填空题 Multidisciplinary science is all the rage these days. Even{{U}} (31) {{/U}}, the overlap between archaeology and pharmacology is not, at first{{U}} (32) {{/U}}, obvious. But there is a connection. An analytical technique developed for the{{U}} (33) {{/U}}, used to work out how old things are, is now{{U}} (34) {{/U}}used in the latter, to see if promising drugs are likely to fail{{U}} (35) {{/U}}expensive clinical trials are undertaken. At the{{U}} (36) {{/U}}, a third of drug candidates do not pass such trials. This may be{{U}} (37) {{/U}}they fail to reach the part of the body where they are{{U}} (38) {{/U}}to work—many molecules, for{{U}} (39) {{/U}}, cannot cross from the bloodstream into the brain. Or it may be that the body breaks down the active ingredients before the drug has time to act. Identifying{{U}} (40) {{/U}}problems early in the testing process would be a boon. Trials on{{U}} (41) {{/U}}can help, but how other species react is not always a good indication of how people will. What is needed is a way of testing potential drugs on people,{{U}} (42) {{/U}}in a way that cannot possibly cause any harm. That is{{U}} (43) {{/U}}the archaeologists come in. {{U}} (44) {{/U}}decades, archaeologists have used a technique called carbon dating to work{{U}} (45) {{/U}}how old their finds are. Some of the carbon dioxide absorbed by plants during photosynthesis is{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. That is because it contains carbon atoms which are{{U}} (47) {{/U}}than run-of-the-mill carbon, and are unstable. The radioactive carbon atoms weigh 14 atomic units,{{U}} (48) {{/U}}nm-of-the-mill ones weigh 12 units. Food grains, scraps of cloth and so on can thus be dated by finding out how{{U}} (49) {{/U}}radioactive carbon is left in them: the less there is, the{{U}} (50) {{/U}}they are. (278 words)

填空题The year 1972 was marked by publication of a controversial book, The Limits to Growth. This study of the world's future, done by a team of MIT scientists with the aid of computer "mode-is" of the future of our society, forecast a planet wide disaster unless humankind sharply limits its population growth and consumption of natural resources. 66. ______ Many refused to believe that disaster is possible, probable, inevitable if we don't change our mode of running Spaceship Earth. But science fiction people were neither surprised nor outraged. The study was really old news to them. They'd been making their own "models" of tomorrow and testing them all their lives. For what the scientists attempted with their computer model is very much like the thing that science fiction writers and readers have been doing for decades. Instead of using a computer to "model" a future world society, science fiction writers have used their human imaginations. This gives the writers some enormous advantages. 67. ______ Science fiction writers are not in the business of predicting the future. They do something much more important. They try to show the many possible futures that lie open to us. For there is not simply a future, a time to come that's inevitable. Our future is built, bit by bit, minute by minute, by the actions of human beings. One vital role of science fiction is to show what kinds of future might result from certain kinds of human actions. 68. ______ For while a scientist' s job has largely ended when he' s reduced his data to tabular or graph form, the work of a science fiction writer is just beginning. His task is to convey the human story: the scientific basis for the possible future of his story is merely the background. Perhaps "merely" is too limiting a word. Much of science fiction consists of precious little except the background, the basic idea, the gimmick. But the best of science fiction, the stories that make a lasting impact on generations of readers, are stories about people. The people may be non-human. They may be robots or other types of machines. But they will be people, in the sense that human readers can feel for them, share their joys and sorrows, their dangers and their ultimate successes. 69. ______ The formula for telling a powerful story has remained the same: create a strong character, a person of great strengths, capable of deep emotions and decisive action. Give him a weakness. Set him in conflict with another powerful character--or perhaps with nature. Let his exterior conflict be the mirror of the protagonist's own interior conflict, the clash of his desires, his own strength against his own weakness. And there you have a story. Whether it' s Abraham offering his only son to God, or Paris bringing ruin to Troy over a woman, or Hamlet and Claudius playing their deadly game, Faust seeking the world' s knowledge and power--the stories that stand out in the minds of the readers are those whose characters are unforgettable. 70. ______ The writer of science fiction must show how these worlds and these futures affect human beings. And something much more important, he must show how human beings can and do literally create these future worlds. For our future is largely in our own hands. It doesn't come blindly rolling out of the heavens ; it is the joint product of the actions of billions of human beings. This is a point that's easily forgotten in the rush of headlines and the hectic badgering of everyday life. But it's a point that science fiction makes constantly, the future belongs to us whatever it is. We make it, our actions shape tomorrow. We have the brains and guts to build paradise (or at least try). Tragedy is when we fail, and the greatest crime of all is when we fail even to try. Thus science fiction stands as a bridge between science and art, between the engineers of technology and the poets of humanity. Never has such a bridge been more desperately needed. Writing in the British journal New Scientist, the famed poet and historian Robert Graves said in 1912,"Technology is now warring openly against the crafts, and science covertly against poetry. " What Graves is expressing is the fear that many people have: technology has already allowed machines to replace human muscle power; now it seems that machines such as electronic computers might replace human brainpower. And he goes even further, criticizing science on the grounds that truly human endeavors ours such as poetry have a power that scientists can't recognize. A. The art of fiction has not changed much since prehistoric times. B. To communicate the ideas, the fears and hopes, the shape and feel of all the infinite possible futures, science fiction writers lean heavily on another of their advantages: the art of fiction. C. One of the advantages is flexibility. D. Most people were caught by surprise when the book came out. E. To show other worlds, to describe possible future societies and the five problems lurking ahead, is not enough. F. Apparently Graves sees scientists as a sober, plodding phalanx of soulless thinking machines, never making a step that hasn't been carefully thought out in advance.

