单选题Whatroledomostpeopleinthemanufacturingtradesplay?

单选题What category does this essay fall into?

单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}} Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A，B，C or D．Mark your answers on {{B}}ANSWER SHEET 1．{{/B}} {{B}}Text 1{{/B}} To produce the upheaval in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid-1860's to the mid-1880's．three primary causes interacted．The mergence of a half-dozen leaders in education provided the personal force that was needed．Moreover，an outcry for a fresher，more practical，and more advanced kind of instruction arose among the alumni and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode all conservative opposition．The aggressive “Young Yale” movement appeared，demanding partial alumni control，a more liberal spirit，and a broader course of study．The graduates of Harvard University simultaneously rallied to relieve the University's poverty and demand new enterprise．Education was pushing toward higher standard in the East by throwing off church leadership everywhere，and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new sense of public duty． The old-style classical education received its most crushing blow in the citadel of Harvard University，where Dr．Charles Elliot，a young captain of thirty-five，son of a former treasurer of Harvard led the progressive forces．Five revolutionary advances were made during the five years of Dr．Elliot administration．They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements，the enlargement of the curriculum and the development of the elective system，the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts，the raising of professional training in law，medicine， and engineering to a postgraduate level，and the fostering of greater maturity in student life．Standards of admission were sharply advanced in 1872-1873 and 1876-1877．By the appointment of a dean to take charge of student affairs，and a wise handling of discipline，the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and less as young animals．One new course of study after another was opened up—science，music，the history of the fine arts，advanced Spanish，political economy，physics，classical philology，and international law．

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} People regard the process of change in a number of different ways: as good and as evil, as therapeutic and as harmful, as fun and as annoying. It all depends on the situation, the type of change and the degree of change. If a man is in a rut, he may be advised to consider a new job. This might be very healthy for him and give him a wholly new, fresh outlook on life, but it might also mean changes in his life which he is unprepared to accept. It might involve moving to a new location or accepting for a period of time an income lower than the one he is used to having for the support of his family. Therefore, he is forced to choose between two unsatisfactory situations. Or the man might live in an area which once contained lots of open spaces which he and his family could use for recreational activities. Gradually the area experienced an ever increasing build up of roads, houses, stores and population. It is no longer the same kind of place which it was when he had chosen to live there, and he is unhappy about it. The process of change has overtaken him, but should he force himself to undergo the even more drastic change of relocating himself in another area where the same type of process may again overtake him? Or must he learn to adjust himself to this process of change over which he seemingly has no control? How can he reconcile himself to the sources of his unhappiness? Is it possible that he can have absolutely no control over his destiny? Must he abandon the idea that he can be master of his fate and accept the idea that adjustment and submission to the process of change are the only hopes he has for happiness? It is recognized that people can only absorb so much change at one time. Too many changes, or changes which are too drastic, can cause anything from anxiety to death. Some people can face change better than others, and this ability seems to depend on the individual's stability, maturity and flexibility. Facing change is often regarded as a test of these qualities. The subject merits consideration, for at no time in human history have people been faced with not only so many changes, but also such unprecedented changes — changes so drastic that they might be considered to be "firsts" in human history. One such "first" concerns the type of catastrophes we are now capable of causing. A function of each generation is to preserve and protect what we have. The desire to do this is behind most of our work, loyalties and assumptions. In the past, major catastrophes, such as wars, plagues and earthquakes, could destroy only a fraction of the human race and environment. Most people and societies were not affected by and often were not even aware of such catastrophes when they occurred. One of the causes of present unrest in the world is that today, for the first time, we are aware that there exists the potential for a catastrophe which would affect everyone, everywhere. A second unprecedented change has resulted from our discovery of our geographical boundaries. In the past, most societies showed a concern for preserving the productivity of their environment by letting fields rest or by imposing restrictions on hunting or farming in certain areas. In America, however, for many years the existence of seemingly boundless resources meant that there appeared to be little necessity to consider the gradual depletion of them. Then there was also the possibility of migration as an ultimate recourse in order to survive. Today this is not the case. There is simply nowhere left to go, and the psychic repercussions have been great. A third unprecedented change relates to the perpetuation of the species. In the past, human societies to adopt values whose aim was to insure that the society would not die out. Therefore, people were highly concerned with protecting their physical existence and their cultural heritage both for themselves and for future generations. A vital concern was always the matter of having a sufficient number of children. Today, when human survival depends more on reducing the number of children rather than increasing it, these traditional values are no longer useful and may, in fact, be dangerous. The times call for a drastic change in the image and role of both the male and the female. For many, these changes are hard to bear. A fourth change is the amount and rate of change itself. For the first time in human history, regular and successive revolutions of many types occur and must be adapted to. This is in contrast to the snail's pace at which changes occurred in the past. Change, too, is now more universal. No longer does a great revolution occur only once and only in a single place, affecting only a small group or a single society. Rather, what happens in one part of the world will soon have its impact on some other part of the globe. And the areas in which change may take place are innumerable. The implications of any given changes are staggering. Truly, no one can really know what changes tomorrow will bring. Neither is one able to guess what his life will be like in twenty or forty years. It is generally accepted that the young can adjust to change more easily than can adjust to change to older people, who it is generally thought have lost the ability to accept change. Yet, perhaps this idea ought to be reexamined. Possibly it is the young who are most in need of learning how to adapt to the realities of modem society. After all, the old have already had to adapt to the successive changes of a number of generations. On the other hand, perhaps the human race has reached a saturation point insofar as change is concerned, and those who are faced with an overwhelming amount of it simply cannot cope. Unfortunately, there is no longer any place to go and hide.

