作文题You have read an article in a magazine which states, "By law, cigarette advertisements are strictly prohibited on the media. Some people think there should also be a ban on the advertising of alcohol." Write an article for the same magazine to clarify your own points of view towards this issue. You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument. You should write no less than 250 words.

作文题You have read an article in a magazine which states, "With the ever-increasing house prices in big metropolises, it is better for college graduates to work and live in small or medium-sized cities." Write an article for the same magazine to clarify your own points of view towards this issue. You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument and include an example.

单选题 {{B}} Questions 14 to 16 are based on a news report about retirement. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 14 to 16.{{/B}}

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单选题Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following monologue about American Blacks. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.

单选题Travel is at its best a solitary enterprise: to see, to examine, to assess, you have to be alone and unencumbered. Other people can mislead you; they crowd your meandering impressions with their own; if they are companionable they obstruct your view, and if they are boring they corrupt the silence with non-sequiturs, shattering your concentration with "Oh, look, it''s raining" and " You see a lot of trees here". Travelling on your own can be terribly lonely ( and it is not understood by Japanese who, coming across you smiling wistfully at an acre of Mexican butter cups tend to say things like "Where is the rest of your team?" ) , I think of evening in the hotel room in the strange city. My diary has been brought up to date; I hanker for company; what do I do? I don''t know anyone here, so I go out and walk and discover the three streets of the town and rather envy the strolling couples and the people with children. The museums and churches are closed, and toward midnight the streets are empty. If I am mugged, I will have to apologize as politely as possible; "I am sorry, sir, but I have nothing valuable on my person. " Is there a surer way of enraging a thief and driving him to violence? It is hard to see clearly or to think straight in the company of other people. Not only do I feel self-conscious, but the perceptions that are necessary to writing are difficult to manage when someone close by is thinking out loud. I am diverted, but it is discovery, not diversion, that I seek. What is required is the lucidity of loneliness to capture that vision, which, however banal, seems in my private mood to be special and worthy of interest. There is something in feeling abject that quickens my mind and makes it intensely receptive to fugitive might also be verified and refined; and in any case I had the satisfaction of finishing the business alone. Travel is not a vacation, and it is often the opposite of a rest. "Have a nice time," people said to me at my send-off at South Station, Medford. It was not precisely what I had hoped for. I craved a little risk, some danger, an untoward event, a vivid discomfort, an experience of my own company, and in a modest way the romance of solitude. This I thought might be mine on that train to Limon.

单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} Biotechnologists have developed genetically modified rice that is fortified with beta carotene which the body converts into vitamin A and additional iron, and they are working on three kinds of nutritionally in proved crops. Biotech can also improve farming productivity in places where food shortages are caused by crop damage attributable to pests, drought, poor soil and crop viruses, bacteria or fungi. Damage caused by pests is incredible. In trials of pest-resistant cotton in Africa yields have increased significantly. So far, fears that genetically modified, pest-resistant crops might kill good insects as well as bad appear unfounded. Viruses often cause massive failure in staple crops in developing countries. Two years ago Africa lost more than half its cassava crop — a key source of calories — to the mosaic virus. Genetically modified, virus resistant crops can re duce that damage, as can drought-tolerant seeds in regions where water shortage limits the amount of land under cultivation. Biotech can also help solve the problem of soil that contains excess aluminum, which can damage roots and cause many staple-crop failures. A gene that helps neutralize aluminum toxicity in rice has been identified. Many scientists believe biotech could raise overall crop productivity in developing countries as much as 25% and help prevent the loss of those crops after they are harvested. Yet for all that promise, biotech is far from being the whole answer. In developing countries, lost crops are only one cause of hunger. Poverty plays the largest role. Making genetically modified crops available will not reduce hunger if farmers cannot afford to grow them or if the local population cannot afford to buy the food those farmers produce. Nor can biotech overcome the challenge of distributing food in developing countries. Taken as a whole, the world produces enough food to feed everyone {{U}}but much of it is simply in the wrong place.{{/U}} Especially in countries with undeveloped transport infrastructures, geography restricts food availability as dramatically as genetics promises to improve it. Biotech has its own "distribution" problems. Private-sector biotech companies in the rich countries carry out much of the leading-edge research on genetically modified crops. Their products are often too costly for poor farmers in the developing world, and many of those products won't even reach the regions where they are most needed. Biotech firms have a strong financial incentive to target rich markets first in order to help them rapidly recoup the high costs of product development. But some of these companies are responding to the needs of poor countries. To increase the impact of genetic research on the food production of those countries, there is a need for better collaboration between government agencies — both local and in developed countries — and private biotech firms. Biotech is not a {{U}}panacea{{/U}}, but it does promise to transform agriculture in many developing countries. If that promise is not fulfilled, the real losers will be their people, who could suffer for years to come.

