单选题Whatisthemaintopicoftheinterview?A．ThehousingsituationinBritain.B．Settingupnewtowns.C．HowtosolvehousingproblemsinBritain.D．Providinghousesforthehomeless.

单选题 Questions 11 to 13 are based on a conversation between two lovers in which the girl tells the boy how to get to some places. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.

单选题The new-technology revolution in American newspapers has brought increased circulations, a wider range of publications and an expansion of newspaper jobs in spite of reduced manning in the composing rooms. Payrolls in the publishing industry more than doubled in a decade from $3.1 billion in 1972 to $6.3 billion in 1981. Capital investment, largely as a result of re-equipment with new technology, doubled from $554m in 1972 to $1.02 billion in 1981. Circulation of weekly newspapers has grown from 21m in 1960 to 49m in 1985. Big city dailies have remained relatively static, with total circulation going from 58m to 63m. Sunday papers, though, have grown more dramatically from 8.6m to 56m. This reflects the trend toward specialisation. Growth has been especially strong in the number and circulation of suburban and small-community newspapers. In 1965 there were only 357 semi-weekly papers; in 1982, 508. There has also been a dramatic rise in newspapers circulating nationwide something that hardly existed in the old days. The Wall Street Journal is producing regional editions that have catapulted it into becoming the nation's largest-circulation newspaper, a role formerly held by the New York Daily News. In addition, USA Today and the New York Times have used technological advances, particularly satellite-delivery of pages to regional production facilities, to achieve unprecedented growth. A number of daily papers have added Sunday editions -made possible through the new technology in response to demand from advertisers. Total newspaper employment, according to government statistics, rose from 345,000 in 1965 to 443,000 in 1984 and that figure does not fully cover the multitude of local papers. But the International Typographical Union, which formerly had a firm grip on nearly all printing jobs, has shrunk from over 100,000 in 1967 to 40,000 today, of whom about 4,000 are in fact retired members. The prospect is that the union may be reduced to 5,000 members in the near future. According to Jim Cesnik of the 33,000-member journalists' union, the Newspaper Guild, employment of journalists has grown but not to the same extent as that of sales people pushing advertising and circulation. The guild, however, has few members on the small local papers. The New York Times spent $2m on radio advertising to boost home-delivery of the paper in the first nine months of 1985 -a campaign responding to a fall in the number of streetside news-stands. The general growth in circulations has helped increase advertising revenue among dailies from $15 billion in 1965 to $66 billion in 1982. An interesting development noted by Charles Cole, a consultant to the 1,375-member American Newspaper Publishers Association, is that local newspapers have expanded their news-gathering teams, and some now send people abroad as well as having representatives in many American cities. Other departments in papers have also advanced, according to Cole. For example, mail rooms of many newspapers employ up to 25% more people handling the national advertising inserts that have become common. However, more automatic machinery may well reduce manning here.

单选题Questions 1--3 Choose the best answer.

单选题Questions 4--7 Answer the following questions by using NO MORE THAN three words.

单选题{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} From China to America, political leaders are wondering how to handle with the newly-elected Russian President Vladimir V. Putin. The 47-year-old leader has not yet to reveal details of his foreign-policy vision, but this is much clear. He wants Russia to stand tall—or at least, taller—in the world. "It would be unreasonable to be afraid of a strong Russia, but one should reckon with it, "he declared in an "open letter" to voters shortly after they elected him on March 26. "One can insult us only at one's own peril." The important point is whether Putin's efforts to build new respect for Russia will lead to confrontation with the West. For now, Putin seems hopeful of putting Russian—Western relations on a better standing— despite U.S. and European criticism of the Chechen War. Putin is the one taking the initiative, media say, for a tete-a-tete with U. S. President Bill Clinton. The pair discussed a possible meeting when Clinton called Putin on March 27 to congratulate him. They hope to meet before the July Group of Eight meetimg in Okinawa. "Putin wants it to be constructive," says Robert Legvold, a Russia watcher at Columbia University. The new president, Putin seems willing to negotiate arms control and security issues with Washington. Clinton wants Russia's agreement to revise the 1972 anti-ballistic missile treaty so that the U. S. can build a limited national missile defense. Putin would want something in return—perhaps the right to sell its missile-defense technology to potential customers such as South Korea. Putin is also looking for a deal from the Paris Club of creditor governments on reducing $40 billion in Soviet debt. Encouraged by Putin's promises to enforce the rule of law, the creditors are likely to give him a break. Any sober calculation of Russia's global status suggests that Russia needs the West more than the West needs Russia. And whatever is generally thought, Russia has more to gain from America and Europe than it does from China. That's why the West should be unafraid of laying down rules for Putin—and brace for a time of testing. Putin is often described as both an opportunist and a cynic, but there is no doubt one attribute that he respects: power.

