单选题Questions 18 to 20 are based on the monologue about pickpocketing. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 18 to 20.

单选题Whydoesthewomancall?

单选题What did the UN call on nations to do about CO2 and other greenhouse gases in 1992?

单选题What advantage will there be if one buys life insurance instead of making other investments?

单选题A man once had a dream about the Black Forest in Germany. In his 1 he was walking in the forest 2 two men ran out and tried to throw him 3 the ground. He ran off as 4 as he could, 5 they immediately followed. He reached a place where he. 6 two roads in front of him, one to the right and the other to the left. Which road should he 7 ? He heard the two men behind him, 8 nearer and at the same time he heard 9 voice in his ears. It 10 him to go to the right, and he did so. He ran on and on and soon 11 to a small home, he was 12 there kindly and 13 a room to rest in, and so he was saved 14 the two men. That was the dream. Twenty years later he was 15 in the Black Forest and 16 happened in the dream long before, two men suddenly ran out 17 him. He ran and ran, and came to a place with two roads as in the dream. He 18 the dream and went to the 19 . He soon reached a small house. And so he got rid of the two men. His dream of twenty years 20 had saved his life.

单选题Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following job interview. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.

单选题Questions 7--12 Complete the following statements by NO MORE THAN four words for each blank.

单选题At 18, Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the "bubble-boy disease", named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent), she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source, in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992, she is completely healthy with normal immune function, according to one of the doctors who treated her, W.French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. "There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease, " Anderson says, "within 50 years. " It's not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson's early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005, and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don't cause human disease. "The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse, " says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Coruell Medical College. "The cargo is the gene. " At the University of Pennsylvania's Abramson Cancer Center, immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University, researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson's disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children's brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise. But somehow, things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment, patients show a response at first, but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999, when Jesse Gelsinger, an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder, died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer, researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a "marathon mouse" by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already, officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of "gene doping". But the principle is the same, whether you're trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. "Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea, " says Crystal. "And eventually it's going to work. /

单选题The issue of online privacy in the Internet age found new urgency following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, sparking debate over striking the correct balance between protecting civil liberties and attempting to prevent another tragic terrorist act. While preventing terrorism certainly is of paramount importance, privacy rights should not be deemed irrelevant. In response to the attacks, Congress quickly passed legislation that included provisions expanding rights of investigators to intercept wire, oral and electronic communications of alleged hackers and terrorists. Civil liberties groups ex-pressed concerns over the provisions and urged caution in ensuring that efforts to protect our nation do not result in broad government authority to erode privacy rights of U.S. citizens. Nevertheless, causing further concern to civil liberties groups, the Department of Justice proposed exceptions to the attorney-client privilege. On Oct. 30, Attorney General John Ashcroft approved an interim agency rule that would permit federal prison authorities to monitor wire and electronic communications between lawyers and their clients in federal custody, including those who have been detained but not charged with any crime, whenever surveillance is deemed necessary to prevent violence or terrorism. In light of this broadening effort to reach into communications that were previously believed to be "off-limits", the issue of online privacy is now an even more pressing concern. Congress has taken some legislative steps toward ensuring online privacy, including the Children"s Online Privacy Protection Act, and provided privacy protections for certain sectors through legislation such as the Financial Services Modernization Act. The legislation passed to date does not, however, provide a statutory scheme for protecting general online consumer privacy. Lacking definitive federal law, some states passed their own measures. But much of this legislation is incomplete or not enforced. Moreover, it becomes unworkable when states create different privacy standards; the Internet does not know geographic boundaries, and companies and individuals cannot be expected to comply with differing, and at times conflicting, privacy rules. An analysis earlier this year of 751 U. S. and international Web sites conducted by Consumers International found that most sites collect personal information but fail to tell consumers how that data will be used, how security is maintained and what fights consumers have over their own information. At a minimum, Congress should pass legislation requiring Web sites to display privacy policies prominently, in-form consumers of the methods employed to collect client data, allow customers to opt out of such data collection, and provide customer access to their own data that has already been collected. Although various Internet privacy bills were introduced in the 107th Congress, the focus shifted to expanding government surveillance in the wake of the terrorist attacks. Plainly, government efforts to prevent terrorism are appropriate. Exactly how these exigent circum-stances change the nature of the online privacy debate is stiff to be seen.