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} World leaders met recently at United Nations headquarters in New York City to discuss the environmental issues raised at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992．The heads of state were supposed to decide what further steps should be taken to halt the decline of Earth's life-support systems．In fact，this meeting had much the flavour of the original Earth Summit．To wit：empty promises，hollow rhetoric，bickering between rich and poor，and irrelevant initiatives．Think U.S. Congress in slow motion． Almost obscured by this torpor is the fact that there has been some remarkable progress over the past five years—real changes in the attitude of ordinary people in the Third World toward family size and a dawning realisation that environmental degradation and their own well-being are intimately，and inversely，linked．Almost none of this，however, has anything to do with what the bureaucrats accomplished in Rio． Or it didn't accomplish．One item on the agenda at Rio，for example，was a renewed effort to save tropical forests．(A previous UN-sponsored initiative had fallen apart when it became clear that it actually hastened deforestation．)After Rio，a UN working group came up with more than 100 recommendations that have so far gone nowhere．One proposed forestry pact would do little more than immunizing wood-exporting nations against trade sanctions． An effort to draft an agreement on what to do about the climate changes caused by CO2 and other greenhouse gases has fared even worse．Blocked by the Bush Administration from setting mandatory limits，the UN in 1992 called on nations to voluntarily reduce emissions to 1990 levels．Several years later，it's as if Rio had never happened．A new climate treaty is scheduled to be signed this December in Kyoto，Japan，but governments still cannot agree on these limits．Meanwhile，the U.S. produces 7% more CO2 than it did in 1990，and emissions in the developing world have risen even more sharply．No one would confuse the“Rio process”with progress． While governments have dithered at a pace that could make drifting continents impatient，people have acted．Birth-rates are dropping faster than expected，not because of Rio but because poor people are deciding on their own to reduce family size．Another positive development has been a growing environmental consciousness among the poor．From slum dwellers in Karachi，Pakistan，to colonists in Rondonia，Brazil，urban poor and rural peasants alike seem to realize that they pay the biggest price for pollution and deforestation．There is cause for hope as well in the growing recognition among business people that it is not in their long-term interest to fight environmental reforms．John Browne，chief executive of British Petroleum，boldly asserted in a major speech in May that the threat of climate change could no longer be ignored．

单选题______first proposed the Speech Act Theory. A. Searle B. Austin C. Grice D. Halliday

单选题Human relations have commanded people"s attention from early times. The ways of people have been recorded in innumerable myths, folk, tales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences. "Intuitive" knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modern world, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers. On the other hand, if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still "know" how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still "know" when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the "whys" of much of the self"s behavior and feelings. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Khler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that "people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology. " Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive, commonsense capacity to grasp human relations, the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager, scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.

单选题Why do managers consider it important to be invited to meetings?