单选题From the text, it can be inferred that the author

单选题According to the passage, the New York Graphic's inclusion of photographs contributed to______ .

单选题Perhaps it's the weather, which sometimes seals London with a gray ceiling for weeks on end. Or maybe it is Britons' penchant for understatement, their romantic association with the countryside or their love of gardens. Whatever the reason, while other cities grew upward as they developed, London spread outward, keeping its vast parks, its rows of townhouses and its horizon lines intact. But as the city's population and its prominence as a global business capital continue to grow, it sometimes seems ready to burst at the seams. In response, developers are turning to a type of building that used to be deeply unfashionable here, even as it flourished in other capitals of commerce: the skyscraper. In recent years, a cluster of sizable office towers have sprouted on the periphery of London, in its redeveloped Docklands at Canary wharf. But skyscrapers now are pushing into the heart of the City, London's central financial district, and surrounding areas along the Thames. The mayor, Ken Livingstone, champions tall buildings as part of his controversial plans to remake central London as a denser, more urban sort of place, with greater reliance on public transport. First he angered some drivers by charging them a toll to enter the city center on workdays, now he finds himself opposed by preservation groups, including English Heritage, that want to keep London's character as a low-rise city. For now, the mayor seems to be getting his way. One prominent tower, a 40-story building designed by Norman Foster for the Swiss Re insurance company was completed this year. A handful of others have received planning permission and at least a dozen more have been proposed. By far the most prominent of these buildings—and one that finally looks like it will go ahead after a drawn-out approval process—is the London Bridge Tower, designed by the Italian architect Renzo Piano. The developer Irvine Sellar won government approval for the building late last year and says he is completing the financing and hopes to start work by early 2005. The 306-meter, or 1,016-foot, tower would be by far the tallest building in Britain, in all of Europe, in fact, surpassing the 264-meter Triumph Palace in Moscow, a residential building that was finished late last year. To be sure, even the London Bridge Tower would be modest by the standards of American or Asian skyscrapers, or some of the behemoths on the 'drawing boards for places like Dubai and Shanghai. The tallest building in the world at the moment is the 509-meter Taipei 101 tower in Taiwan, according to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. But it will surely be surpassed soon amid a boom in construction that persists. In a city that has been reluctant to reach for the sky, perhaps it is appropriate that Piano is the architect for what probably will he London's tallest building. He is ambivalent about skyscrapers, too, and has designed only a handful alongside such projects as the Pompidou Center in Paris, with Richard Rogers, and parts of the reconstructed Potsdamer Platz In Berlin. English Heritage has been far less enthusiastic, arguing that the building would obstruct views of a high-rise from a much earlier era, Christopher Wren's St. Patti's Cathedral. To overcome opposition, the building was designed with a mixed-use function. Much of the bottom half of the building will house offices, but above that there will be a "public piazza" with restaurants, exhibition spaces and other entertainment areas. Further above, the loftier, narrower floors will be taken up by a hotel and apartments. On the 65th floor there will be a viewing gallery. The upper 60 meters, exposed to the elements, will house an energy-saving cooling system in which pipes will be used to pump excess heat up from the offices below and dissipate it into the winds. "We knew we had no chance of getting it approved unless we had a high-quality design from a top international name," Sellar said. The emphasis on quality is a reflection not only of an aversion to skyscrapers, but also of a desire not to repeat mistakes. London had one previous fling with tall—or semi-tall—buildings, in the 1960s and '70s, but their blocky, concrete shapes did little to impress.

单选题Sometimes, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. This phenomenon is ______ . A. bilingualism B. diglossia C. pidgin D. creole

单选题Whyisitnecessarytogiveacointosomeonewhenyougivehimapresentwithasharpedgeorpoint?A.Tospeciallycelebratehisbirthday.B.Toexpresssomespecialmeaningwhichyoudarenottel1directly.C.Towishforalong-lastingfriendship.D.Towishyourfriendgoodluckinhislife.

单选题While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than males do under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with, " says Dr. Yehuda. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's", she observes, "it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner". Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relation ships can be quite devastating. " Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better. " Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the ear payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck. " Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

单选题Questions 14—17 are based on the following talk.

