填空题"How are you keeping?" "Look (31) yourself. " "Good Health. " "Here's your health. " "Health, wealth and happiness. " "If you're healthy, you're (32) . " It's amazing how many greetings, wishes and general expressions turn on health. Health is something healthy people hardly ever think about (33) they're (34) . When that happens they think about little else. Then their visits to the doctor, the hospital; if they're really unwell, medicines, pills, bottles, ointments, injections, having their temperature taken, and the worry (35) expense. Well, (36) least in Britain the last part isn't too bad under the National Health Service. This is a Government-enforced scheme whereby everyone pays in a small percentage of their earnings each week (37) month, and is then entitled to free medical treatment when they are ill. This doesn't include medicines, which have to be paid (38) , but at a considerably reduced rate. Everybody (39) Britain is advised (40) have a local doctor. When a person moves (41) a district, one of the first things they do is to find a (42) doctor and get on his list or panel. There (43) lists of NHS doctors in the local post offices and everybody has a (44) card. Most British (45) are already registered with a doctor and moving into a new district entails no more than finding a new doctor and transferring (46) his panel. The National Health doctor will treat, and prescribe for, the more usual illnesses. Any cases that are beyond the scope of the local surgery he will (47) to the nearest hospital. Again, in hospital, the (48) is free. The only drawback is that a great many people are in, or attending, hospital (49) that most would-be patients have to go on a waiting list before they can (50) hospital treatment.

填空题 Two of the most common first impressions that foreigners have of Koreans is that they are incredibly polite, and that they are incredibly rode. In fact, the courtesy and kindness of Koreans is legendary and attested to by thousands of people who are fortunate enough to have a Korean friend. Overwhelming meals, unexpected gifts: all of this and more has been yours if you have been invited out. This is not a modem invention; traditionally, one of the names of Korea was the "Eastern Land of Courtesy". The obligations of a host are paramount; the obligation of the guest is to lap it up.66. ______ Westerners have rather a hard time reconciling these two images Of Korea, these two different sets of behavior, both of them from the same people. Hosts are so friendly; taxi drivers are so nasty. Is Korea really composed of two totally different sets of people living on the same peninsula?67. ______ For Koreans, the world is composed of two sets of people—those they know and those they don't know. If you know somebody, then you have a relationship, and are obliged to treat him politely. But if you don't know someone, if you've never formally "met" that person, then the person doesn't exist. Such people don't count, and you don't have to do anything. Thus your friends will buy you meals forever. I was quite close to one Korean colleague in the Yonsei University English department for over 25 years, and I was hardly ever able to pay for lunch when I was with him. He would say he was going to the men's room but sneak off to pay the bill. This could have a case of courtesy used as a means of putting you in debt (you'd better believe it can be used that way!) but in this particular case I think he just knew me and liked me and felt obliged.68. ______ It turns out that all sorts of things in Korean society are explained by this distinction between "in" and "out". For example, it is one reason why the ritual of exchanging name cards is so important. That formal introduction is the moment when the "other" ceases to be a non-person and becomes a person. "in and out" explains why Korean students are so clean in their homes and so likely to throw trash on the campus streets—the street is outside their area, the territory of non-persons.69. ______ American students assume that they will receive equality and fairness of treatment from public agencies, and are outraged when things are "unfair". Korean students have learned from their infancy that public agencies will treat them as "outsiders" and be unlikely to do what they ask. They know that the word "no" only means they have not yet found the loophole, the back door, the personal connection that will treat them as "in". When Koreans look at Americans, they tend to admire our public behavior: traffic courtesy, not pushing or bumping, standing in line, saying "Thank you for shopping at K-Mart," etc. Koreans often say that public behavior in Korea needs to be improved.70. ______ In traditional Korean society everyone lived in a village and knew everyone else and had to be polite; thus, "Eastern Land of Courtesy." Perhaps only with modem urban life has the "non-person" problem become so evident. Most foreigners who are in Korea or who interact with Koreans are in a small "village," a group of people properly introduced by who know each other. Most of the time, things are fine. But if you go out in downtown Seoul, look out!A. But when they get invited out by Americans, they tend to think that we aren't that wonderful as hosts. We invite them over for what is announced as a "simple lunch", and instead of the massive spread that a Korean would provide after such an invitation, they arrive and it's really only a simple lunch! Americans just don't go "all out" the way Koreans would.B. But I am an American. In contrast to this dual system, Americans tend to value a single standard of treatment for all people. In fact, equality of treatment is one of our most profound theoretical values. We should do things for people no matter who they are; we should be kind to strangers. But this is not the only way to run a society.C. On the other hand, the people in the street in Seoul who push you and walk through you aren't actually being discourteous and rude, and certainly not anti-foreign; they simply don't see you. They bump each other just as much, and never notice it, whether they bump or are bumped. Other people don't exist.D. Actually, yes.E. On the other hand, the discourtesy and rudeness of Koreans is legendary and attested to by thousands of people who are unfortunate enough to have to walk on a Korean street. Overwhelming crowds, unexpected shoving, constant and almost painful inattention to where other people are going: all this and more has been yours if you have gone outside. This may be a modem invention.F. Therefore, the Koreans always try their best to find connections, because it's easier for people with complex personal network to solve problems that might come up everyday. Obviously, they accept strangers' indifference without outrage.

填空题There are some unexpected items in the author's book bag.

