with the sea? leaves the reader confused about what to do? presents the coast as a changing landscape? 1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______ 8. ______ 9. ______ 10. ______ A Book 1 What began as a conversation around the Christmas table became reality for Tom Fremantle when he set off to visit the fabled Timbuktu and follow in the footsteps of his hero, the 18 th -century explorer Mungo Park. This was to be no tourist trip. Starting in The Gambia, Fremantle makes a remarkable journey through West Africa, covering more than 3,200 kilometres in three months. He travels variously by donkey and cart, dugout canoe, on foot with a wayward ox and by bus with a hash-dealing driver before finally arriving in Nigeria. In the book, Fremantle provides a vivid snapshot of modern West Africa, telling the stories of the people he meets, from a lovelorn Senegalese prostitute and Bozo fisherman with a megawatt grin to a dignified Tuareg tribesman keen to keep his ancient traditions alive. The book is part adventure, part historical tale, with Fremantle slipping skilfully between present-day narrative and Park"s journey in 1795 as an eager young man commissioned by the African Association to unlock the mysteries of the River Niger. He tells Park"s tale of ambush, starvation and disease with well-researched simplicity, right the way through to his return home as a celebrity in 1797, only to fall victim to his own success and die on his second expedition, in 1805. It"s no easy task blending a historical journey into a modern-day setting, but Freemantle succeeds in doing just that, writing with a depth and perception that makes the book a fascinating read. B Book2 Italian photographer travels the length of the Ganges, takes lots of great photos and the publisher packages it all up in its much-copied coffee-table style. And that should be the end of the story. But it isn"t, because Aldo Pavan"s photographs are almost as extraordinary as the subject matter he has so evocatively recorded. These days, photo essays about the Ganges are commonplace, and so are the images of buffalo, ritual ablutions, crumbling architecture, terraced paddies and cannabis-smoking sadhus that make up the stereotype. And, admittedly, all that stock fodder is here -- it would be difficult to photograph the progress of the river without including it -- but Pavan goes out of his way to make his images deviate from the norm. His experiments with focus and composition are quite daring, even if they aren"t always successful. The result is a curious splattering of oddly placed horizontals, entire images out of focus and composition with seemingly no subject at all. It"s genuinely dynamic stuff, made all the more exciting by the fact that Pavan really does know what he"s doing: the experimental pieces sit next to classically composed portraits and landscapes that are quite beautiful. And so this book isn"t an unqualified success, but it"s a refreshing and inspiring alternative to the more formulaic stuff the great river typically spawns. C Book 3 This lavish photography book conceived, written and produced by the staff of New Internationalist magazine, is intended as both a celebration of life on Earth and a reminder of what is under threat. Readers of the magazine may already have seen a selection of the book"s 120 colour images in the May 2005 issue on ecosystems, which dealt with the current mass extinction, global warming pollution and humanity"s assault on the land. The photographs are spectacular; however, they suffer from an apparent lack of order -- polar ice follows cacti follows aircraft. Perhaps this is intended: to seduce with the sheer variety and contrast of life and land; to show the Earth"s full picture. The message is certainly subtle. Despite an opening quote by Tony Juniper, executive director of Friends of the Earth, that "the stakes are so high and time is so short" and a foreword by Dr Caroline Lucas MEP exhorting readers to "act now", one is left a little unsure exactly what it is we"re supposed to do. For now, however, we can simply enjoy the blast of colour, pattern and form of these marvelous pictures, hopefully bathed in the glow of an energy-efficient lightbulb, wearing fair-trade clothing in a sustainable home. D Book 4 After the success of the National Trust"s photographic exhibition The Coast Exposed -- one of the best of last year I the Trust has produced Sea Fever, a portfolio of 117 black-and-white prints by the distinguished Magnum photographer Stuart Franklin. Franklin has used his reportage skills to capture the UK"s relationship with the sea in all its forms. From a happy family of picknickers on the cliffs above Marloes Sands, to the weathered face of an oyster fisherman on the Fal Esturary, these photographs are designed to inform the reader rather than inspire. Sea Fever stands out from other books about Britain"s coastline because it attempts to convey through the stark and subtle tones of black and white how the sea can be both playground and workplace at the same time. The images of Boscastle after the freak storm of August 2004 also show just how fickle a force the sea can be, and how the coast will always be a changing, transient landscape never to be bridled by those who live alongside it. A book that, like the sea, you can dip into and out of and always find something new.