填空题Answer questions by referring to the introduction to 3 different allergies. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once. A = Asthma B = Sinusitis C =Hay Fever In which kind of allergies ... can people find histanine stored in mast cells in tissues of the body? 21. ______ do people spend more time expiring than inspiring? 22. ______ can we find people have trouble breathing? 23. ______ is it dangerous to swim or dive? 24. ______ can people find pollens in the air which is the cause of hay fever? 25. ______ is the allergy caused by a bacterial or virus infection? 26. ______ does everyone have the same symptoms when he is being attacked by asthma? 27. ______ is the swelling of the eyelids one of the symptoms? 28. ______ is there no safe time during a year for victims of serious allergy? 29. ______ can we find one of the symptoms is that people have difficulty breathing out air? 30. ______ Asthma Asthma is a disease of the respiratory system. Your respiratory system is made up of your nose and mouth, your windpipe that connect your nose and mouth with your lungs and people who have asthma sometimes have trouble breathing. When people who have asthma have this trouble breathing, we call it an asthma attack. During an asthma attack, it is actually harder to breathe out than it is to breathe in. This means that during an asthma attack, it takes much longer to breathe out (expire) than it does to breathe in (inspire). Lots of different things can cause an asthma attack. Something that causes an asthma attack is called a trigger. Some common triggers of asthma attacks are: allergies, infections like colds or bronchitis, exercise, changes in the weather (from mild to cold) and smoke. Everybody doesn't feel the same things when they have an asthma attack. Sometimes, some people will cough and cough and cough, some feel like they can't catch their breath, some people feel like air is trapped in their lungs and they can't get it out, some people have pain in their chest, and some people have very noisy breathing. Sinuses Sinuses are hollow air spaces in the human body. When people say, "I'm having a sinus attack," they usually are referring to symptoms in one or more of four pairs of cavities, or sinuses, known as paranasal sinuses. Anything that causes swelling in your sinuses or keeps the cilia from moving mucus can cause sinusitis. This can occur because of changes in temperature or air pressure. Using decongestant nasal sprays too much, smoking, and swimming or diving can also increase your risk of getting sinusitis. Some people have growths called polyps that block their sinus passages. When sinusitis is caused by a bacterial or viral infection, it's often called "acute sinusitis". Acute sinusitis sometimes occurs after you've had a cold. The cold virus attacks the lining of your sinuses, causing them to swell and become narrow. Your body responds to the virus by producing more mucus, but it gets blocked in your swollen sinuses. This built-up mucus makes a good place for bacteria to grow. The bacteria can cause a sinus infection. Symptoms of sinusitis can include headache, toothache, swelling of the eyelids and tissues arotmd your eyes, and pain between your eyes, tenderness when the sides of your nose are touched, a loss of smell, a stuffy nose, earaches, neck pain, and deep aching at the top of your head. Hay Fever The most common of all allergies is, of course, hay fever. Symptoms of allergic rhinitis (Hay Fever) include itchy, runny, sneezy, or stuffy noses, and itchy eyes. Allergic rhinitis is a common illness affecting an estimated 20-40 million Americans, and resulting in 10 million lost days of school or work each year. Often caused by pollens from trees, grass or weeds, it is most commonly known as hay fever. Hay fever subsides with the onset of cold weather. Perennial allergic rhinitis, however, occurs year around and is caused by indoor allergens such as dust, mite, mold spores, and animal dander. Chemical substances, such as histamine, are normally stored in mast cells in tissues of the body, including the nose and eyes. The allergic person forms antibodies against pollens and other allergens. These antibodies attach themselves to the mast cells, and when combined with the allergen the result is the release of histamine and other chemical substances from the mast cells. These chemical substances cause the allergic responses of itching, sneezing, congestion, and dripping.