填空题In which article(s) does (do) the author(s) provide the fact that countries vary in their concept of adulthood? 1 mention that when dealing with juvenile delinquents, both the young offenders and society should be protected? 2 3 present the view that youngsters in the developed countries face the same situation as their counterparts do in the developing countries? 4 explore the root of juvenile delinquency? 5 suggest that some youngsters are taken as offenders for crimes they have never committed? 6 advocate that children below a certain age should not be penalized for minor offences? 7 say that the juvenile justice system should aim at helping young people rather than simply punishing them? 8 9 tell the reader that attempts have been made to prevent delinquents from becoming hardened criminals? 10 A Impoverished young people experience society"s linkage between poverty and crime from an early age. Many of them become involved with the police and the justice system simply because they appear poor or socially undesirable, or because they "look" dangerous—not because they have broken any law. People don"t have to probe very far into the backgrounds of children who wind up in police stations and courtrooms to find a common denominator: poverty. In developing countries, poverty often forces children out of the house when they are as young as 10, sometimes even younger. They may never have had the opportunity to go to school, or may have attended irregularly or been "pushed" out, their performance hindered by hunger or distance from the school. Civil unrest may have forced them to flee their rural home for the city, where they arrived without papers and became separated from family members or friends. At any rate, these young people are probably living on the street, where destitution may lead them to steal from a shop, pick someone"s pocket or barter the only thing they own—their bodies— for survival. In the industrialized countries, many young people are surrounded by wealth but live in deprivation, taunted by the unattainable riches of a consumer society. Growing up in neighborhoods where every comer has its drug dealer, and lacking the role model of grown-ups who go to legitimate jobs every morning, some find it impossible to resist the temptation of the drug trade"s easy money. Eventually the police catch up with them. That is often the start of a life in which they know their probation officers better than their teachers. B All countries have an age at which people become adults in the legal sense of the word—they can vote, sign legal contracts, marry. But the Convention on the Rights of the Child calls for countries to establish a minimum age below which young people "shall be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law"—in other words, an age below which they are too young to be responsible for their actions and therefore too young to face criminal sanctions. But this age varies widely, and in many cases it is far too young: The age of criminal responsibility is 7 years in, for example, India, Ireland, Jordan, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Sudan, Switzerland, Tanzania and Thailand. Under common law, the age is also 7 in most US states. A child barely old enough to go to school cannot possibly have the maturity to understand the consequences of his or her behaviour. Given that such young children can be subject to the penal code, it is all the more important that each country establish a humane and constructive juvenile justice system. Such a system is designed to deal with young offenders until they reach the age of adulthood. In an ideal world it serves as a safety net, catching children who commit petty offences and, instead of locking them away, helping them learn a sense of responsibility for their actions. The system should be based on knowledge of child development. At the same time, the juvenile justice system must protect society from potentially dangerous criminals. In many countries, a few brutal, highly publicized crimes by young people have led to public demands to lower the age at which children are held criminally responsible. Government leaders must resist the temptation to reduce the juvenile justice system to a structure for retribution designed for the rare hardened child criminal. Glib slogans like "Adult time for adult crime" betray the very people that society has failed and encourage "warehousing" of juveniles—in prisons that in reality serve as training grounds for criminals. C There is no question that preventing crime is preferable to punishing it. Never is that more true than in the case of juvenile delinquency, so often a cry for help from a troubled youngster. The UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, known as the "Riyadh Guidelines", recognize the importance of preventing young people from being stigmatized by the justice system. The Guidelines call for the development of measures that "avoid criminalizing and penalizing a child for behaviour that does not cause serious damage to the development of the child or harm to others." This statement sends a profound message: Preventing juvenile delinquency or crime is not just a matter of protecting society—its aim is to help children overcome their misdeeds and fulfill their potential. It is also less costly and more efficient for society to prevent young people from starting on criminal careers than to pay for the outcome of criminal behaviour. Many programmers have been established to help young people. In the Canadian province of Ontario, a Reasoning and Rehabilitation Project run by probation officers helps juveniles to modify impulsive behaviour and learn alternative responses to interpersonal problems. Recidivism has fallen dramatically among the participants. In the Netherlands, Project HALT requires vandals to personally compensate their victims but in such a way that avoids stigmatizing them with the label of "criminal".

填空题It is customary to regard the course of history as a great river, (31) its source in some small rivulet of the distant past, taking its rise (32) the plains of Asia, and flowing slowly down through the ages, gathering water fi'om new tributaries on the way, (33) finally in our own days broadens majestically over the whole world. Men have even personified this (34) , made of it a being (35) develops of its own volition, following its own laws (36) the achievement of some preconceived goal. They have spoken of the "dialectic of ideas," and regarded men and whole civilizations (37) the passive instruments employed by this great being (38) the working-out of its purposes. The observer not already committed to faith in such an interpretation finds (39) difficult to discern any such steady sweep in the course of human events, (40) above all he feels that to look upon humanity as a passive tool to which things are done and with which ends are (41) , is a falsification of the cardinal fact that it is men (42) have made history and not history which has made men. Men have built up civilization, men have patiently and laboriously found (43) every way of doing things and toilingly worked out every idea that is today a part of our (44) from the past men working (45) every turn, to be sure, under the influences of their environment and with the materials at (46) , individual men and races and not even some such being as humanity. The complex of beliefs and ideals by (47) the modern world lives and with which it works is not a gift from the gods, (48) ancient myth had it, (49) an achievement of a long succession of (50) .

填空题The effective way to deal with HIV/AIDS in the full involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS and all of the communities.