填空题 Supermarket shoppers have never been more spoilt for choice. But just when we thought traditional systems of selective fanning had created the most tempting array of foods money can buy, we are now being presented with the prospect of genetically created strains of cabbages, onion, tomato, potato and apple. It may not tickle the fancy of food purists but it fires the imagination of scientists, fast week they discovered that the classic Parisian mushroom contains just the properties that, when genetically mixed with a wild strain of mushroom from the Sonora desert in California, could help it grow en masse while at the same time providing it with the resilience of the wild strain.66. ______. "We have found a way of increasing the success rate from one to 90 percent. This is just one of the many products that, according to skeptics, are creating a generation of "Frankenfoods". The first such food that may be consumed on a wide scale is a tomato which has been genetically manipulated so that it does not soften as it ripens.67. ______. Critics say that the new tomato--which cost $ 25 million to research--is designed to stay on supermarket shelves for longer. It has a ten-day life span. Not surprisingly, every-hungry US is leading the search for these forbidden fruit. By changing the genes of a grapefruit, a grower from Texas has created a sweet, red, thin-skinned grapefruit expected to sell at a premium over its California and Florida competitors. For chip fanatics who want to watch their waist-lines, new high-starch, low-moisture potatoes that absorb less fat when fried have been created, thanks to a gene from intestinal bacteria. The scientists behind such new food argue that genetic engineering is simply an extension of animal and plant breeding methods and that by broadening the scope of the genetic changes that can be made, sources of food are increased. Accordingly, they argue, this does not inherently lead to foods that are less safe than those developed by conventional techniques. But if desirable genes are swapped irrespective of species barriers, could things spiral out of control? "Knowledge is not toxic, "said Mark Cantley, head of the biotechnology unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "It has given us a far greater understanding of how living systems work at a molecular level and there is no reason for people to think that scientists and farmers should use that knowledge to do risky things." Clearly, financial incentive lies behind the development of these bigger, more productive foods. But we may have only ourselves to blame. In the early period of mass food commerce, food varieties were developed by traditional methods of selective breeding to suit the local palate. But as suppliers started to select and preserve plant variants that had larger fruit, consumer expectations rose, leading to the development of the desirable clones. Still, traditionalists and gourmets in Europe are fighting their development.68. ______. Even in the pre-packaged US, where the slow-softening tomato will soon be reaching supermarkets, 1,500 American chefs have lent their support to the Pure Food Campaign which calls for the international boycott of genetically engineered foods until more is known about the consequences of the technology and reliable controls have been introduced. In the short term, much of the technology remains untested and in the long term the consequences for human biology are unknown. Questions have arisen over whether new proteins in genetically modified food could cause allergies in some people.69. ______. Then there are the vegetarians who may be consuming animal non-vegetable proteins in what they think is a common tomato, or the practicing Jew who unknowingly consumes a fruit that has been enhanced with a pig's gene. As yet, producers are under no obligation to label "transgenetic" products. Environmentalists worry that new, genetically engineered plants may damage natural environment. A genetically engineered pest-resistant strain of plant that contacts with a native strain, for example, could turn them into virulent weeds beyond chemical control. Animal welfare groups worry about the quality of life of farm animals manipulated so that they produce more meat, milk, and eggs but which may suffer physical damage in the process.70. ______. Many of these fears spring from ignorance. And although it is hard to separate the paranoia from the benefits, the fact remains that genetic engineering offers ways of solving serious medical and agricultural problems. A. Western farmers have already bred cattle with more muscle than a skeleton can carry. B. Supporters say the tomato, unsurprisingly called Flavr Savr, will taste better because it will be able to mature on the branch longer. C. Consumer opposition means that there are genetically manipulated 'foods on the German markets, and the Norwegian government has recently put research into genetically engineered foods on hold. D. For example, if a corn gene is introduced into a wheat gene for pest resistance, will those who are allergic to corn then be allergic to wheat? E. "Mushrooms in the past were almost impossible to cross, "says Philippe Callac, one of the three scientists working on the mushroom. F. Genetic engineering will interfere with the balance of nature.