填空题{{B}} A=Country & Folk Music B=Jazz C=Rock'N' Roll Which music...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} The people living in the Appalachian Mountains are sometimes called "hillbillies". The first settlers there came from the British Isles, and they brought their folk music with them. This music, mixed with the blues, became hillbilly music. Later, as hillbilly music became more popular, it was called country music. Country songs are often sad stories of love and broken hearts. The center for this kind of music was Nashville, Tennessee. In the 1920s people listened to country music on the radio. The moot famous Nashville radio show was the "Grand Ole Opry". This show, and country singers like Willie Nelson are still popular today. Not all country people were farmers. Many made their lives in the mines and factories. They also loved country music and it became the music of the working people. During the 1930s American had many economic problems. Workers expressed their troubles in the folk music of the time. Folk songs are like country songs but they are more traditional and more serious. They don't just talk about love, they tell about the lives of ordinary people. Woodie Guthrie was a folk song writer during the 30s. He traveled around the country and wrote songs about the poor people. During the 1950s folk music became popular again. Martin Luther King wanted to improve the lives of black Americans. He led peaceful marches to change the laws in the U. S. The marchers sang old folk songs like "We Shall Overcome". Modern folk singers like Pete Seeger wrote new folk songs about problems in America in the 50s. In the 1960s many people were against the war in Vietnam. Folk singers like Bob Dylan and Joan Baez wrote anti-war songs like Dylan's "Blowing in the Wind", and other songs about the problems of American society. Folk music kept to be the moot political of all music in America.{{B}}B{{/B}} Although jazz began in New Orleans, it soon moved to all the big cities like St. Louis, Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles. New forms of jazz developed and their styles changed. In the 1920s, American fell in love with dancing and popular jazz music. Big hotels hired dance bands. Dance halls were opened around the country. New dances with strange names like the Charleston were popular. Women cut their hair short and wore short skirts for the first time. These women were called "flappers". Older Americans were shocked by jazz music, the new dances, and the flappers. One of the most famous musicians of this time was Louis Armstrong. He became famous for his trumpet playing and his low rough voice. Musicians like Armstrong brought a new form of music to America and the world. The 1930s in America was the time of the big bands and a new kind of jazz called swing. This new music had a special rhythm. Harlem, part of New York, became the center of swing music. Big band leaders like Benny Goddman, Duke Ellington, and Glenn Miller played in Harlem at the Cotton Club and the Savoy Ballroom. People came and danced the foxtrot and the jitterbug. Swing music was the popular music of World War Ⅱ. When Dixieland, ragtime, and swing musicians changed to new, more complex styles. At first jazz was dance music. As it became more complex it was mostly for listening. For this reason most jazz is now played in small bars and live jazz clubs, not in big dance halls. Jazz styles are always changing. In recent years, jazz musicians have put together jazz music and rock instruments like the electric guitar. This new jazz style is called electric jazz or fusion.{{B}}C{{/B}} The 1950s were a golden time for music in America. The economic problems of the 30s and the war of the 40s were over. America was rich again. A new group of people became important— American teenagers. For the first time in history young people had money to spend. They had a new way of dressing, new hair styles and new dances. In the early 50s slow romantic songs were still popular. But teenagers liked dance music with a good beat, and so they began to listen to R & B (rhythm and blues) on the black radio stations. A white disc jockey, Alan Freed, began to play R & B on the radio for white teenagers. He was the first person to call this new music rock and roll. The first white group to make a rock and roll hit record was Bill Haley and the Comets, with "Rock Around the Clock." Rock and roll music had a strong dance beat. The musicians played electric guitars and the music was lund and fast. American teenagers loved it. About the same time, the owner of Sun Record Company, Sam Phillips said, "If I could find a white man who had the Negro [black] sound and the Negro feel, I could make a billion dollars." He found his wish in Elvis Presley, the king of rock and roll. Elvis became a new American hero and young people copied his hair style, his dress, as well as his music. On February 3, 1959 three famous rock and roll stars, Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, and Richie Valens, died in a plane crash. As a result many people thought that rock and roll music had died too. But the music of the late 50s lived on. Rock and pop from the 60s to the 90s grew out of this old rock and roll. As the song says "Rock and roll is here to stay."· cares most about politics and social problems? 71. ______· was popular in 1920s? 72. ______· had a song writer Wooie Guthrie? 73. ______· built an American Hero Elvis Presley? 74. ______· was most popular in WW Ⅱ? 75. ______· was most popular in Tennessee at first? 76. ______· was first played mostly for dancing then for listening? 77. ______· was played and sung by marchers? 78. ______· was made up by Alan Freed? 79. ______· was especially worshiped by teenagers? 80. ______

填空题The reasons for sending humans to Mars range from good to bad to terrible. The notion that we should take on such a dangerous and expensive endeavor just as an elite remnant of Earthlings might survive if we destroy ourselves here on our own planet, for instance, is ludicrous. 1 One of the best arguments for making the trip is pragmatic. We are now embarked as a civilization on a program of sustained global environmental management; we have changed the climate already, and from now on we have to deal with the Earth as a total dynamic system, trying to keep it all in balance. The better we understand our planet, the better we will be able to keep it (and ourselves) healthy. One of the most powerful scientific methods for understanding something is to compare it with other things like it, and there aren"t many options when you look around for other planets to compare with earth. 2 The second reason is more abstract, but so fundamental to our grasp of who we are that it can"t be easily dismissed; we should go to Mars to search for life there. This is a new idea; after the Viking landings in 1976 it was assumed that Mars was lifeless. But since then we have discovered life on Earth in such unlikely harsh environments that a new word, "extremophiles," has been coined to describe these hardy microbes. 3 Some will say we can send robots to make these investigations. Robots like Pathfinder and the Polar Lander will land on Mars biannually for the coming decade, and they will send back valuable information. But the search for life will be difficult to do mechanically, and the truth is that humans are much better at field geology than robots. A single human expedition would teach us more than a century of robotic landings, as members of the team lived there for six months or a year, wandering over the astounding red landscape performing one complicated experiment after another; their work and problems would be more interesting than the robots as well. 4 So we should enjoy the fruits of the robot missions, while at the same time deciding to go ourselves, and designing the robotic missions to set the groundwork for our arrival. 5 A. It appears now that life can exist anywhere there is water and some minerals. Mars may have these ingredients in abundance, far under its frozen surface. Scientists have already claimed to have found fossil bacteria in the Martian meteorite ALH84001, and while this particular finding is contested, the possibility that life once existed on Mars is generally acknowledged, as is the possibility that it is still there deep underground. If we go there and find life, or even fossil evidence of past life, it would be one of the most important scientific discoveries in history. B. For the foreseeable future, Mars is not only the best choice; it is probably the only one. We"ve come to understand that the two planets shared very similar beginnings, then radically diverged; understanding more about the two planetary histories will teach us a lot about Earth. So we should go to Mars to help us here. It"s as simple as that. Comparative planetology is an environmentalist tool, and going to the Red Planet is a green project. C. The case for going in person is also strengthened by the fact that it looks much less expensive than it used to. A study during the Bush administration put the cost at $450 billion. Tighter engineering has recently revised that downward tenfold, to $50 billion spread over a decade. This is back within the realm of the thinkable, even within the realm of NASA"s extremely modest budget. Costs fairly low, benefits extremely high; challenging both technically and socially; educational, exciting, inspirational, appealing to all that is best in human nature; really, the strange thing would be to neglect to go. Let"s go! D. Similarly, to claim that such an undertaking is worthwhile because it will solve all of humanity"s problems is taking things too far. But there is a good case for going to Mars, and some recent developments have made it even stronger. E. This last is no trivial matter. We live for our stories, and it would be inspiring to see our civilization make a peaceful international effort to explore another world, seeking knowledge rather than profits. F. The mission marks the first time a space probe has attempted to land on the moon of another planet, providing the first direct sampling of the Earthlike atmosphere of Titan and the first detailed pictures of its previously hidden surface. Titan is Saturn"s largest moon, namely, nearly the size of Mars and bigger than either Mercury or Pluto.