填空题 {{B}}A PASSAGE 1:{{/B}} According to US Trade Representative Robert B. Zoellick, the ambitious US proposal for worldwide zero tariffs is comprehensive, and would benefit both developed and developing nations. The proposal, said Zoellick, when combined with the far-reaching US agricultural reform proposal submitted to the WTO in July, would eliminate tariffs on the nearly ＄6 trillion in annual world goods trade, lifting the economic fortunes of workers, families, businesses, and consumers. "Our proposal would turn every corner store in America into a duty-free shop for working families," said Zoellick. "This historic proposal would benefit the average American family with an extra ＄1,600 a year, while also removing high foreign tariff barriers on more than ＄670 billion in US industrial and consumer goods exports. Globally, tariff-free trade could help lift millions of people in developing countries out of poverty." "President Bush believes that American workers, farmers, ranchers and businesses must have more than just the ability to compete globally, they must also have the opportunity to do so," said US Commerce Secretary Don Evans. "This proposal says that 'no one wins unless we all win' and ensures a level playing field for America's goods and ingenuity to compete fairly around the world." {{B}}B PASSAGE 2:{{/B}} The US proposal envisions a two-step approach to eliminating tariffs on a full-range of consumer and industrial goods ranging from women's shoes, to tractors, to children's toys. First, WTO members would be required to cut and harmonize their tariffs in the five year period from 2005 to 2010. Specifically, WTO members would eliminate all tariffs at or below 5 percent by 2010, cut all other tariffs through a "tariff equalizer" formula to less than 8 percent by 2010, and eliminate tariffs in certain highly traded industry sectors as soon as possible, but not later than 2010. Next, all WTO members would make equal annual cuts in remaining tariffs between 2010 and 2015. These cuts would result in zero tariffs.The proposal also calls for a separate program to identify and eliminate non-tariff barriers, which would run on a parallel track with the negotiations on industrial tariffs. The US will put forward an initial list of such barriers in January of 2003.{{B}} C PASSAGE 3:{{/B}} According to the Office of US Trade Representative (USTR), eliminating US tariffs would significantly benefit US families and consumers through lower import taxes and a more competitive economy. Hidden import taxes cost American consumers ＄18 billion in 2001, alone. USTR contends that duty-free trade would eliminate these hidden costs and lower prices for consumers. While this proposal would offer substantial benefits to all Americans, it would particularly help low-income families. A recent study by the Progressive Policy Institute found that cutting US import taxes especially benefits single-parent, low-income families, who typically pay a higher proportion of their income on import taxes than other households. A study done by the University of Michigan found that the US economy would expand by ＄95 billion as a result of tariff-free trade--contributing to job-creation and higher wages. The University of Michigan study also revealed: The elimination of industrial tariffs by other countries could increase US exports by ＄83 billion annually highly-traded goods exports, such as chemicals, paper, and scientific equipment, which are targeted in the US proposal for total tariff elimination, account for 60 percent of all US exports. Estimates by the World Bank project that tariff-free global trade would result in a worldwide income gain of ＄832 billion from trade in all goods including agriculture, of which ＄539 billion (65 percent) would flow to developing countries. Representing an income increase of about ＄544 for a family of four, the World Bank estimates that free trade in goods and services could help lift 300 million people out of poverty-- a number greater than the entire population of the United States. {{B}}D PASSAGE 4:{{/B}} The reduction and elimination of tariffs on consumer and industrial goods is a component of the WTO negotiations launched in Doha, Qatar in 2001 to be completed by January 1, 2005. Throughout the year, United States leadership has continued to spur momentum on the Doha Development Agenda in the WTO: ·On July 1, the United States announced proposals for liberalizing global trade in services, designed to remove foreign barriers in areas such as financial services, telecommunications, and environmental services. ·On August 9, the United States submitted a proposal to expand transparency and public access to World Trade Organization dispute settlement proceedings. The proposal would open WTO dispute settlement proceedings to the public for the first time and give greater public access to briefs and panel reports. ·On October 17, the United States submitted a paper highlighting the importance of strengthening transparency and due process in the application of trade remedies (antidumping, subsidies, and safeguard actions). It addresses the basic concepts and principles of the trade remedy rules against unfair trade, and the importance of tackling the trade-distorting practices that are frequently the root causes of unfair trade. The US also submitted a paper presenting a number of ideas and recommendations for addressing trade- and market-distorting practices in the steel sector.·the US will propose tariff-cutting in two phases? 71. ______·how a duty-free world would help US consumers? 72. ______·the proposal could averagely save a US family ＄1,600 a year? 73. ______·the US will submit an initial list of non-tariff barriers? 74. ______·the procedure of the tariff-free proposal arranged through the whole year? 75. ______·tariff-free world trade could help lift millions of people out of 76. ______poverty in the world? 77. ______·the US put forward a paper about reasons of unfair trade? 78. ______·the US has called on the WTO to eliminate all tariffs on consumer 79. ______and industrial goods worldwide? 80. ______