单选题{{B}}Part C{{/B}} Choose A,B,C or D as answers to questions 1 10 by referring to the spread and influence of Confucius 'teachings in 4 different foreign countries. Note: Some choices may be required more than once. A =Japan B=Italy C =France D =America Confucianism has its greatest effect among European countries in_____. 71．_______ The first person who used Confucianism to express Christianity was from. 72．_______ More than one thousand years ago, students were sent to China to study Confucianism. They came from_______. 73．_______ Centuries ago,in_______,the government even set up universities and hold ceremonies in memory of Confucius. 74．_______ Confucius has been given a thorough study and review for the sake of capital expansion in_______. 75．_______ War and development motivated the study of Confucianism in________. 76．_______ In_______,Confucius' teachings can even find its reflection in the declaration of the Right of Man and of the Citizen. 77．_______ The earliest classical books of Confucius translated into European language appeared in________. 78．_______ Confucianism has its most influential power upon foreign countries in_______. 79．_______ In recent thirty years,Confucius and Confucianism are introduced and discussed systematically in_______. 80．_______ In Japan It has been a long history of 1750 years ever since Confucianism was introduced into this country. Confucius' teachings are in every field of the social life in Japan. Its influence on the people's moral concepts and views about education are the deepest in Japan. It was in the 16th year of Mikado (285 A.D.) that Confucius' teachings began to be introduced to Japan. In the year the suggestion of a Korean envoy was adopted and Wang Ren, a Chinese court academician was sent to Japan to present to the Mikado ten copies of Lun Yu (The Analects of Confucius) and a copy of an Article of a Thousand Words (Qian Zi Wen).Wang Ren's arriving at Japan is generally regarded as the beginning of Confucianism being spread in the country. Confucius' teachings were accepted by both the government and the public. Confucianism quickly took its roots among the people and developed constantly. Combined with the conditions in Japan, Confucianism has gradually become part of the national culture of the country. During the time of Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, Japan sent many students to China to study Confucianism. Under the influence of Confucius' theory about a unified domain, Japanese successfully carried the DAIKA Reform after which Japanese society started to transit from a slavish society to a feudal society. The person pulling strings behind the scenes of the reform was a great Confucianist who had studied in China for 20 to 30 years. During the 200 years after the reform, Japan had sent to China 19 groups of envoys. The country did its utmost to import the culture of Tang Dynasty, develop national education based on Confucianism, spread the thought of the sage, set up universities and hold ceremonies in memory of Confucius. In the years of EDO, Confucius' teachings were unprecedentedly popular. The ruling class people took the lead in reading the classical books of Confucianism, setting up education based on Confucianism, building Confucius' Temples. Education was developed, people of talents came forth in large numbers and the academic circle reached to its flourishing time. The major schools include, School of Yonego, School of Yang Ming, School of Mito, School of Kogaku, School of Eclecticism, School of Textual Research. Since the beginning of 20th century, especially in the late thirty years, among countries except China the study of Confucianism is best developed in Japan. Not only that Confucianism influenced Japanese society in the past 1,000 years, it also has great effect on the people at present time. In Italy China is one of the birth places of human civilization. As the kernel of the traditional culture of ancient China, Confucius' teachings greatly influenced not only the historical development of Oriental society, but also the social life of some European countries. Confucius' influence on Italy has something to do with the missionaries who came to China to do missionary work. In 1582, the Society of Jesus sent Matteo Ricci to China. In order to do their missionary work well, he studied Coufucianism very hard. Matteo Ricci was the first person who used Confucianism to express Christianity. He arrived in Beijing in 1601 and lived there for years. He published the Latin version of the Four Shus which were the earliest classical books of Confucius translated into European Language. Matteo Ricci had made some contributions to the cultural exchange between the East and the West, so in Italy he was called "the first man who facilitated the flow of culture between China and Western countries", "Learned Western Confucianist" and "Christian Confucius". The study of Confucius in today's Italy has made some progress and several groups of books about Confucius have been published. In France Among European countries, Confucianism has its greatest effect in France. It was introduced to France soon after it was introduced to Italy. During the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, Confucianism had made some positive contributions to the bourgeois revolution in France. Among the great thinkers Confucianism mainly influenced the Encyclopedism school and Physiocratic school. Its influence on the French Revolution can be seen in the Declaration of the Right of Man and of the Citizen, drafted by Robespierre, leader of Jacobin Club, the declaration says that freedom is the right belonging to all those who do not do harm to others, the principle of freedom is nature, the rule is justice, the guarantee is the law and the moral limits are in the following, "Don't treat others in the way you do not want to be treated." The Chinese Study Institute of Paris University is the major one that studies Confucianism in France. The subjects include Confucianist Classics and Confucianism. In Grand Larousse Encyclopedique (published in 1973), under the entry of Confucius, Confucius and Confucianism are introduced and discussed systematically. As are presentative work of Confucian study in France, it starts its discussion with Confucius and ends with Mr. Feng Youlan, a Chinese expert at Confucian study. In America Through missionary activities Americans began to study Confucianism, motivated by capital expansion. The study has been pushed forward while the US China policy and international conditions are changing frequently. From the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century, especially during World War Ⅰ and Would War Ⅱ, more attention was paid to the work because of political and military reasons. The founding of the People's Republic of China and the triumph of China and Korea over America in Korean War made Americans feel it is necessary to work even harder in the study of Chinese history and present conditions. As a result, Confucianism which has influenced Chinese in the history and at present time was paid great attention to, especially in the years after 1960's because of the international conditions, especially the SinoUS relationship, Chinese study in America, including the study of Confucius, developed quickly. In the American academic field Confucius has been given a thorough study and review. More and more Americans began to understand and respect Confucius as a famous intellectual in Chinese history and Confucianism as the representative of Chinese feudal traditional culture. In People's Almanac Handbook, published in 1985 in America, Confucius heads the list of the ten great thinkers in the world.