填空题In the following article, some paragraphs have been removed. For Questions 66 to 70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. One day a group of people walked into a cave and painted handprints all over the walls. Ten thousand years later, archaeologists have no idea why. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} But this is the kind of challenge now facing a group of scientists, historians and futurists who are trying to send a message to the people of the distant future. In what has been called the first ever attempt at "reverse archaeology", they are designing a sign that will last at least 10,000 years. The message: Don't dig here, we buried nuclear waste. The repository in question, the Waste Isolation Pilot Project, or WIPP, was constructed in the 1970s and 80s in a disused salt mine near Carlsbad, New Mexico. In 1999, it became the first underground repository in the world licensed to house waste from the production of nuclear weapons. Once it reaches full capacity in 2033, it will be monitored by the US Department of Energy for 1000 years before being abandoned. Computer models predict that within 1000 years the mine will collapse in on itself, sealing the chemical sludge, toxic waste and contaminated lab equipment inside. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} This is a major challenge. In 10,000 years our descendants may have no recollection of our culture, languages or technologies. They may be more technologically advanced than we can imagine, or civilisation as we know it may have long since crashed and burned. Clearly the survival of the WIPP message depends on more than paper or digital records. Maps and technical details will be stored in libraries around the world, but the warning signs on the site itself will need to be big, obvious and permanent. They will need to survive over thousands of years without eroding, being looted or being destroyed by vandals. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} But making sure the message remains legible is only half the battle. It will also need to be understood, and, equally critically, believed. This is where things get tricky. Chances are the people of the future will no longer use language in the same way that we do. Even if they do use the spoken and written word to communicate, there is no guarantee their language will bear any relation to ours. In the early 1990s, Nelson gathered two teams of historians, anthropologists and semiotic-ians—experts in signs—and challenged them to come up with the perfect warning sign. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Anthropologists say there is no universal symbol that will convey danger to any human past, present or future. Interpretations of colours vary between cultures, and while depictions of animals like spiders and snakes may inspire fear, they don't tell you what you should be frightened of. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} So if the symbols no longer mean anything to our descendants, will the two faces be enough to get the message across? "Both are relevant, I suppose," says Robert Aunger, "although we argue that disgust is a response to threat only of infectious disease; radioactivity is not contagious. Fear is more relevant than disgust." Barring extreme genetic modification, chances are faces will look much the same in 10,000 years. A. All things going well it should stay that way for the 250,000 years it will take for most of the waste to become safe. However, according to legislation drawn up in 1985 by the US Department of Energy, a repository must be safeguarded for at least 10,000 years, and that means it must be marked. B. All we know is that nuclear waste is dangerous now and is likely to stay that way for a very long time, and that means we have to try. C. To be fair to the artists in question, they probably didn't set out to create something that would make sense in 400 generations' time. Even if thoughts of the future had crossed their minds, how could they possibly have imagined what would have become of the human race? Since that day, mankind has invented the wheel, developed hundreds of languages and got through several major civilisations, not to mention remodelled the planet and its climate. D. Facial expressions, though, are universally understood. "Fear is the most basic of emotions, and so would survive any cultural evolution," says Robert Aunger, a biological anthropologist. With this in mind, the WIPP designers came up with two symbols: a human face showing fear and another showing revulsion and disgust. There will also be a description of the site in seven languages, plus the word "Danger" and today's symbols for biohazards and radioactivity. E. The biggest challenge was choosing an image. Symbols do exist to illustrate radiation and biohazards, but symbols have a habit of changing their meanings over time. The swastika, for example, was first used by European tribes in 4000BC and was a Hindu holy symbol long before the Nazis got hold of it. F. The plan is literally to set the warnings in stone, by carving them onto 8-metre-tall monoliths. A study of ancient rock carvings commissioned by WIPP in 2000 found that deep carvings on basalt survived well, as, surprisingly, did those on sandstone. The team is now testing other rock types against freeze/thaw cracking and wind abrasion, as well as working on cheaper artificial alternatives.