填空题Housekeepers at all large hotels are well aware that departing guests leave things behind them. The lost property cupboard at one particular hotel in the international Hyatt Regency luxury chain, is overflowing with socks, ties and underwear but it also contains more unusual leftovers such as paperweights, black satchels, a min dress, purple pyjamas and silver shoes, a Mexican hat and rug, a Korean fan, a music box, a black suede cowboy hat and a bottle of guava pills. 1 Each hotel has its own peculiar tale to tell. The executive housekeeper of one Sheraton Hotel is at a loss to explain a rise in the sets of false teeth left behind. Four sets were left at the hotel in a single month; two sets had yet to be reclaimed two months later. "You would have thought once they started chewing breakfast they"d realise something was missing," the housekeeper says, with a laugh. Some guests seem adept at leaving body extras behind. One hotel in Surfers Paradise on the Queensland coast in Australia became the proud owner of a wooden leg after a careless guest left it behind. Around 500 items—spectacles, books, keys and clothing—are left at that hotel each month. People have also left laptop computers, hair-driers and towels. 2 Most hotels hold onto a lost property for three months and, if it is not reclaimed, give it to charity. Some hotels give the person who found the item the opportunity to keep it. This encourages them to hand in any items they may find while cleaning rooms. Usually, hotel managers will wait for guests to reclaim things unless an item is of great value. They prefer not to do the contacting. Says the head of security at one luxury hotel, "We"ve run into problems when we"ve spoken to wives who haven"t known their husbands were staying here." 3 Some hoteliers are reluctant to say how much the practice of souveniring costs. The Sheraton claims that souveniring is not a big problem, especially since the Sheraton chain stopped putting logos on linen five years ago. 4 The motivation for the guests" light-fingeredness is often more than mere nostalgia. As the Hyatt Regency"s public relations manager says, some guests think hotel rates are so high that "they should get something for nothing." 5 Many hotel chains, particularly in the United States, are starting to combat the problem of souveniring by giving guests an inventory of what is in a room when they arrive. If a listed item isn"t there, the guest can contact room service immediately. Some items do have happy returns. A guest at the Royal Pacific Hotel in Hong Kong filched a pillow but returned it three months later. He"d bought an extremely fragile souvenir while in Hong Kong and needed the pillow to ferry it home. A. So who are these kleptomaniacs that plague hotel keepers? Most tourists looking for souvenirs take ashtrays, towels and smaller items such as wooden boxes holding tea and coffee. People in tour groups are more likely to take guide books, hand towels and face cloths. Business travellers go for the more pricey bathrobes. Some thefts defy explanation. An ingenious thief keeps stealing telephones and wooden coat stands from the foyer of one central-city luxury hotel. The chrome lettering on the same hotel"s facade has disappeared three times. B. Almost everyone in the hotel has heard about the live lobster discovered in the mini-bar. There have also been forgotten pets, including a pet mouse, though the owner was a little shy about mentioning this. Apparently he asked if they had found a little garment in the shape of a mouse. Among the interesting items ending up as lost property in London were DNA samples of a disease, several oversized tins of baked beans, and a live rabbit left in a shoe box under a bed. C. Most hotels say policing stolen items is a balancing act. Hotels must weigh up the cost of the missing item against the possibility of insulting guests who haven"t stolen anything. If someone denies stealing, there"s not a lot more to be done about it. Unless a guest was walking out of a hotel with a towel hanging out of a suitcase, they wouldn"t follow it up. None of the hotels keeps a blacklist of guests who have stolen items from rooms. D. Of course, one way to achieve happiness would be to realize that even by contemporary standards the things I own are pretty nice. My house is smaller than the houses of many investment bankers, but even so it has a lot more rooms than my wife and I can keep clean. E. People leave wedding dresses behind, too. Some claim them; others do not. Hotel managers around the globe have noticed an increase in the number of cell phones, batteries and cell-phone chargers left behind in recent times. Occasionally guests forget small amounts of money but never as much as the 830,000 cash left at New York"s Peninsula Hotel. The money was left in a safe by a visiting head of state and was eventually reclaimed. F. If what guests leave behind is interesting, so is what they choose to steal. Some hotels spend as much as US $10,000 (83,000 RMB) each year replacing wooden coat hangers. "Guests take anything that"s not nailed down," says one manager. "We"ve lost irons and bathrobes, and pillows are starting to become more popular." As much as US $2170 (18,000 RMB) can be spent on replacement of pillows in a six-month period. Some hotels allow between US $38,000 and US $50,000 (between 315,000 and 415,000 RMB) a year to replace missing items. Many hotels now offer to sell bath-robes, pillows and hair-driers to guests if they wish to purchase them. Most hotels budget on people taking complimentary toiletries and pens but many have also stopped putting hotel logos on bathrobes, towels and toiletries to prevent the increasingly common practice of "souveniring". Hotels have found that items with logos are more popular than non-monogrammed items. It seems guests take them as a memento of their stay. Some hotels have printed cards in the bathrooms saying bathrobes can be bought. Ashtrays are a popular souvenir for those who stay at Hong Kong"s Royal Pacific Hotel and Towers as are blankets, leather writing compendiums, glasses and coat hangers.

填空题WhatdidMarkdototellpeopleabouthisopinionsonvariousissues?