填空题A = BOOK REVIEW 1 B = BOOK REVIEW 2 C = BOOK REVIEW 3 D = BOOK REVIEW 4 Which book review(s) contain(s) the following information? · Comparison of the significance of two economic books. 1 · Stiglitz"s prestige in the field of economics. 2 · Stiglitz"s criticism of those who exaggerated the power of markets in developing countries. 3 · Policy making should consider local conditions. 4 · The intervention of government is the way to assist globalization. 5 · Stiglitz"s dedication to the development of poor countries. 6 · Stiglitz"s preference of one type of economic policy over another one. 7 · More people joined Stiglitz in criticizing free trade and globalization. 8 · Stiglitz"s points have been supported by what actually happened in the country. 9 · Mainly gives positive comments on Stiglitz and his new book. 10 A The main point of the book is simple: globalization is not helping many poor countries. Incomes are not rising in much of the world, and adoption of market-based policies such as open capital markets, free trade, and privatization are making developing economies less stable, not more. Instead of a bigger dose of free markets, Stiglitz argues, what"s needed to make globalization work better is more and smarter government intervention. While this has been said before, the ideas carry more weight coming from someone with Stiglitz"s credentials. In some ways, this book has the potential to be the liberal equivalent of Milton Friedman"s 1962 classic Capitalism and Freedom , which helped provide the intellectual foundation for a generation of conservatives. But Globalization and Its Discontents does not rise to the level of capitalism and freedom. While Stiglitz makes a strong case for government-oriented development policy, he ignores some key arguments in favor of the market. "The book"s main villain is the International Monetary Fund, the Washington organization that lends to troubled countries", Stiglitz" contempt for the IMF is boundless, "It is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission," he declares. "Many of the policies that the IMF pushed have contributed to global instability." B While parts of this book are disappointingly shallow, Stiglitz"s critique of the market-driven 90"s still resonates, especially when the business page is full of stories about white-collar crime and the stock market seems stuck in a perpetual rut. Even the United States cannot blithely assume that financial markets will work on autopilot. It is testament to the salience of Stiglitz"s arguments that many economists—even some Bush Administration officials—now embrace his view that economic change in the developing world must evolve more with local conditions, not on Washington"s calendar. Without a thorough makeover, globalization could easily become a quagmire. Stiglitz shared a Nobel Prize last year for his work analyzing the imperfections of markets. His main complaint against Rubin and Summers, who served as Treasury Secretaries, and against Fischer, the NO. 2 official and de facto chief executive of the international Monetary Fund, is that they had too much faith that markets could transform poor countries overnight. He labels these three men market fundamentalists, who fought to maintain financial stability with the same urgency that an earlier generation struggled to contain communism. Worse, he suggests, they shilled for Wall Street, conflating the interests of the big banks with the financial health of the world. C "Stiglitz, 58, is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF of operating undemocratically and exacerbating Third World poverty. But he is by far the most prominent and his emergence as a critic marks an important shift in the intellectual landscape. Only a few years ago, it was possible for pundits to claim that no mainstream economist, certainly nobody of Stiglitz"s stature, took the criticism of free trade and globalization seriously. Such claims are no longer credible, for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group of economists, sociologists and political scientists, among them Dani Rodrik of Harvard and Robert Wade of the London School of Economics, who not only take the critics seriously but warn that ignoring their concerns could have dire consequences." Over the past several years, Stiglitz, a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on asymmetric information, has grown accustomed to being at the center of controversy. From 1997 to 2000, he served as senior vice president and chief economist at the World Bank—a title that did not stop him from publicly criticizing the bank"s sister institution, the International Monetary Fund, Stiglitz"s outspokenness, unprecedented for a high-ranking insider, infuriated top officials at the IMF and US Treasury Department, and eventually led James Wolfensohn, the World Bank"s president, to inform him that he would have to mute his criticism or resign, Stiglitz chose to leave. D "Stiglitz" book makes a compelling case that simple-minded economic doctrine, inadequately tailored to the realities of developing countries, can do more harm than good, and that the subtleties of economic theory are actually quite important for sound policy advice. But simplistic political advice—give developing countries more voice and the institutions of global governance will be rendered more legitimate and efficient—is equally problematic. Political reform is as subtle and complex as economic reform. Evidently, the best minds among us have only begun to think about it." Joseph Stiglitz"s memoirs of his years in Washington, D. C. —first as chair of President Bill Clinton"s Council of Economic Advisers and then as chief economist at the World Bank—have the flavor of a morality play. Our goodhearted but slightly native hero, on leave from Stanford University, sets out for the nation"s capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world. Once there he finds a morass of political opportunism, ideologically motivated decision-making and bureaucratic inertia. Undeterred, he battles valiantly on behalf of impoverished nations against the unrelenting globalisers of the International Monetary Fund.