单选题In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows. Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of "trash talk". The topics on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the eye, common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of society"s moral catastrophes, yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments of other people"s lives. Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individual"s quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work week, to getting to know your neighbors. Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a "final word". He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable. Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show"s main target audience are middle-class Americans. Most of these people have the time, money, and stability to deal with life"s tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18-to 21-year-olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show"s exploitation. While the two shows are as different as night and day, both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world.

单选题 People who are extremely careful and "finish what they start" may have a reduced risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, according to a study involving Catholic nuns and priests. The most conscientious and self-disciplined individuals were found to be 89% less likely to develop this form of dementia—deterioration of intellectual faculties, such as memory, concentration, and judgment, resulting from an organic disease or a disorder of the brain—than their peers over the course of the 12-year study. Robert Wilson at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois, US, and colleagues followed 997 healthy Catholic nuns, priests and Christian brothers between 1994 and 2006. Early on in the study, participants completed a personality test to determine how conscientious they were. Based on answers to 12 questions such as "I am a productive person who always gets the job done", they received a score ranging from 0 to 48. On average, volunteers scored 34 points in the test. Volunteers also underwent regular neurological examinations and cognitive tests. Over the lifetime of the study, 176 of the 997 participants developed Alzheimer's disease. However, those with the highest score on the personality test—40 points or above—had an 89% lower chance of developing the debilitating condition than participants who received 28 points or lower. "These are people who control impulses, and tend to follow norms and roles," Wilson told New Scientist. Previous studies suggest that exercise and intellectual stimulation can decrease the risk of Alzheimer's disease. But the link between self-discipline and a reduced risk of the illness remained strong even after researchers discounted these factors from their study. Subjects still had a 54% lower chance of developing the condition. Exactly why conscientiousness should have an impact on Alzheimer's risk remains unclear, says Wilson. He notes that brain autopsies conducted on 324 of the study's participants failed to resolve the mystery. Earlier work has linked the presence of plaques and protein tangles within the brain to Alzheimer. Yet, in general, the brains of those who scored highly on the conscientiousness test had as many plaques and protein tangles as those of subjects who scored lower. Wilson suggests that more careful and conscientious individuals may have more active frontal brain regions, an area that is responsible for decision-making and planning. Increased activity in this region may perhaps compensate for a decline in function in other brain regions, he speculates. Based on the new findings, doctors could perhaps consider certain patients at greater risk of dementia, says Ross Andel at the University of South Florida, US. "This is a study about identifying people at risk," he says.

单选题{{B}}TEXT 1{{/B}} In order to get your point across in your target language, you have to learn plenty, of words. How do you set about it? Dr. Paul Meara, who lectures in applied linguistics, believes there are lots of different ways of learning words. "Generally, anything you do with the word which actually makes them yours rather than just abstract things which appear in a book or on a record will almost certainly help you to learn them. So, for example, writing them down is better than reading them. Putting them on bits of paper and sticking them up around your house is better than just looking at them in the page of a book. Saying them out loud is better than reading them quietly. Anything which actually gets you to use would probably help." Encouragement and nurturing in the students and belief in their ability to learn is one of the central tenets of a relatively new approach. It's called Accelerated Learning and it's an offshoot of an idea that began in Bulgaria. Michael Lawlor runs a language school for business executives, teaching foreign languages to the British, and English to foreigners. He's currently testing this system to see if he can incorporate it into his teaching program at his school. The main principle is to tap the students' emotions as well as their intellects and, to begin with, to get them to visualize themselves as successful communicators in the language they're learning. "They can actually create a very clear mental picture of themselves in five years' time, in the country where the language is spoken, interacting with the people. They can also boots their own confidence as learners by recreating past successful learning situations. Many people fail in learning a language because they lose belief in themselves as a learner. The other element which we have found very helpful is to teach people to relax. People learn better when they relax. We teach them to sit properly so that they don't lose energy up. All these things are part of the learning process." "Dr. Lazanov in Bulgaria, in his original experiments, found that baroque music produced a state of relaxed awareness, which is now known more generally as the alpha state. If you take the largo passages or the adagio passages from largo music, you find that they correspond more or less to the slowed-down speed of the human heart about 60 beats to the minute. So we're helping people to slow down their body rhythms. The mind then becomes more receptive and open to passive learning, to listening. So that's why music of this kind is important. But it also, of course, touches the emotions. The music will induce a state of pleasurable expectation and if we can link the emotion of pleasure with learning, then we're making a very valuable contribution to the students' affective, or emotional involvement with the learning process." The choice of a soft-spoken female voice to present the language in accelerated learning techniques is also deliberate. After ail, who was it who taught you to speak your own language all those years ago?