单选题What particular advantage does Professor Thring's coal miner have?

单选题Questions 17～20 are based on the following talk. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17～20.

单选题{{B}}Test 3{{/B}} We enter the new millennium with more poor people than the world has ever known. Out of 6 billion now (compared with fewer than 2 billion in 1900), 1.3 billion are below the absolute poverty line, living on less than $ 1 a day, and 2.8 billion eke out survival on less than $ 2 a day. Inequality has multiplied enormously. The gap between the one-fifth of the world' s people who live in the poorest countries and the one-fifth who live in the richest countries is now 71 to 1. In 1990 it was 60 to 1 and in 1960 it was 30 to 1. Yet in Asia, the absolutely poor are now one-third of the total, compared with onehalf in 1970. Their average life expectancy is 65 years, compared with 48 years then, and 70 percent of adults are now literate, compared with 40 percent. So there has been improvement. But excruciating misery is still with us, even as part of the world flushes with prosperity never known before. For one thing, the wealthy countries have cut back severely on foreign aid since the end of the Cold War, and as income continues to rise in the richest countries, generosity continues to fall. But overwhelming poverty is no longer accepted by everybody as a fact of nature. Enough people have become convinced that something can be clone about it to organize a diverse array of projects, and most projects are no longer based on the idea of the virtue of giving bounty only to those who deserve it because "Poverty is largely manmade." This is a dramatic new concept in the sweep of history. It is by no means taken for granted, but it is no longer inconceivable, as it was just a few years ago. In fact, even the word poverty is disdained by development specialists because of its implication of inferior capacity, beyond repair. The specialists prefer to speak of exclusion, which suggests a minority that has yet to be given its chance. This chance is not merely aid. Aid can be perverted by mismanagement and bad ideas; it can support corrupt governments that exploit their people; it can be wasted in grandiose projects that fail to pay off. In today's world, economic 15rogress is no longer mainly about heavy, visible things involving iron and steel and electricity. Progress in the 21~t century will be about light, invisible things like information technology, and will therefore necessarily be focused on the education and motivation of people. Therefore this is a new concept of poverty. It not only admits the serious situation the world encounters, but also states that to fundamentally change it, we must not overlook the human factor, otherwise, theories, ideology, even balance sheets will turn out to be of no avail.

单选题Themanis______.A.aretiredpilotB.aretiredengineerC.apostofficerD.afarmer

单选题Just three weeks before Polar Lander was set to arrive at Mars, a NASA panel issued its report on the Climate Orbiter failure in September. The prime cause of that disaster, as everyone now knows, was a truly dumb mistake. The spacecraft's builder, Lockheed Martin Astronautics, provided one set of specifications in old-fashioned English units, while its operators at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory were using metric. But the report also uncovered management problems that let the mistake go undiscovered,including poor communication between mission teams, poor training and inadequate staffing. Indeed, the navigation team was seriously overworked, trying to run three missions at once. Because the Polar Lander was also built by Lockheed Martin, and because it was to use Climate Orbiter as a communications relay, the panel looked into that probe too, finding the same weak management. "A recurring theme in the board's deliberations," reads the report, "was one of 'Who's in charge?' It also raised questions about the probe's landing technology, which was complex, risky and largely untested. With Polar Lander nearing its final plunge, NASA promised to respond to the concerns, and the agency did address a couple of them. But by then, the die was largely cast. Maybe the lander was done in by something unforeseeable--a badly placed boulder, perhaps, or a crevasse--hich no probe could have avoided. And given the complexities of getting a spacecraft to Mars and having it work properly, it's no surprise that something should go bad. One of the big advantages to the faster-cheaper-better approach, in fact; is that when probes inevitably do fail, the loss is relatively small. Mars Observer, which vanished without a trace just before Coldin took office, cost the nation more than $1 billion, Climate Orbiter and the Polar Lander have set taxpayers back only $319 million between them. "We launched 10 spacecraft in 10 months," said Coldin. "We used to launch two a year. We have to be prepared for failure if we're going to explore." Even NASA's critics agree that doing things faster, better and cheaper makes sense--if it's done right. Says Pike: "This should provide an opportunity for a midcourse correction. ' Some sort of correction may already be under way. Coldin has launched a new investigation to look into the Polar Lander loss, and NASA chief of space science Edward Weiler said last week the agency would rethink its ambitious schedule of sending multiple missions to Mars every 26 months through 2007. After years of tipping the other way, "better" may finally be getting the same attention as "faster" and "cheaper" in NASA's mind-set.