填空题 Answer questions 71～80 by referring to the following games. Note：Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. Some choices maybe required more than once. A=Hydro power B=Nuclear power C=Solar power D=Wind power Which power(power's)… A Hydro power Introduction We have used running water as an energy source for thousands of years, mainly to grind com. The first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectricity was Cragside House, in Northumberland, England, in 1878. In 1882 on the Fox River, in the USA, hydroelectricity produced enough power to light two paper mills and a house. Nowadays there are many hydro-electric power stations, providing around 20% of the world's electricity. The name comes from“hydro”, the Greek word for water. How it works A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake. Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to turn turbines and thus drive generators. Advantages Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free. No waste or pollution produced. Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power. Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand. Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other power stations. Disadvantages The dams are very expensive to build. Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream, causing problems for animals that used to live there. Finding a suitable site can be difficult--the impact on residents and the environment may be unacceptable. Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected, which can have an impact on plant life. Is it renewable? Hydro-electric power is renewable. The Sun provides the water by evaporation from the sea, and will keep on doing so. B Nuclear power Introduction Nuclear power is generated using Uranium, which is a metal mined in various parts of the world. The first large-scale nuclear power station opened at Calder Hall in Cambria, England, in 1956. Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plants for engines. How it works Nuclear power stations work in pretty much the same way as fossil fuel-burning stations, except that a“chain reaction”inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead. The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel, and the heat is generated by nuclear fission. Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat. Carbon dioxide gas is pumped through the reactor to take the heat away, and the hot gas then heats water to make steam. Advantages Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it's not expensive to make. Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel. Produces small amounts of waste. Disadvantages Although not much waste is produced, it is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Nuclear power is reliable, but a lot of money has to be spent on safety. Is it renewable? Nuclear energy from Uranium is not renewable. Once we've dug up all the Earth's uranium and used it. there isn't any more. C Solar power Introduction We've used the Sun for drying clothes and food for thousands of years. but only recently have we been able to use it for generating power. The Sun is 150 million kilometers away, and amazingly powerful. Just the tiny fraction of the Sun's energy that hits the Earth(around a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet all our power needs many times over. How it works There are three main ways that we use the Sun's energy： Solar Cells(really called“photovoltaic”or“photoelectric”cells)that convert light directly into electricity. In a sunny climate, you can get enough power to run a 100W light bulb from just one square meter of solar panel. This was originally developed in order to provide electricity for satellites, but these days many of us own calculators powered by solar cells. Solar water heating, where heat from the Sun is used to heat water in glass panels on your roof. This means you don't need to use so much gas or electricity to heat your water at home. Solar Furnaces use a huge array of mirrors to concentrate the Sun's energy into a small space and produce very high temperatures. Advantages Solar energy is free-it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution. In sunny countries, solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get electricity to a remote place. Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery chargers. Disadvantages Doesn't work at night. Very expensive to build solar power stations. Solar cells cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity they'll produce in their lifetime. Can be unreliable unless you're in a very sunny climate. Is it renewable? Solar power is renewable. The Sun will keep On shining anyway, so it makes sense to use it. D Wind power Introduction We've used the wind as an energy source for a long time. The Babylonians and Chinese were using wind power to pump water for irrigating crops 4,000 years ago, and sailing boats were around long before that. Wind power was used in the Middle Ages, in Europe, to grind corn. which is where the term“windmill”comes from. How it works The Sun heats our atmosphere unevenly, so some patches become warmer than others. These warm patches of air rise, other air blows in to replace them—and we feel a wind blowing. We can use the energy in the wind by building a tall tower, with a large propeller on the top. The wind blows the propeller round, which turns a generator to produce electricity. The more towers, the more wind, and the larger the propellers, the more electricity we can make. Advantages Wind is free, wind farms need no fuel. Produces no waste or greenhouse gases. The land beneath can usually still be used for farming. Wind farms Can be tourist attractions. A good method of supplying energy to remote areas. Disadvantages The wind is not always predictable—some days have no wind. Suitable areas for wind farms are often near the coast, where land is expensive. Can kill birds—migrating flocks tend to like strong winds. Can affect television reception if you live nearby. Is it renewable? Wind power is renewable. Winds will keep on blowing; it makes sense to use them.

填空题·enrolls students under the age of 6?

填空题The more time scientists spend designing computers, the more they marvel at the human brain. Tasks that stump the most advanced supercomputer— 1 a face, reading a handwritten note are child"s play for the 3-Ib. 2 . Most important, unlike any conventional computer, the brain can learn 3 its mistakes. Researchers have tried for years to program computers to 4 the brain"s abilities, but without success. Now a growing number of designers believe they have the answer: if a computer is to 5 more like a person and less like an over-grown calculator, it must be built more like a brain, which distributes information across a vast interconnected web of 6 cells, or neurons. Conventional computers function by following a chainlike sequence of detailed 7 . Although very fast, their processors can perform only 8 task at a time. This approach works best in solving problems that can be broken down into simpler logical pieces. The processors in a neural-network computer, by contrast, 9 a grid much like the nerve cells in the brain. Since these 10 neurons are interconnected, they can share information and perform tasks at the same time. This two-dimensional approach works best at recognizing patterns. Instead of 11 a neural-network computer to make decisions, its makers trains it to recognize the patterns in any solution to a problem 12 repeatedly feeding examples to the machine. Neural-network computers come in all shapes and sizes. 13 now most existed as software simulations because redesigning computer chips 14 a lot of time and money. By experimenting with different approaches through 15 rather than hardware, scientists have been able to avoid costly mistakes.