填空题Asinternationalcommercegrows,thereisanamazingdevelopmentwhichisexpandingatever-increasingrate—businessontheInternet.OneofthemostarrestingauctionbusinessiscalledeBay.Downatthelocalauctionhouseinthecity,youwouldnormallyfindexcitedbiddersraisingtheirhandsornoddingagreementastheauctioneerrattlesoffthepricesforasetofbookshelves,heaterorsecond-handtelevisionset.Nowthesamecutandthrustofauctionsellingisdrawingnotthehundredswhocramintoacrowdedauctionroom,butmillionsofInternetsurferswhovisiteBay,thebiggestonlineauctionsite,andothersofsimilarstyle.66.______.Forexample,inonemonththatIlookedatthecolorfuleBaysite,thesewerenumbersofitemsforsaleinsomeofthemajorcategories:Collectibles684,473SportsMemorabilia269,051Books,Movies,Music267,324Toys242,15567.______.AccordingtotheeBaypromotion,userscanfindtheuniqueandtheinterestingoneBay—everythingfromchinatodesks,teddybearstotrains,andfurnituretofigurines.SowhydopeoplecometoeBay?Astheleadingperson-to-persontradingsite,buyerstradeoneBaybecauseofthelargenumberofitemsavailable.Ifyouwantit,somebody'sprobablysellingitoneBay.Similarly,sellersareattractedtoeBaytoconductbusinessbecauseeBayhasthemostbuyers.ThereareoveramillionauctionshappeningoneBayeveryday.68.______.Peopletellusthattheycomeforallthestufftheycanget,buttheystay,evenaftertheyfinishtheircollection,forthefunpeopletheymeetateBay,"Takeyourtime,andgettoknowtheeBayworld"istheiradvice.Sohowdoyoumakeabidandbuysomethingatthisauction?69.______.FirstIhadtoregistermyname,emailaddressandpasswordwitheBay,Sotheycantrackthesalesandmakesureeverybodyisfairdealing.Rememberingthatbiddingonlineisthesameasbuyingorenteringintoacontractwiththeseller,IsearchedunderguitarsintheMusicalInstrumentssectionwithmymouseclickingonthevariouspages.Ihadagoodlookattheseller'sfeedbackrecord.IfthepersonsellinggoodsoneBayhastriedtocheat,orbackoutofadeal,emailusersofeBaycanwritetheirownfeedbackcomments,praisingorcriticizingtheeBayseller,orbidder.Everyonecanseewhatisgoingon.TheeBaycompanycanbananyonewhohasnotactedbytherules.70.______.Theauctiondetailsweresetoutandthedaytheauctionwastoend(inoneweek'stime).Therewasanicepictureoftheguitar.Ireviewedmybidof20toensurethatalltheinformationwasrightandclickedonthebutton"PlaceBid".UnfortunatelyIwasnotifiedthatmybidwasnotthehighest-someoneelsehadbidmoremoney,soImissedout.However,IfIhadputinthehighestbid,theeBaywebsitewouldhavenotifiedmethatIwasthehighestbidderforthetimebeing.Whentheauctionends,thehighestbidderbuysthegoods.A.Amongthespecialitemsforsaleareanillustrationofthewinnersfrom84YearsoftheUSAOpenGolftournament,signedbythefamoussolfers,andframed.ThereisaBeatlesOriginalCoin,especiallymintedforthefirstUStourin1964ofthefamousLiverpoolpopmusicgroup.Furniture,newkitchenknives,guitarstudyprograms,computers-younameit,eBayauctionsitehasit,aspeopleworldwidetakeadvantageofthechancetoselltheirgoodstothebiggestmarketintheworld-thecyberspacecommunityofInternetwatchers.B.Thisisabusinessthatallowscustomerstobuyandsellgoodsbyofferingthemforsale,orbiddingforitemslistedattheeBaywebsite,asiftheywereatanauction.Currently,eBayhaslistedatitswebsite2.14millionitemsforsalein1,627categories.EachmonththeeBaysitehas1.5billionvisitorswhoviewtheeBaypages,lookingforbargainsorworkingouthowmuchtochargeforthatbedorunwantedradiotheywanttolistforauction.C.IwaslookingforaguitarandthisiswhatIdid.D.Therearenotmanystoresintheworldwheretheypraiseyouasagoodshopperorgiveyouminuspointsinpublicifyouareabadpayer.ButthisistheworldoftheInternetwheretherulesarebeingconstructedasthesystemdevelops.E.AccordingtoaneBayspokesperson,eBayismorethanjustaplacetotrade.It'salsoaplacetomeetthatoneotherpersonintheworldwhosharesyourpassionforyourownparticularinterest,whetherit'sstamps,warmemorabilia,sportinggoods,furnitureorcomputerprograms,forexample.F.ThenIwasreadytobid.ItdoesnotcostanymoneytobidonitemsateBay.Ofcourse,ifyouwintheauction,youmustpaythesellerdirectly,butyouwillnotbechargedanythingbyeBay.