单选题The development of modem communications technology in developing countries may ______.
单选题
{{I}}Questions 11~13 are based on the following talk.
You now have 15 seconds to read Questions
11~13.{{/I}}
单选题Which of the following official ranks is not introduced?
单选题{{B}}Part B{{/B}} In the following article some paragraphs have been
removed. For questions 66—70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the lists
A—F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not
fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
The ten-year battle over baby-milk that has pitted the
champions of breast feeding against more than a dozen powerful multinational
companies will reach its climax next week. At a meeting of the
World Health Organization, 157 governments will vote on a code backed by
consumer groups, churches and health experts — which would prohibit companies
from all direct advertising and promotion of baby milk, from issuing samples and
gifts to health workers, from using company "nurses", and even from paying sales
commission to their staff. Almost certainly, the code will be passed.
The result, its backers hope, will reverse the trend away from
breastfeeding — especially in the Third World, where it is reckoned that more
than a million lives could be saved each year if mothers abandoned artificial
substitutes. 66.____________ In the United
States, they argue that a ban on advertising would be contrary to constitutional
freedoms — which, they say, includes the "freedom of Commercial speech." But
even the companies no longer dispute the medical facts. Infant
formula — a powered mixture based on cow's milk — is indisputably inferior to
human milk because it lacks the natural antibodies, which protect babies against
many common diseases including measles and diarrheas. In Third World countries,
where mothers without refrigerators or detergents are diluting the mixture with
polluted water, baby milk is a risk to children's health. A
leading world paediatrician, Dr. Derrick Jeliffe, estimates that about 10
million cases a year of infants malnutriton and infectious diseases can be
attributed to improper bottle-feeding. The companies emphasize that baby milk
has an important role for working mothers and for women who cannot
breastfeed. 67.____________ The poorest are in
any case those least able to afford commercial substitutes. For a typical Third
World agricultural worker, feeding one child on baby milk requires between 20
and 50 percent of the family budget. The result, often, is that older children
go hungry. For the companies, baby milk is big business. The
Third World market, growing at 15 percent a year, is already worth about 700
million — double the sales in the US. For the poor countries the trade is a
multimillion dollar drain on their foreign exchange, and the avoidable child
diseases caused by baby milk increase the strains on the health
services. 68.____________ They have used
aggressive marketing throughout the Third World — creating, their critics claim,
a "need" which in all but a handful of cases does not exist.
Advertising is the central target of the Geneva code. It makes no attempt
to ban the sale or use of baby milk, or to resist sales to chemists or
government-controlled outlets. The companies say the code is therefore
unnecessary, because in October 1979 their umbrella organization, the
International Council for Food Industries, agreed on a voluntary code which
included the adandonment of direct advertising in developing
countries. Since that date, however, the International Baby Food
Action Network claims to have documented more than 1,000 violations of the
voluntary code. 69.____________ Some companies,
including Cow and the US could still vote
against the code. Above all, the companies fear that the code
will apply equally to the lucrative Western market. This is far from certain
because the WHO bowing to pressures from some industrialised countries and
milk-surplus producers in the Common Market, has presented its code as a
recommendation, not a legally-binding regulation. 70.
____________ [A] This means that it is up to individual
governments whether or not to apply it. [B] The companies
disclaim responsibilities for the misuse of their products and for their use in
dangerous conditions. [C] The companies are lobbying strongly
against the code because it would virtually eliminate legitimate competition and
because it pays no attenion to different countries' conditions.
[D] But detailed and international restrictions cannot be the answer.
National measures based on a set of internationally agreed general principles is
the realistic approach and one which has already been shown to work in countries
like Malaysia and Singapore. [E] Besides, medical sales workers
still do the rounds of hospitals and clinics, leaving piles of booklets, posters
and free samples. [F] Yet recent research shows that only a
minute percentage of mothers are unable to feed their babies, even among the
badly under-nourished.
单选题According to the author, most of the world's fresh water is to be found in______ .
单选题 Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America,
but this year' s is a whopper. Until last week, it appeared that 100 million
Americans would have access to flu shots this fall. Then British authorities,
concerned about quality-control problems at a production plant in Liverpool,
barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp. Overnight, the U.S. vaccine
supply dwindled by nearly half and federal health officials found themselves
making an unusual plea. Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated, they' re
now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to. "This
reemphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply," says Dr. Martin Myers of the
National Network for Immunization Information, "and the lack of redundancy in
our system." Why is such a basic health service so easily
knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to
pursue it. To create a single dose of flu vaccine, a manufacturer has to grow
live virus in a 2-week-old fertilized chicken egg, then crack the egg, harvest
the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response. Profit
margins are narrow, demand is fickle and, because each year's flu virus is
different, any leftover vaccine goes to waste. As a result, the United States
now has only two major suppliers ( Chiron and Aventis Pasteur)--and when one of
them runs into trouble, there isn' t much the other can do about it. "A vaccine
maker can't just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs," says Manon
Cox, of Connecticut-based Protein Sciences Corp. "There's a whole industry
that's scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time. "
Sleeker technologies are now in the works, and experts are
hoping that this year's fiasco will speed the pace of innovation. The main
challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures--a medium already
used to make most other vaccines. Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce
this way, but several biotech companies are now pursuing this strategy, and one
culture-based product (Solvay Pharmaceuticals' Invivac) has been cleared for
marketing in Europe. For Americans, the immediate challenge is
to make the most of a limited supply. The government estimates that 95 million
people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last
week. That' s nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand,
but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year. In fact, many
experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign--encouraging
the people who really need a flu shot to get one.