填空题{{B}} A=St. Joseph B=Springfield C=St. Louis D=Kansas Which city/cities...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} St. Joseph Through the 1840s and 1850s, St. Joseph developed a prosperous trade exchanging staples, guns, and hardware from the east for the hides and furs brought in from the west by grizzled mountain men. When, in 1849, gold was discovered in California, the rush of immigrants generated an economic boom in St. Joseph. Because cholera had broken out at Independence and Westport, many immigrants were diverted to St. Joseph where they were provisioned with foodstuffs, harnesses, gear, guns, and guides. St. Joseph was established as a livestock market at a very early date. In 1846, John Corby built a slaughtering house, The brisk market for cattle in California made St. Joseph a natural location for the sale of cattle to be herded west. Cows purchased in Missouri for $10 a head brought $150 in California. The Colorado gold rush in 1858 brought on another round of brisk outfitting trade and expanded the trail herd and slaughtering businesses. At the end of the Civil War in 1866, drovers from Texas attempted to herd some 260 000 longhorn cattle through Southwest Missouri to the railhead at Sedalia, but were detoured west through Kansas to the railroad center of St. Joseph. The lean and stringy meat from the longhorn cattle was suitable for canning purposes and a large industry was in the making. Stockyards were built in St. Joseph in 1887, when Gustavis Swift purchased the stockyards and built a major packing house. By the 1920s half a million animals per year were butchered at the St. Joseph stockyards. {{B}}B{{/B}} Springfield According to H.J. Nelson's classification of US cities, based on 1950 census data, Springfield is an important transportation and wholesaling center. In 1950 the chief city-forming industries were railroads, retailing, and wholesaling. As early as 1917 the wholesale houses of the city were doing a business of nearly $20 million annually, and more than 1 000 traveling representatives for these concerns made their homes in Springfield. The main shops of the St. Louis and San Francisco (Frisco) Railway were at that time Springfield's largest single employer. In 1917, the city was already a manufacturing center of importance. In addition to the Frisco shops, there were ironworks, furniture manufacturers, stove companies, four large flour mills, several large cold-storage plants, packing plants, two or three firms handling poultry products and produce, cooperates, carriage factories, and the Springfield Wagon Company, which turned out 6 000 farm and logging wagons annually. The 1980 Missouri Directory of Manufacturing shows Springfield to be a city of diverse manufacturers. Food products, printing, electrical machinery and supplies, and chemicals are especially important. Nearly two-thirds of the manufacturing firms listed in the directory have located in Springfield since 1940. Among the largest employers are Zenith Television (1 500), the Burlington Northern general offices and shops (2 000), Lily Tulip Incorporated (1 250), Dayco Corporation (1 300), and Kraft Foods (1 000). These and other smaller plants employ many workers from surrounding towns and farms. {{B}}C{{/B}} St. Louis The founding of St. Louis represented a further exploitation of the natural resources of the wilderness as well as an impulse toward home making and state building. In the forty years before the Louisiana Purchase, it became the center of exchange for the goods of hunters and trappers. It also developed important commercial relations with the Spanish Southwest over the Santa Fe Frail. It was the entrepot for white settle. ment of the Mississippi valley region and the lands drained by the western tributaries. When Louisiana was purchased in 1803, French and Spanish — both recent arrivals from Europe and from the new world colonies, Blacks from Guinea or the Congo, Indians from nine to ten tribes, French couriers and voyagers, Saxon hunters from the Appalachians, American flatboat men, Puritans, soldiers, politicians, and immigrants from England and Ireland all walked the street of St. Louis. This polyglot society seeking the riches of trade was already under pressure, however, from a society of farmer-home builders. Although the Indian trade remained strong for many years afterward, the arrival of the steamboat Zebulon M. Pike in 1817 marked the beginning of a flood of new permanent settlers. {{B}}D{{/B}} Kansas John C. McCoy — businessman, trader, real estate promoter, and founder of Westport — established a freight landing on the river where a flat rock slanted from the bank some 18 miles (28.96km) above Independence and north of the present central business district. Westport Landing, as the settlement was known, was purchased in 1838 by the Kansas Town Company and by 1848 had grown to a population of 700. In 1850, it was recognized as the "Town of Kansas" by the Jackson County court. By that time the town's population had declined by about half because of a cholera epidemic. The Missouri General Assembly chartered the town in 1853 as the "City of Kansas", marking the beginning of a long period of prosperity and population growth. At the time of its charter, the city comprised 0.98 square miles (2.5km2). In 1859, the city annexed land to the south extending its boundaries from Ninth Street to Twentieth Street, bringing the total area to 3.82 square miles (9.8km2). By 1860, Westport had declined to about 1 200 citizens, but Kansas City had grown to a population of 4 418. A bird's-eye map of Kansas City in January 1869 depicted seven steamboats on the waterfront.·used to be the center of exchange for the goods of hunters and trappers? 71. ______·was a livestock market at a very early date? 72. ______·lost its population by 50% in 1850 because of cholera? 73. ______·comprised 0.98 square miles in 1853? 74. ______·developed rapidly in economy because of the rush of immigrants? 75. ______·was well-known for its slaughtering business? 76. ______·had several large flour mills? 77. ______·had immigrants from England and Ireland? 78. ______·began to have a flood of new permanent settlers since the arrival of a steamboat? 79. ______·is an important wholesaling center? 80. ______

填空题USAID is trying to work out ways to prevent HIV/ AIDS transmission from mother to child.

填空题 Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. One of the most important social developments {{U}}(31) {{/U}} helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the {{U}}(32) {{/U}} boom of the 1950s and 1960s on the schools. In the 1920s, but {{U}}(33) {{/U}} in the Depression conditions of the 1930s, the United States experienced a declining birthrate — every thousand women aged fifteen {{U}}(34) {{/U}} forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89.2 in 1930, 75.8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940. {{U}}(35) {{/U}} the growing prosperity brought on by the World War Ⅱ and the economic boom that {{U}}(36) {{/U}} it, young people married and established households earlier and began to {{U}}(37) {{/U}} larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. Birth {{U}}(38) {{/U}} rose to 102 per thousand in 1946, 106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955. Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. The increased value placed {{U}}(39) {{/U}} the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates. The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid-1940s and became a flood {{U}}(40) {{/U}} 1950. The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. While the number of school-children {{U}}(41) {{/U}} because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope {{U}}(42) {{/U}} the flood. The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built {{U}}(43) {{/U}} 1940 and 1945. Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large {{U}}(44) {{/U}} of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy. Therefore, in the 1950's and 1960's, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system. Consequently, the "custodial rhetoric" of the 1930s and early 1940s no longer made {{U}}(45) {{/U}}; that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out {{U}}(46) {{/U}} the labor market by keeping them in school could no {{U}}(47) {{/U}} be a hight priority for an institution unable {{U}}(48) {{/U}} find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen. With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills {{U}}(49) {{/U}} discipline. The {{U}}(50) {{/U}} no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths.