单选题We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7--8 hours' sleep alternating with some 16--17 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified. The question is no mere academic one. The case, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shies are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently. One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research by Bonjer of the Netherlands, however, has shown that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the week-end and that this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shifts to a corps of permanent night workers whose nocturnal wakefulness may persist through all week-ends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shifts workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep, digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work. This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting these people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his performance, but this can be laborious. Fortunately, we again have a physiological measure which correlates reasonably well with the behavioral one, in this case performance at various times of the day or night, and which is easier to take. This is the level of body temperature, as taken by an ordinary clinical thermometer. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work the pattern will only gradually reverse to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance and general alertness. Therefore by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.

单选题 Questions 14 to 16 are based on a conversation between a woman and her doctor. You now trove 15 seconds to read Questions 14 to 16.

单选题Not long ago, a mysterious Christmas card dropped through our mail slot. The envelope was addressed to a man named Raoul, who, I was relatively certain, did not live with us. The envelope wasn't sealed, so I opened it. The inside of the card was blank. Ed, my husband, explained that the card was both from and to the newspaper deliveryman. His name was apparently Raoul, and Raoul wanted a holiday tip. We were meant to put a check inside the card and then drop the envelope in the mail. When your services are rendered at 4 a.m. , you can't simply hang around, like a hotel bellboy expecting a tip. You have to be direct. So I wrote a nice holiday greeting to this man who, in my imagination, fires The New York Times from his bike aimed at our front door, causing more noise with mere newsprint than most people manage with sophisticated black market fireworks. With a start, I realized that perhaps the reason for the 4 a.m.—wake-up noise was not ordinary rudeness but carefully executed spite: I had not tipped Raoul in Christmases past. I honestly hadn't realized I was supposed to. This was the first time he'd used the card tactic. So I got out my checkbook. Somewhere along the line, holiday tipping went from an optional thank-you for a year of services to a Mafia-style protection racket (收取保护费的黑社会组织). Several days later, I was bringing our garbage bins back from the curb when I noticed an envelope taped to one of the lids. The outside of the envelope said MICKEY. It had to be another tip request, this time from our garbage collector. Unlike Raoul, Mickey hadn't enclosed his own Christmas card from me. In a way, I appreciated the directness. "I know you don't care how merry my Christmas is, and that's fine, " the gesture said. "I want $30, or I'll 'forget'to empty your garbage bin some hot summer day. " I put a check in the envelope and taped it back to the bin. The next morning, Ed noticed that the envelope was gone, though the trash hadn't yet been picked up: "Someone stole Mickey's tip! " Ed was quite certain. He made me call the bank and cancel the check. But Ed had been wrong. Two weeks later, Mickey left a letter from the bank on our steps. The letter informed Mickey that the check, which he had tried to cash, had been cancelled. The following Tuesday morning, when Ed saw a truck outside, he ran out with his wallet. "Are you Mickey?" The man looked at him with scorn. "Mickey is the garbageman. I am the recycling. " Not only had Ed insulted this man by hinting that he was a garbageman, but he had obviously neglected to tip him. Ed ran back inside for more funds. Then he noticed that the driver of the truck had been watching the whole transaction. He peeled off another twenty and looked around, waving bills in the air. "Anyone else?" Had we consulted the website of the Emily Post Institute, this embarrassing breach of etiquette (礼节) could have been avoided. Under "trash/recycling collectors" in the institute's Holiday Tipping Guidelines, it says, "$10 to $30 each. " You may or may not wish to know that your pet groomer, hairdresser, mailman and UPS guy all expect a holiday tip.