单选题Millions of man-hours are lost to industry through employees suffering backache or strain caused by operating poorly designed machines and vehicles or moving awkward and heavy loads. Production is also interrupted by injury from other causes, such as vibration and excessive noise. 66. ______ But help is coming from a perhaps unexpected quarter for companies prepared to plan their workshops and manufacturing lines to take account of these hazards. The necessary information is emerging from a recently formed team of Ministry of Defense scientists at the Army Personnel Research Establishment at Farnborough. They are measuring factors which limit a soldier's ability to cope with advanced technical equipment and new types of vehicles, or to carry out routine jobs under difficult working conditions. The problems of the factory and office manager may at first sight seem distant from those of the Army. 67. ______ A task force of 120 physiologists, biologists, computer scientists, technologists and soldiers is therefore looking for the point at winch human factors set the limit to the use of technology. It is the stage at which no matter how advanced the engineering, it is the man who caused the complicated equipment to fail. Dr. John Nelms, director of the establishment, says: "In an era when there is almost nothing the engineer can not build, man is the limiting factor. The research program marks a new stage in the evolution of the army in looking at how best to make the soldier and technology compatible. If we do not get the relationship fight, the next battlefield could be a shambles." To meet the vast range of occupational hazards faced by the armed forces, the research group is measuring the limits imposed by physical stress arising from heat and cold, noise and vibration, psychological pressure, and the operational stress of putting high technology system into battleground conditions. The army also has an obligation during peacetime and training exercises to ensure that its men are exposed to greater risks to, say, hearing than those encountered in a well-run industry. Trials to discover how stress cuts the efficiency of a man with a guided missile or a new tank electronic control and firing system, perhaps by reducing his "hit rate" from 100 percent to only 50, may appear to be a special requirement. But it is also relevant to the introduction in industry and commerce of new technologies with keyboard controls and visual displays. 68. ______ Different patterns of noise are measured at Farnborough because damage to hearing is produced in various ways. Impulse noise from gunfire produces high pressures on the ear of a short duration, making the effects on the ear difficult to measure. For instance, a rifle shot produces a maximum pressure of 160 decibels, lasting less than a hundredth of a second, at the ear of the marksman, whereas a typical industrial noise might reach an average level of 90 decibels over most of the working day. Some idea of those noise levels is given by what a person hears about 20 feet from a roadway—from motorcycles it is 89 decibels, cars 87 decibels, light commercial vehicles 88 and heavy lorries 92. The effect on the body of lifting, loading and carrying objects is perhaps the work that has the widest common application to industry and the Army. But the methods used today by the research team and the trials section—a group of regular soldiers seconded for two years for tins work—to measure physiological limitations imposed by physical stress and strain are far from usual. The measurements involve monitoring muscle Fatigue by analyzing the bioelectric signals produced during movement and examination of the energy being expended and the muscle strength. 69. ______ Particular tasks scrutinized at Farnborough include such things as the physiological strain in loading 120 mm ammunition within the turret workplace intended for a new tank design. The importance of this type of study was underlined by an analysis of the prototype of an advanced new armored vehicle, which the specialists in human engineering showed could only be operated by about 5 percent of the men in the Army. 70. ______ It will provide further valuable material for the scientific discipline known as ergonomics—firing the job to the workers—to which several university and polytechnic research groups have also made important contributions. A．Although these occupational hazards ale well recognized eliminating them is another matter，and they ale not problems that disappear over-night by a wave of the magic wand of new technology． 　　B．New advances in technology requires specialist research into the best way to operate sophisticated equipment． 　　C．Indeed．the military research emerged because the generals foresaw that the development of a wide range of new equipment，including mall—operated guided missiles and suits for protection against nuclear，chemical and biological dangers，had important implications for the efficiency of the soldier on the battlefield． 　　D．The psychological fear of the battlefield may be missing，but measurements of the degree to which an operator’s skill is impaired by constant noise and other stressful interruptions ale of concern to all businessmen． 　　E．An indication of the stress on the cardiovascular system is made by recording variation in heart rates during work．A tiny tape recorder attached to the individual’s clothing logs the signals． 　　F．Much of this information is being compiled as manuals that will be available to industry as well as suppliers of defense equipment to the Ministry of Defense．

单选题{{I}} Questions 14 to 26 are based on a monologue about stages of sleep. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 to 16.{{/I}}