填空题Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with one suitable word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. America—the great "melting pot"—has always been a rich blend of cultural traditions from all over the world. Many American families can trace their histories {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}immigrant ancestors who traveled great {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}, enduring risk and hardship, to make a home {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}they would be guaranteed basic freedoms. And for many American families, these freedoms came {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}a struggle. Their parents and grandparents were deprived of the basic rights we value. American society was founded {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}freedom from religious persecution and on tolerance of {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}in beliefs and cultural heritage. The differences (or diversity) that come {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}people from all over the world enrich our culture, bringing new ideas and energy. Today, more than {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}, children have opportunities to interact with {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}of differing ethnicities, religions, and cultures. Classrooms are increasingly {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}, reflecting the communities where families live and work. Some parents welcome the fact that we live in an increasingly diverse {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Others may feel more hesitant, especially if they have not had much exposure {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}people different from {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Many children are way ahead of their {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}in terms of exposure to cultural differences. Their circle of friends, their schoolmates, and their athletic teams are much more varied than {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}of even a generation ago. Why is it important for parents to {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}their children prepare to live, learn, and work in communities that will become even more diverse? Teaching tolerance is important {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}just because it is part of our American heritage but {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}the person who learns to be open to differences will have more opportunity in education, in business, and in so many {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}ways. In {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}, your child's success depends on it. Success in today's world—and tomorrow's—depends on being able to understand, appreciate, and work with others.

填空题Does the publisher of Douglas Starr"s excellent Blood—An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce actually expect to sell many copies? Whoever chose the title is certain to scare off the squeamish, and the subtitle, which makes the effort sound like a dry, dense survey text, has really done this book a disservice. In fact, the brave and curious-will enjoy a brightly written, intriguing, and disquieting book, with some important lessons for public health. 1 The book begins with a historical view on centuries of lore about blood—in particular, the belief that blood carried the evil humors of disease and required occasional draining. As recently as the Revolutionary War, Bloodletting was widely applied to treat fevers. The idea of using one person"s blood to heal another is only about 75 years old—although rogue scientists had experimented with transfusing animal blood at least as early as the 1600s. The first transfusion experiments involved stitching a donor"s vein (in early cases the physician"s) to a patient"s vein. 2 Sabotaged by notions about the "purity" of their groups" blood, Japan and Germany lagged well behind the Al-lies in transfusion science. Once they realized they were losing injured troops the Allies had learned to save, they tried to catch up, conducting horrible and unproductive experiments such as draining blood from POWs and injecting them with horse blood or polymers. 3 During the early to mid-1980s, Start says, 10,000 American hemophiliacs and 12,000 others contracted HIV from transfusions and receipt of blood products. Blood banks both here and abroad moved slowly to acknowledge the threat of the virus and in some cases even acted with criminal negligence, allowing the distribution of blood they knew was tainted. This is not new material. But Starr"s insights add a dimension to a story first explored in the late Randy Shilts"s And the Bond Played On. 4 Is the blood supply safe now? Screening procedures and technology have gotten much more advanced. Yet it"s disturbing to read Starr"s contention that a person receiving multiple transfusions today has about a 1 in 90,000 chance of contracting HIV—far higher than the "one in a million" figure that blood bankers once blithely and falsely quoted. Moreover, new pathogens threaten to emerge and spread through the increasingly high-speed, global blood-product network faster than science can stop them. This prompts Start to argue that today"s blood stores are "simultaneously safer and more threatening" than when distribution was less sophisticated. 5 A. The massive wartime blood drives laid the groundwork for modem blood-banking, which has saved count-less lives. Unfortunately, these developments also set the stage for a great modem tragedy—the spread of AIDS through the international blood supply. B. There is so much drama, power, resonance, and important information in this book that it would be a shame if the squeamish were scared off. Perhaps the key lesson is this: The public health must always be guarded against the pressures and pitfalls of competitive markets and human fallibility. C. In his chronicle of a resource, Start covers an enormous amount of ground. He gives us an account of mankind"s attitudes over a 400-year period towards this "precious, mysterious, and hazardous material"; of medicine"s efforts to understand, control, and develop blood"s life-saving properties; and of the multibillion-dollar industry that benefits from it. He describes disparate institutions that use blood, from the military and the pharmaceutical industry to blood banks. The culmination is a rich examination of how something as horrifying as distributing blood tainted with the HIV virus could have occurred. D. The book"s most interesting section considers the huge strides transfusion science took during World War II. Medicine benefited significantly from the initiative to collect and supply blood to the Allied troops and from new trauma procedures developed to administer it. It was then that scientists learned to separate blood into useful elements, such as freeze-dried plasma and clotting factors, paving the way for both battlefield miracles and dramatic improvement in the lives of hemophiliacs. E. Starr"s tale ends with a warning about the safety of today"s blood supply. F. Starr obtained memos and other evidence used in Japanese, French, and Canadian criminal trials over the tainted-blood distribution. (American blood banks enjoyed legal protections that made U.S. trials more complex and provided less closure for those harmed.) His account of the French situation is particularly poignant. Start explains that in postwar France, donating blood was viewed as a sacred and patriotic act. Prison populations were urged to give blood as a way to connect more with society. Unfortunately, the French came to believe that such benevolence somehow offered a magical protection to the blood itself and that it would be unseemly to question volunteer donors about their medical history or sexual or drug practices. Combined with other factors, including greed and hubris, this led to tragedy. Some blood banks were collecting blood from high-risk groups as late as 1990, well into the crisis. And France, along with Canada, Japan, and even Britain, stalled approval and distribution of safer, American heat-treated plasma products when they became available, in part because they were giving their domestic companies time to catch up with scientific advances.