填空题 At the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, psychology professor Bella DePaulo got 77 students and 70 townspeople to volunteer for an unusual project. All kept diaries for a week, recording the numbers and details of the lies they told. One student and six Charlottesville residents professed to have told no falsehoods. The other 140 participants told 1535.66. ______ Most strikingly, these tellers-of-a-thousand-lies reported that their deceptions caused them "little preoccupation or regret." Might that too be a lie? Perhaps. But there is evidence that this attitude toward casual use of prevarication is common. Last year, for example, 20,000 middle- and high-schoolers were surveyed by the Josephson Institute of Ethics — a nonprofit organization in Marina del Rey, Calif. devoted to character education. Ninety-two percent of the teenagers admitted having lied to their parents in the previous years, and 73 percent characterized themselves as "serial liars," meaning they told lies weekly. Despite these admissions, 91 percent of all respondents said they were "satisfied with my own ethics and character." Think how often we hear the expressions "I'll call you" or "The check is in the mail." And then there are professions — lawyers, experts, PR consultants — whose members seem to specialize in shaping or spinning the truth to suit clients' needs. 67. ______ "What's wrong with that.'?" Tom asked Professor Josephson, president of the Josephson Institute. It's a question we might all ask. Josephson replied by asking Tom to consider the lie from his mother-in-law's point of view. Suppose that one day Tom' s child blurts out the truth, and she discovers the deceit. Will she tell her son-in-law, "Thank you for caring so much?" Or is she more likely to feel hurt and say, "How could you have misled me all these years? And what else have you lied to me about?"68. ______ How often do we compliment people on how well they look, or express our appreciation for gifts, when we don't really mean it? Surely, these "nice lies" are harmless and well intended, a necessary social lubricant. But like Tom, we should remember the words of English novelist Sir Walt Scott, who wrote, "What a tangled web we weave, when first we practice to deceive." Even seemingly harmless falsehoods can have unforeseen consequences. Philosopher Sissela Bok warns us that they can put us on a slippery slope. "After the first lies, others can come more easily."69. ______ Who believes it anymore when they're told that the person they want to reach by phone is "in a meeting"? By itself, that kind of lie is of no great consequence. Still, the endless proliferation of these little prevarication does not matter. Once they become common enough, even the small untruths that are not meant to hurt encourage a certain cynicism and loss of trust. Are all white lies to be avoided at all costs? Not necessarily. The most understandable and forgivable lies are an exchange of what ethicists refer to as the principle of trust for the principle of caring, "like telling children about the tooth fairy, or deceiving someone to set them up for a surprise party," Josephson says. "Still, we must ask ourselves if we are willing to give our friends and associates the authority to lie to us whenever they think it is for our own good."70. ______ And if you' re not sure, Mark Twain has given us a good rule of thumb. "When in doubt, tell the truth. It will confound your enemies and astound your friends." A. When Tom tells a lie, his face may not show it, but certain other changes in his body take place that would give him away. His pulse would beat faster, his breath would come in gasps, and his blood pressure would change. B. The lies were most often not what most of us would call earth-shattering. Someone would pretend to be more positive or supportive of a spouse or friend than he or she really was, or feign agreement with a relative's opinion. C. Little white lies have become ubiquitous, and the reasons we give each other for telling fibs are familiar. For example, every year my friend, whom I'll call Tom, goes with his wife and son to his mother-in-law' s home for Thanksgiving for dinner. Tom doesn't quite like the pumpkin pie intensely, but he invariably tells her how wonderful the pie is to avoid hurting her feelings. D. Josephson suggests a simple test. If someone you lie to finds out the truth, will he thank you for caring? Or will he feel his long-term trust in you has been undermined? E. And what might Tom's mother-in-law suspect about her own daughter? And will Tom's boy lie to his parents and yet be satisfied with his own character? F. Take the pumpkin-pie lies. In the first place, it wasn't just that he wanted his mother-in-law to feel good. Whether he realized it or not, he really wanted her to think highly of him. And after the initial deceit he needed to tell more lies to cover up the first one.

填空题 To begin with, we are witnessing a{{U}} (31) {{/U}}explosion of "solos" — people who live{{U}} (32) {{/U}}, outside a family altogether. Between 1970 and 1978, the number of persons aged fourteen{{U}} (33) {{/U}}thirty-four who lived alone nearly tripled in the United State —{{U}} (34) {{/U}}from 1.5 million to 4.3 million. Today,{{U}} (35) {{/U}}fifth of all households in the United States consists{{U}} (36) {{/U}}a living solo.{{U}} (37) {{/U}}are all these people losers or loners, forced into the solo life. Many deliberately choose it, at least for a time. Says a legislative aide to a Seattle councilwoman, "I{{U}} (38) {{/U}}consider marriage if the right person came{{U}} (39) {{/U}}, but I would not give up my career {{U}}(40) {{/U}}it." Looking at an older slice of the population, we find a large number of formerly married people, living on their{{U}} (41) {{/U}}and, in many eases, decidedly liking it. The growth of such groups{{U}} (42) {{/U}}created a flourishing "singles" culture and a much publicized proliferation of bars, travel tours, and{{U}} (43) {{/U}}services or products de- signed for the independent individual. Simultaneously, the real estate industry has come{{U}} (44) {{/U}}with "singles only" condominia, and has begun to respond to a{{U}} (45) {{/U}}for smaller apartments and suburban homes with fewer bedrooms. We are now experiencing a growth{{U}} (46) {{/U}}the number of people living together{{U}} (47) {{/U}}bothering about legal formalities. This group has more{{U}} (48) {{/U}}doubled in the past decade. The practice has become so common that the US Department of Housing and Urban Development has overthrown tradition and{{U}} (49) {{/U}}its rules to permit such couples to occupy public housing. The courts are wrestling{{U}} (50) {{/U}}the legal and property complications that spring up when such couples "divorce".