单选题 {{I}}Questions 14～16 are based on the following talk. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14～16.{{/I}}

单选题What'sthemaintopicoftheconversation?

单选题Managers spend a great deal of their time in meetings. According to Henry Mintzbery, in his book, The Nature of Managerial Work, managers in large organizations spend only 22 per cent of their time on meetings. So what are the managers doing in those meetings? There have conventionally been two answers. The first is the academic version: Managers are coordinating and controlling, making decisions, solving problems and planning. This interpretation has been largely discredited because it ignores the social and political forces at work in meetings. The second version claims that meetings provide little more than strategic sites for corporate gladiators to perform before the organizational emperors. This perspective is far more attractive, and has given rise to a large, and often humorous, body of literature on gamesmanship and posturing in meetings. It is, of course, true that meeting rooms serve as shop windows for managerial talent, but this is far from the truth as a whole. The suggestion that meetings are actually battle grounds is misleading since the raison d"etre of meetings has far more to do with comfort than conflict. Meetings are actually vital props, both for the participants and the organization as a whole. For the organization, meetings represent recording devices. The minutes of meetings catalogue the change of the organization, at all levels, in a more systematic way than do the assorted memos and directives which are scattered about the company. They enshrine the minutes of corporate history, they itemize proposed actions and outcomes in a way which makes one look like the natural culmination of the other. The whole tenor of the minutes is one of total premeditation and implied continuity. They are a sanitized version of reality which suggests a reassuring level of control over events. What is more, the minutes record the debating of certain issues in an official and democratic forum, so that those not involved in the process can be assured that decision was not taken lightly. As Dong Bennett, an administrative and financial manager with Allied Breweries, explains: "Time and effort are seen to have been invested in scrutinizing a certain course of action. " Key individuals are also seen to have put their names behind that particular course of action. The decision can therefore proceed with the full weight of the organization behind it, even if it actually went through" on the nod ". At the same time, the burden of responsibility is spread, so that no individual takes the blame. Thus, the public nature of formal meetings confers a degree of legitimacy on what happens in them. Having a view pass unchallenged at a meeting can be taken to indicate consensus. However, meetings also serve as an alibi for action, as demonstrated by one manager who explained to his subordinates: "I did what I could to prevent it—I had our objections minutes in two meetings. "The proof of conspicuous effort was there in black and white. By merely attending meetings, managers buttress their status, while non-attendance can carry with it a certain stigma. Whether individual managers intend to make a contribution or not, it is satisfying to be considered one of those whose views matter. Ostracism, for senior managers, is not being invited to meetings. As one cynic observed, meetings are comfortingly tangible: "Who on the shop floor really believes that managers are working when they tour the works? But assemble them behind closed doors and call it a meeting and everyone will take it for granted that they are hard at work. " Managers are being seen to earn their corn. Meetings provide managers with another form of comfort too—that of formality. Meetings follow a fixed format: Exchanges are ritualized, the participants are probably known in advance, there is often a written agenda, and there is a chance to prepare. Little wonder then, that they come as welcome relief from the upheaval and uncertainty of life outside the meeting room. Managers can draw further comfort from the realization that their peers are every bit as bemused and fallible as themselves. Meetings provide constant reminders that they share the same problems, preoccupations and anxieties, that they are all in the same boat. And for those who may be slightly adrift, meetings are ideal occasions for gently pulling them round. As Steve Styles, the process control manager (life services) at Legal & General, puts it: "The mere presence of others in meetings adds weight to teasing or censure and helps you to "round up the strays". " Such gatherings therefore provide solace and direction for the management team—a security blanket for managers. Meetings do serve a multitude of means as well as ends. They relieve managerial stress and facilitate consensus. For the organization, they have a safety-net-cum-rubber-stamping function without which decisions could not proceed, much less gather momentum. In short, meetings are fundamental to the well-being of managers and organizations alike.

单选题 You will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear the recording {{B}}ONLY ONCE.{{/B}} {{B}}Questions 11 ～ 13 are based on the following talk. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 ～ 13{{/B}}