填空题The speaker’s tone in the talk is quite subjective．TRUE／FALSE

填空题The final act of a controversy over GM crops that sets America against Europe unfolds today in Geneva. The World Trade Organisation will hear the closing arguments in a case where the public authority of both the European commission and the WTO is at stake.66. ______ Throughout the European Union there has been extensive concern about GM crops. Among the public's fears is the potential for long-term harm to the environment—for example through the increased use of herbicides and the gene flow to wild species—and to human health, should new allergens appear. In a wider context of uncertainties about the future of agriculture and of a pervasive lack of confidence in official approaches to the handling of technological risk, consumer rejection of GM has been widespread.67. ______ The EU's initial submissions to the WTO dispute panel argued that its approach was necessarily "prudent and precautionary". It emphasised that the US, Canada and Argentina were challenging the right of countries to establish levels of protection from the risks of GM appropriate to their circumstances—and that the risks and uncertainties were complex and serious. The outcome of the case would be of enormous significance worldwide.68. ______ Significantly, the commission has also shifted its defence in the WTO case in a way that suggests a direct link with this new tactic on GM approvals. The commission is unwilling to publish its recent submissions to the dispute panel (despite requests from Friends of the Earth under freedom of information rules), but it is clear from the US's response, which has been made public, that the commission now wants the dispute to be ruled "moot" because GM approvals have started. In other words, it has caved in to US pressure and is rearranging the pieces.69. ______ The GM dispute has been unfolding at a time when the future of the EU is a fraught political question in the UK and elsewhere in Europe. Here, referendums on the currency and EU constitution are looming. A key Euro-sceptic weapon is to whip up fear of a remote unaccountable bureaucracy. When the commission acts, as in this case, in a fashion so strongly at odds with the EU's citizens and their political representatives, the result can only be further cynicism and hostility.70. ______ It is not only Europe's institutions that are being tested by the GM dispute. The already tattered credibility of the WTO itself is also at stake. On both sides of the Atlantic, the US challenge to Europe's initial stance has attracted exceptional interest from civil society groups—to the point where several international coalitions have submitted amicus curiae briefs directly to the panel. All these point to the need for the WTO to rely on more enlightened approaches to risk assessment, respecting the different cultural and environmental circumstances of individual countries.A. The commission is playing a dangerous game. Member states and their populations are divided even on whether the two varieties of GM maize recently approved satisfy the EU's own regulatory criteria. However, the commission appears to have decided that satisfying the US is more important than respecting the continuing concern among the people and governments of member states. It is a course of action that could have reverberations for the European project as a whole.B. Insistence on a one-size-fits-all approach tailored to US norms—to which Europe now risks deferring—is undermining the WTO's authority. If successive crises of the GM kind are to be avoided, the WTO needs to change—and fast.C. In response to these worries, the EU revised its regulatory framework to include wider issues such as traceability, labelling and impacts on farmland wildlife. This process is still under way, with countries developing national plans on how, if GM crops are grown, to limit contamination of non-GM crops, and how to ascribe liability should harm result.D. In May 2003 the US, Argentina and Canada, urged on by their industry lobbies, complained to the WTO about Europe's moratorium on GM approvals, imposed in October 1998. As the biggest producers of GM crops, they felt the European position was damaging their trade interests and argued that it could not be scientifically justified.E. Last summer, however, while arguments were still being put, the European commission awarded the first marketing approvals since October 1998. The awards—for importing two varieties of GM maize, for food and feed—ended the de facto Europe-wide moratorium, but the commission had to use provisions designed for when the council of ministers is unable to reach agreement. In effect, the bureaucracy stepped in and forced through a particular outcome, despite continuing political disagreement across the EU. This now looks set to become a growing pattern.F. The new commission, which came into being last November, has a chance to reconsider the matter anew. Beating in mind the broader implications of the case for its own future standing, it should look again at the GM approvals granted by its predecessor.

填空题can be taken only when large enough collector plates are built?

填空题If you"ve been on campus for very long, I"m certain that you"ve already heard about this course. You may know that last semester about fifty 1 of the students enrolled in my course failed it. Let me explain how this came 2 before you jump to any 3 . In the first 4 , since this is a composition class, I expect my students to follow certain rules 5 formality. Unfortunately, students today dislike having to follow rules of any kind, especially those which they may feel to be unnecessary. For 6 , I ask that each of your papers 7 typed and centered on the paper correctly. I count off points for various kinds of mistakes. A misspelled word will cost you 5 points. You"ve lost 25 points if you"ve 8 five words. If you write 9 incomplete sentence, you"ve lost 10 points. If you give me two complete sentences as one without adequate punctuation, you"ve lost 15 points. I do not accept late 10 You will receive a zero for any theme which you fail to submit on 11 I expect, you to read each assignment. To make certain that you have read the assignment, I 12 give you a short unannounced quiz from time to 13 . This class meets on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. You will have a total of six major tests throughout the 14 . Your final grade will be based 15 an average of these major tests, the pop tests, 16 eight written themes. If you have any questions at any time, you can see me on Tuesday. My office is 17 the second floor of this building. Your 18 for Wednesday is to read Hemingway"s short story on page 55. Friday will be the last class day of this week, so you can expect to write a short in class theme for me then. That"s 19 for today. I"ll 20 you on Wednesday.

填空题 You'll hear a talk about a news report. As you listen, you must answer questions 21—30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided for you. You'll hear the talk TWICE.