填空题 For high-risk propositions yielding high returns, there is nothing to beat the handful companies marketing eternal life.{{U}} (31) {{/U}}the perceived rewards of being able to come back to life{{U}} (32) {{/U}}some point, the risks axe huge: Who would want to chance a repeat of disco or Victorian mores, let{{U}} (33) {{/U}}more meaningless millennium hype in 2999? There are{{U}} (34) {{/U}}, more immediate risks involved in tile new business of cryonics,{{U}} (35) {{/U}}is the deep freczing at death of human bodies for preservation and possible revival in future. The biggest problem is that,{{U}} (36) {{/U}}now, it is impossible to freeze people and bring them back to life. On the other hand, if cryonics{{U}} (37) {{/U}}, you were already dead anyway. {{U}} (38) {{/U}}it comes from the same root, kryos, the Greek word for cold, cryonics is not to be {{U}} (39) {{/U}}with the mainstream sciences of cryogenics or cryobiology. These involve freezing of metals or of simple organisms. Metals get stronger{{U}} (40) {{/U}}deep freezing, while the freezing and thawing of cancerous tissues can be a good way{{U}} (41) {{/U}}kill it. {{U}} (42) {{/U}}cryonics seeks to do the opposite. The goal is to freeze a human head or an entire body{{U}} (43) {{/U}}the technology exists to do one of the following: graft a new body{{U}} (44) {{/U}}the head, clone a new person{{U}} (45) {{/U}}preserved DNA, or heal a sick body that has been preserved. If this sounds like science fiction,{{U}} (46) {{/U}}the moment it is. Anyone who has{{U}} (47) {{/U}}put beer in the freezer and then forgotten about it can grasp the problems facing cryonics enthusiasts today, lee is less dense than water.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}as beer left to freeze will eventually cause its container to burst,{{U}} (49) {{/U}}the ice that forms adds extra pressure, {{U}} (50) {{/U}}frozen cells can risk being punctured when the liquid in them freezes.

填空题You will hear a long talk. As you listen, answer the questions or complete the notes in your test booklet for Questions 21 to 30 by writing no more than three words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk twice.

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填空题 A = Chang Ling B = Ding Ling C = Emperor Qian kong's Tomb Which tomb...·was opened to the public as early as 19787 71. ______.·served as a model for the remaining 12 for its good preservation? 72. ______.·is of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs? 73. ______.·is the largest tomb? 　　 74. ______.·is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China? 　　　 75. ______.·has the inner walls and arched ceilings of its gateway and halls decorated with four ·celestial guardians? 76. ______.·owns three coffins within it? 77. ______.·holds the coffin of an emperor which was placed over a well? 78. ______.·has a large red gate with a significant bronze lion which marks the entrance to the ground? 79. ______.·was a huge and costly construction project which began in 1743? 80. ______. Maintaining an imperial tradition that originated from the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1066- 1221 BC), the Ming emperors selected the location and design of their tombs while they were still alive. The selection of sites, based on the prevailing winds and the water level, ensured that only benevolent spirits were in habiting the area. Of the 16 Ming emperors, 13 chose to be buried in this serene valley (Shisanling) just north of Beijing. The Sacred Way The road to the tombs, which branches off the route to the Great Wall, was once a 6.4 km (4 mi) long sacred way, forbidden to all but the emperor's funeral cortege. The road begins at a five-arched marble gate, built in 1540. A mile further down stands a three- arched gateway, the Dahongmen (Great Red Gate). The emperor's body was carried through the central archway. Only on this one occasion was the center door opened. Just beyond the gate sits a huge stone tortoise(symbol of longevity)with a 9.1 m (30 ft) stele mounted on its back. The stele, the largest such tablet in China, was inscribed by the fourth Ming emperor at the time of the death of his predecessor, Yang Le, in 1424. This tortoise marks the beginning of the famous Avenue of the Animals. Lions, camels, elephants, horses, and two sets of mythical (or at least unrecognizable)beasts, 12 statues in all, line either side of the road, alternately standing and kneeling and most, these days, supporting tourists on their backs while being photographed. Beyond the animal figures stretch a series of 12 stone human statues, dating from the 15th century: four military men, four civilian officials, and four obedient retainers, all with stately postures and fixed stares--an honor guard for the dead emperor. A legend says that an emperor of the later Qing Dynasty wanted to transport the statues to line the road to his own tomb. One of the emperor's ministers was told, in a dream, that the statues were eternally loyal to the Ming emperors and therefore should not be moved. The Qing emperor took this as a warning that if the statues were disturbed, a deadly wind would blow down from the Ming Tombs upon the capital and he abandoned the project. Chang Ling Of the 13 tombs, only two have been excavated, those of Chang (the burial name for Yong Le, 1403 - 1424), and Ding (Emperor Wan Li, 1562- 1620). The Chang Ling tomb is the largest and best preserved of the tombs; it served as a model for the remaining 12. Visitors enter through a red gate which opens toward a courtyard. From here they pass under the Gate of Eminent Favors(Lingenmen)into a second courtyard, in which stands the marble Hall of Eminent Favors (Lingendian), surrounded by pine trees(another ancient symbol of longevity) . The roof of the hall is supported by 32 giant tree columns. Beyond this hall is a third courtyard, where the visitor will see a simple stele with the inscription Da Ming--Great Ming. This marks the passage to the sepulcher. Ding Ling Also known as the Underground Palace, this is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China. The work was completed over a period of three years (1956- 1959). Ding(Emperor Wan Li) was buried here in 1620 with two of his wives in a deep marble vault located four stories underground(on the hottest of summer days the vault remains mercifully cool) . The entrance to the grounds is marked by a large red gate with a magnificent bronze lion. Gigantic marble doors stand at the entrance to the first of the three burial chambers. (After burial, a "locking stone", similar to the modem "police" lock, was rolled in front of the tomb itself. ) Inside are three coffins. Twenty six chests of jewelry and other artifacts were discovered at the foot of the coffins, and many of these finds can be viewed in the two exhibition halls constructed above ground. The broad, tree shaded grounds surrounding the tomb are dotted with stone picnic tables and seats. Tour groups are usually provided with box lunches which may be eaten outdoors or in a "picnic room" at the foot of the Great Wall. Emperor Qian Long's Tomb In 1978, the tomb of the Qing emperor Qian kong( 1736 - 1796), located about 100 km (62.5 mi) east of Beijing, was opened to the public. Known as Yu Ling, the tomb is on a grander scale and of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs. Construction began in 1743 and cost 90 tons of silver. The wood used was the durable, fragrant, close-grained nanmu. Some logs weighed up to 20 tons. The tomb is, in fact, an underground palace, similar to the tomb of Ding Ling. Nevertheless, Yu Ling has distinctive architectural features. Flanking the roadway leading to the tomb are eight pairs of stone sculptures depicting civil officials, military officers, horses, qilin ( a mythical 'animal of good omen), elephants, camels, suanni (mythical monsters), and lions. Each figure was carved from a single stone block. The largest weighs about 43 tons. The underground palace contains three stone halls and four pairs of stone gates, all arched. The overhanging eaves, tile gutters, ridges, and animal-shaped ornaments on the gate comers are in white marble. Each gate weighs about two tons and contains a Bod-hisattva, each with a different mien.. The inner walls and arched ceilings of the gateways and halls are decorated with four celestial guardians(also called Deva kings), seated statues of gods and Budd has, carvings of potted flowers, and small three-legged tables to hold incense burners and Buddhist scriptures. The coffin of Qian Long lies in the innermost recess of the underground palace. It was placed over a well that never runs dry.