单选题Man is one of a number of animals that make things, but man is the only one that depends for its very survival on the things he has made. That simple observation is the starting point for an ambitious history programmed that the BBC will begin broadcasting in which it aims to tell a history of the world through 100 objects in the British Museum (BM). A joint venture four years in the making between the BM and the BBC, the series features 100 15 minute radio broadcasts, a separate 13 episodes in which children visit the museum at night and try to unlock its mysteries, a BBC World Service package of tailored omnibus editions for broadcasting around the world and an interactive digital programmed involving 350 museums in Britain which will be available free over the Internet. The presenter is Neil MacGregor, the BM's director, who has moved from the study of art to the contemplation of things. "Objects take you into the thought world of the past," he says. "When you think about the skills required to make something you begin to think about the brain that made it. " From the first moment this series is radio at its best: inventive, clever, and yet always light on its feet. In the mid-17th century Archbishop James Usher, an Irish prelate and scholar, totted up the lifespan of all the prophets mentioned in the Old Testament and concluded that the world had been created on the night preceding October 23rd 4004 B.C. Mr. Macgregor, a more modern historian, begins nearly 1.8m years before that with the Swiss Army knife of the stone age, a hand axe found by Louis Leakey at Moldavia Gorge in Tanzania in the 1930s. Discovering how to chip stones to make a tool that would cut flesh was the moment man learned to be an opportunist. Once invented, the hand axe would hardly change over lm years. It became a passport to the world, and was carried from east Africa to Libya, Israel, India, Korea and even to a gravel pit near Heathrow airport where one was buried 600,000 years ago. Mr. Macgregor is less interested in advertising the marvels of the 250-year-old universal museum he heads than in considering who made the objects he discusses. That involves drawing together evidence of how connected seemingly disparate societies have always been and rebalancing the histories of the literate and the non-literate. "Victors write history; the defeated make things," he says. This is an especially important distinction when considering Africa. The great "Encyclopedia Britannica" of 1911 assumed that Africa had no history because it had no written history. The statues of black pharaohs that Mr. Macgregor discusses in an early programme, for example, are the best visual evidence that a Nubian tribe once seized control of ancient Egypt and that Africans ruled over the Nile for more than a century. The BM's curators spent two years choosing the objects Mr. MacGregor examines. In particular, they sought out things that would help him draw out universal themes. Periclean Athens and Achaemenid Iran existed at more-or-less the same time, between 500 BC and 450 BC. By examining objects from each place, Mr. MacGregor is able to compare two different ways of constructing a highly efficient state and nimbly reassesses Athens in the context of the Persia it was fighting. The importance of trade is another theme. Silver pieces of eight were a passport to trade, and, as the first object of a global economy, a key step in the history of money. Minted in South America from the end of the 15th century, they crossed both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. So widely were these silver coins used that interruptions in the production of silver in Mexico and Peru had a severe knock-on effect. In Europe silver shortages led to a sudden massive expansion of the money supply and the hyperinflation of the mid-17th century. Mr. Macgregor also uses coins, the simplest common sign of a centralized rule, to explore the personification of power as well as the history of money and of trade. In the Middle East the head of the Byzantine emperor was stamped on coins for several centuries. But in the early 690s, for example, Umayyad diners from Damascus suddenly switched from displaying heads of rulers to showing the Shahabad, the declaration of belief in the oneness of Allah. It was the first time political power, as represented by coinage, was connected to a set of unchanging universal ideas rather than a person. Of the 100 objects, only one has not been selected yet. Mr. Macgregor is waiting until the last possible moment to pick out the best symbol of our own time.

单选题Whoistheman?A.Studentadvisor.B.Courseteacher.C.Admissionsofficer.D.Departmentsecretary.