填空题 {{B}}Uganda{{/B}} Uganda is in the central part of Africa, near the equator. It became independent in 1962. Until then it had been a British protectorate. The area of Uganda is 93,981 square miles. About ten million people live there. Uganda is a land of mountains, lakes and plains. Mount Ruwenzori is in a mountain range with peaks above 16,700 feet. The chief rivers are the Victoria Nile and Albert Nile, branches of the great Nile River. Almost all of the people of Uganda are African black people of various tribes. The Buganddas are most powerfull and their language is semi-official, but there are more Bantus — the people who live in the north from another group. Nearly everyone understands the Swahili language. Most of the people are farmers. There are some wandering tribes that raise livestock, workers in the few factories, and miners. Important crops are coffee, tea, cotton, oil seeds, sugar, sisal, maize, and apatite. The climate is usually very hot. The many wild animals include the elephant, buffalo, hippopotamus, and crocodile. Uganda is a republic and a member of the British Commonwealth. It has a National Assemby, a prime minister, and a president. But since independence there has been much political trouble, which has been caused by sectional and tribal rivalries. Uganda is surrounded by Kenya, Sudan, Zaire, and Tanzania. Lake Victoria lies in the south of Uganda. It is one of the Largest lakes in Africa shared by several countries. {{B}}Kenya{{/B}} Kenya is a nation in East Africa that became independent in 1963 after being controlled by Great Britain for more than 75 years. It has an area of 225,000 square miles, and its population is twelve million. Nearly all of the people are African blacks. The largest group being the Kikiyu tribe, but in 1973 there were 270,321 Kenyans who were white Europeans or from India. The central part of Kenya is high and level 3,000 to 6,000 feet above the sea. Here the climate is cool and comfortable. The seacoast of Kenya is hot and damp. There are three big rivers, the Juba, the Tana and the Sabaski. In central Kenya, there is an extinct volcano 17,040 feet high. The equator runs through Kenya. Most of the people are farmers. In central Kenya they grow grains and bananas; along the coast they grow rice, coffee, cotton, tobacco, and many tropical crops such as coconuts, cinnamon, pineapples, sugar cane, vanilla, and dates. There are big forests yielding rubber and olives. The mountains produce gold, marble and other stones. Many tourists go to Kenya for biggame hunting. Great Britain took control of Kenya in 1886 and sent settlers there. In 1920 Kenya became a British colony. But the native Kenyans wanted independence and about 1950 a group called the Mau Mau began a campaign to drive the British out. It won its independence through free elections. It is a member of the British Commonwealth. Kenya's neighboring countries are Somali, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya also shares Lake Victoria. {{B}}Zaire{{/B}} Zaire is an independent country in central equatorial Africa. Prior to its independence in 1960, Zaire was a Belgian colony and was called the Belgian Congo. After its independence, the country has undergone several years of political upheavals. In 1966, political stability was achieved and the country was renamed Zarie. Zaire is rich in tropical vegetation, mineral resources, and abundant wildlife. The country is 905,328 square miles in size, and is subdivided into nine provinces. The country's population is primarily Blacks. They represent more than 200 different Bantu tribes. They speak many different languages but Swahili is widely used. Zaire depends mainly on agriculture and mining for its livelihood. Efforts are being made to expand industry in the country. Many of the people are farmers, and they raise cotton, rubber, bananas, and coffee for export. Corn and sweet potatoes are grown for eating. Mining is important, and many people work in rich uranium, copper, and diamond mines. Geographically, Zaire is made up of a low plateau in the center, which is surrounded by higher land. The central region is tropical rainforest and contains valuable wood such as mahogany. Also from the forest, the country receives rubber, palm oil, and nuts. The animal life of Zaire includes lions, elephants, monkeys, crocodiles and other species. The Zaire River is one of the longest rivers in the world. Zaire borders many countries such as Uganda, Angola, Zambis, Sudan, and central African Republic. * and Zaire do not border Ethiopia? {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} * depends on both farming and mining? {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} * is not on the equator? {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} * gained its independence the latest? {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} * does not share Lake Victoria? {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} * grows rice as one of its main crops {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}} * borders the other two? {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}} * is like a basin? {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}} * is a place where people often go for hunting big animals? {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}} * grows sweet potatoes for food? {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}

填空题results in "Acid rain"?

填空题·is of special value for perfume making because of its fragrance?

填空题Do you believe that only boys do well in science? Does it seem to you that (31) have better vocabularies than boys? (32) your opinion, are boys better at building thins? If your answer to each of those questions is "Yes", you (33) right, according to an article in Current Science. There are exceptions, but here are the facts. On the (34) , males score higher on tests that measure mathematical reasoning, mechanical ability, and problem-solving skills. (35) show superior ability in tests measuring vocabulary, spelling, and memory. But these (36) will probably not always exist. In the future, a person's abilities may not be determined (37) sex. As one scientist (38) "Nothing is impossible for a person to be or do. " In several recent studies, young babies have been observed and tested to discover (39) different abilities are developed. A scientific team headed by Jerome Kagan, a psychologist at Harvard University, is studying the thinking ability of children 11.5 months (40) . The test is a simple one. The (41) , while seated on it mother's lap, watches a "show" on a small theater stage. In Act One of the show, an orange-colored block is lifted from blue box and moved slowly across the stage. Then (42) is returned to the box. This is repeated six times. Act (43) is similar, except that the orange block is smaller. Baby boys do not seem to notice the difference in the size of the block, but girls immediately become excited and begin to make noises that sound (44) language. They seem to be trying to talk. It is (45) that bones, muscles, and nerves develop faster in baby girls. Usually, too, baby girls talk (46) an earlier age than boys do. Scientists think there is a physical reason (47) this. They believe that nerves in the left side of the brain develop faster in girls than in boys. And it is this side of the (48) that strongly influences an individual's ability to use words, to spell, and to remember things. By the time they start to school, therefore, little girls have an advantage that boys do not have. Girls are physically more ready to (49) facts, to spell, and to read. These, of course, are (50) that are important in elementary school.