填空题What does Rowe think the people doing clean jobs lack in their lives?

填空题A = Ian Williams B = Michael Bourne C = Jim McEIwaine D = Pascal Harper who is a member of a team doing research on a cancer drug? helps athletes sharpen their skills to get closer to ideal performance? finds his job rewarding because it has never been done before? build models of their research objects? used to work on site at a sewage works? obtained PhDs before they turned to their respective research? keeps his research projects secret in order to have an advantage over competitors? believes his job is a perfect combination of work and pleasure? 1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______ 8. ______ 9. ______ 10. ______ A Ian Williams Zulu warriors used it as a poison to make their spears more deadly, and it is a substance that has been traded for its healing properties for over 2000 years. Now, this organic molecule derived from the bark of the African bush willow tree is being tested as a cancer drug. Unlike conventional drug treatments, which can destroy healthy as well as cancerous cells, the molecule combretastatin restricts blood flow, but only targets blood vessels formed inside tumours, effectively starving them. Ian Williams is part of a team at the University of Sheffield uncovering why and how it acts in this way. "Once we isolate the 'how' of a drug's action we can apply that knowledge to similar compounds and develop further cancer treatments," he says. Ian is in the second year of his PhD at Sheffield. He spends most of his time in the lab, assessing the drug's impact on colon carcinoma cells, Ian's PhD is funded by Cancer Research UK. "Later in my PhD I'll be presenting my work in charity shops, explaining how their work relates to mine. It's really important as it's the public who directly fund my work." Ian hopes his work will yield useful results, but as with all research nothing is certain. For Ian, that's what makes the research both daunting and exciting. B Michael Bourne As a biomechanist and performance analyst at the English Institute of Sport, Michael helps athletes get closer to the ideal performance. Biomechanics uses the laws of physics and principles of engineering to describe the human body as it moves. Michael studies video and sensory data using tools such as a "force platform", which is a complex set of scales measuring the forces an athlete generates as they make a movement such as a jump. He can then use this information to help athletes hone their technique. Another part of Michael's job is studying his athletes' opponents. This year he is helping the British judo team prepare for the 2008 Olympics by sizing up the strengths, weaknesses and fight style of every potential competitor. This will be the first database of its kind, he says, and biomechanists will soon have the same depth of data for all sports. Because standards in sports are continually rising, biomechanical know-how can mean the difference between winning or losing. "We keep a lot of our projects secret -- it only takes the seed of an idea to send our competitors down the right path, then we lose the advantage." C Jim McEIwaine Studying how an avalanche hurtles down the mountainside is no easy task, especially if you are trying to create a precise mathematical model like researcher Jim McEIwaine. "It is easy to do badly, and currently impossible to do very accurately," Jim says. "The fascinating thing for me is that sometimes these complications disappear and simple models can be reasonably good." Jim turned to avalanche research following a PhD in quantum mechanics. As a keen climber and skier, it has proved a great opportunity to combine work and pleasure, he says. Now he divides his time between sitting with pencil and paper writing equations at the University of Cambridge and several months every winter at the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research in Davos. There, he helps perform small-scale experiments dropping snow down chutes and larger experiments at a specially equipped test site. These can involve blasting out large avalanche by dropping bombs from a helicopter. Jim has first-hand experience of being at the wrong end of an avalanche. On one climbing trip to Himalayas when he was younger, he was buried up to his neck and a friend had to dig him free. But that hasn't stopped him pursuing a career with the two things he loves most -- maths and the mountains. D Pascal Harper When Pascal Harper says that to do his job you need to be prepared to get your hands dirty, he means it. Pascal learned this lesson the hard way, when early in his career he undid the fastening on a sludge pump, thinking it was turned off, to be greeted by a jet of high-pressure raw sewage. Today, Pascal is more white lab coat than hard hat and overalls. He works as a waste-water process engineer for a small company called Water Innovate, which develops new technologies for the waste-water industry. The majority of his time is spent developing software that models and simulates the odours from sewage works. Pascal started out as an engineer for Anglican Water on their graduate training scheme. He undertook two placements while he was there: the first on site, monitoring the removal of phosphorus from waste, and the second in the lab building computer models of biological processes taking place in the waste. But you don't need to be an engineer to get into the industry, Pascal stresses. "They were looking for people from all scientific disciplines, not just engineering." Pascal did an undergraduate degree in chemistry, before going on to do a master's and a PhD.