单选题{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} If you are tired of watering your plants every day, you might want to try growing them right in the water. And in fact this is not a new idea: People in ancient Egypt were growing plants without soil more than 2,000 years ago. Moreover, the floating gardens of the Aztecs in early Mexico are another ancient example of gardening without soil. Nowadays this technique is widely used. It is called hydroponic gardening. Literally, the term hydroponics means cultivating in water rather than in soil, and in fact normal soil is not used in this process. But plants are plants, and so the concerns of the hydroponic gardener are really much the same as those of any other farmer. Even when they do not grow in soil, all plants need food, stability, oxygen, and protection from disease. The main nutrients required by plants are nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. Also, small amounts of other elements are needed. In the ancient hydroponic gardens of Egypt and Mexico, the growers had to rely on minerals that occurred naturally in the water. In modem hydroponic applications, workers carefully add these important minerals to pure water; in this way, the balance of waterborne nutrients can be controlled, depending on the kind of plants being grown and on the speed of growth of the crop. Plants usually get stability from the soil around their roots. Obviously, water cannot provide this. Plants farmed hydroponically are supported either by growing through a mesh over the Water, or by sinking their roots into sand or pea-sized gravel soaked in water. Either way, the plants stay upright, with their leaves exposed to the sun. They need no soil because, in this system, they do not derive nutrients from the medium that gives them stability. Oxygen is another essential requirement. The roots as well as the leaves of all plants must be able to breathe. If insufficient oxygen reaches its roots, a plant will die. To fulfill this need, hydroponic farmers usually keep the nutrient water flowing all the time. As the water circulates, it is aerated by splashing from one container to another: The splashing process increases the amount of absorbed air in the water. Finally, plants need a healthy environment. Especially when plants of the same species are grown close together, there is a real danger that diseases may spread quickly. A very clean growing medium will reduce this risk. Soil, the natural planting medium, may contain many harmful diseases or pests, but hydroponic gardening does not use soil. Starting with pure water and clean sand or gravel, the hydroponic gardener avoids many uncertainties. In these ways, hydroponics can overcome important agricultural challenges. For instance, hydroponic farming is able to produce worthwhile crops in regions where the soil is too poor for ordinary gardens, or where the supply of water is too scarce for normal irrigation. Also, even in fertile areas, hydroponic greenhouse makes it possible to cultivate small areas extremely densely: This can be very profitable during winter in cold climates, such as Canada or the Northern United States. Such considerations may not have mattered to the ancient Egyptians or Aztecs, but they are the basis of a thriving hydroponics industry today.

单选题You will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear each recording only once.

单选题

单选题{{B}}TEXT 2{{/B}} Yes, that college tuition bill was bigger this year. States are passing along their budget woes to public university students and their families. Tuitions are rising by double digits in some states, while the amount of state-funded student aid is dropping. Although incomes are rising by only 1% to 2% in most states, tuition at four-year public schools has leapt by 24% in Massachusetts, 20% in Texas and 7% nationally since the 2001-2002 school year. New York had the smallest increase, 0nly 2%. But proposed tuition increases of 35% or more at the State University of New York and the City University of New York would put New York in the lead. Meanwhile, total tuition aid is down 10% in Illinois, 13% in Connecticut and 20% in Arkansas. State budget deficits are the cause. Nationally, states spend about 48% of their revenue on education, or about $ 235 billion in 2001 for kindergarten through college, says the National Governors Association. Elementary and secondary education budgets are protected in many state constitutions, which means that they are generally the last expense that states will cut. But higher education is vulnerable to budgets cuts--and' tuition increase--because lawmakers tend to see it as discretionary: No one has to go to college, after all. Colleges and universities "have clients they can charge," says the National Center's president, Patrick M. Callan. "Tuition is the easiest money to get," he adds. The rising cost of public education, and the fear that it is financially squeezing some students out of ag education, have prompted some state universities to adopt a practice long used by private schools to attract students: tuition discounting. In tuition discounting colleges turn around a share of the tuition paid by some students, and use it to pay for scholarships for others. Private colleges typically return $ 35 to $ 45 in scholarships for every $100 they collect in tuition revenue. But until recently, states have viewed discounting as politically unpopular. The increasing cost of a college education is beginning to attract the attention of lawmakers, especially Congress, which already has begun hearings on college costs. But Congress isn't in a mood to raise the $4,000 grants it offers to needy students under its Pell Grant program. Moreover, tuition has long been so low in some states--specially Iowa, Kansas and Illinois, which now are levying some of the biggest increases--that public outcries may fall on deaf legislative ears. Indeed, college presidents and trustees see big tuition increase in low-priced states as a good way to make the schools less dependent on appropriations that can swing wildly from year to year. There are a few steps students and their families can take to offset rising tuitions, but not many. Because colleges are always interested in raising academic quality, talented students can pit one college against another in hopes of raising their financial-aid offer. Some colleges now invite students to call and renegotiate their aid packages if they get a better offer from another institution, and even those that don't say as much are willing to talk. In trying to attract the most desirable students, universities are mired in an "armed race", building expensive facilities that most students will never use, but pay for anyway.

单选题 {{I}}Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk on different superstitions and customs. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.{{/I}}

单选题Whatshouldonedoifhewantstoworkmoreefficientlyathislowpointinthemorning?A.Changehisenergycycle.B.Overcomehislaziness.C.Getupearlierthanusual.D.Gotobedearlier.

单选题Questions 7--12 Complete the following sentences with NO MORE THAN three words for each blank.

单选题War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation, that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function: It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed. The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection. The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other, sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment, allegiance, and supreme, sacrifice. Times of war test a community's deepest religious and ethical commitments.

单选题Apart from enormous productivity, another important impetus to high consumption is ______.