单选题Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following talk about Jim's health problem. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 18 to 20.
单选题The National Republican Party is mentioned in line 7 as an example of a group ______ .
单选题What is the author's final judgment on how mass communications deal with intellectual matters?
单选题
{{B}} Questions 17~20 are based on the
following talk. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions
17~20.{{/B}}
单选题Which of the following best summarizes the text?
单选题Koalas, an Australian tree-climbing animal, are very particular about what they eat, devoting themselves entirely to a diet of the leaves of eucalyptus trees. But there are problems associated with an exclusive diet of leaves, especially if, like the koala, you happen to be a relatively small animal. One of these problems is that the leaves of trees are rich in fibre, and so resist digestion. Eucalyptus leaves are worse than most, for they contain large amounts of lignin, the indigestible, woody material found in the cell walls of many plants. But there is another drawback for the koala. The ratio of an animal's gut volume to its energy requirements depends on body mass; the smaller it is, the lower the ratio. So tiny leaf-eaters are likely to have difficulty processing sufficient quantities of their poor-quality food to meet their metabolic needs. S. J. Cork and T. J. Dawson of the University of New South Wales and I. D. Hume of the University of New England have made a study of the koala's digestion. They have identified three major factors that allow koalas to exploit its fibre-laden diet. In the first place, the koala has a discerning digestive system; like the rabbit, it can regulate the passage of food through its gut in a way that discriminates between particles of different sizes. The alimentary canal retains and solutes smaller, more digestible particles, while expelling unwanted, coarser matter. This is probably a space-saving exercise; it has the effect of increasing the rate at which raw material can be fed into the system. The second factor behind the koala's success is that it has a low overall requirement for metabolic energy, compared to other Australian animals of similar size. So it saves on its fuel needs. In this respect, the koala is not dissimilar to another slow-moving, leaf eating mammal, the three-toed sloth. Thirdly, eucalyptus leaves have hidden qualities. Despite the large quantity of lignin, such leaves are rich in digestible energy -especially in the form of fatty substances. Not all such resources are available to the koala's metabolic machinery; essential oils are passed out, for example. But some fatty substances are available, as are sugar and starch. It is these compounds that satisfy the bulk of the koala's energy needs. Surprisingly, constituents of the eucalyptus's cell walls, such as cellulose, are less important. Some cellulose is digested, but the koala's accomplishments in this field do not rival those of other animals that reshow.
单选题
{{B}}Questions 14 ~ 16 are based on the following
talk. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 ~
16.{{/B}}
单选题Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?A.Thehumannoseasanorganforbreathingandsmelling.B.Thenoseprovidinguswithvariousexpressions.C.Awomanpoet'swishtohavetwonoses.D.InterestingcommentsmadeonCleopatra'snose.
单选题Most home-schoolers' opposition to public education stems from their ______.
单选题What does the author mean by the statement "A world beyond the immediate' community was rapidly becoming visible" in lines 15—16?
单选题 You will hear 3 conversations or talks and y, ou must
answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear the recording ONLY
ONCE.
单选题Inwhatwayisabankcreditcarddifferentfromastorecreditaccount?A.Itcanbepresentedatanyplace.B.Theholdercanuseitathisbankonly.C.Itisnotusedatashoponly,butatalmostallkindsofbusinesswherethereisabankcardsign.D.Itcanbeusedonlyatthebankwherethecardisissued.
单选题Cyberspace, data superhighway, multi media — for those who have seen the future, the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives for ever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological Utopia, little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology, while the West concerns itself with the "how", the question of "for whom" is put aside once again.
Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy. Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries, and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade, exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets — with destructive impact on the have-nots.
For them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine. As "futures" are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.
So what are the options for regaining control? One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves — so-called " development communications" modernization. Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries'' economies.
Communications technology is generally exported from the U. S. , Europe or Japan; the patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries. It is also expensive, and imported products and services must therefore be bought on credit — credit usually provided by the very countries whose companies stand to gain.
Furthermore, when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit it for native development. This means that while local elites, foreign communities and subsidiaries of transnational corporations may benefit, those whose lives depend on access to the information are denied it.
单选题Whatshouldonedoifhewantstoworkmoreefficientlyathislowpointinthemorning?A.Changehisenergycycle.B.Overcomehislaziness.C.Getupearlierthanusual.D.Gotobedearlier.