单选题 {{B}} Questions 17～20 are based on the following talk. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17～20.{{/B}}

单选题At the dawn of the 20th century, suburbia was a dream inspired by revulsion to the poverty and crowding of the cities. In the visions of architects, there would be neighborhood parks, tree-lined streets and low-density housing free from the pollution and social problems of the cities. As the top map of the New York City metropolitan area shows, commuter suburbs had sprung up near the railway lines on Long Island and Westchester County by 1930, but further expansion was fueled in large part by the automobile. Eventually it was apparent that much of suburbia was not delivering on the early promise. The extraordinary growth of car ownership in 20th-century America was made possible by abundant domestic oil, the world"s largest highway system, and low taxes on vehicles and gasoline. But suburban growth would not have been nearly as great were it not for government policies that penalized cities and rewarded suburbs. For instance, federal mortgage insurance programs tended to promote new housing on outlying land rather than repair of existing city housing and, furthermore, excluded racially mixed neighborhoods that were deemed unstable. American communities have far fewer impediments to expansion than European ones: London, for instance, restricted sprawl by establishing greenbelts on its periphery. Tax deductions for mortgage interest in the U. S. have been larger than. those of most other countries. Furthermore, suburban jurisdictions in the u. s. have far greater zoning powers than their foreign counterparts and use this power to reinforce low-density housing by requiring large lots, thus increasing the number of affluent taxpayers and reducing the need to supply services to needy families. Arguably, the most important stimulus to "white flight" out of the city was fear of crime, particularly crime by blacks—a fear reinforced by the social pathologies of public housing, where blacks and other minorities predominate. Such apprehension helps to explain why revitalization projects and improved mass-transit systems have failed to lure the middle class back to the city in large numbers. Suburban expansion may conjure up images of aesthetic degradation and cultural sterility, but it has provided better housing for millions. In the process of suburbanization, low-income city families have also benefited because of the housing stock that became available as the middle class fled. By spreading out, U.S. cities avoided the sometimes oppressive densities of Japanese and European cities. Indeed, so great is the compactness in Tokyo that Japanese officials see deconcentration as a high priority. Overall, however, the suburban push financially hurt cities, which saw their tax bases shrink. They were disproportionately affected by unfunded federal mandates and thus hindered in efforts to provide quality schools and reliable municipal services. Indeed, New York City"s fiscal problems in the 1970s followed, and were worsened by the middle-class flight into the suburbs. The outflow, rather than population growth, drove rapid suburban spread.

单选题{{I}} Questions 14 to 17 are based on an interview about swimming. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 to 17.{{/I}}

单选题 {{I}}Questions 14 - 16 are based on the following conversation. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 - 16.{{/I}}

单选题Questions 11～13 are based on the following talk. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11～13.

单选题 Questions 11～13 are based on the following story about the ancient city of Pompeii. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11～13.

单选题 Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk on the changes of the world. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.

单选题 You will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear the recording ONLY ONCE. {{B}} Questions 11～13 are based on the following talk. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11～13.{{/B}}

单选题The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional "paid" media — such as television commercials and print advertisements — still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create "earned" media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage "owned" media by sending email alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its website. In fact, the way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media — for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its website. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson ＆ Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them. If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.

单选题Whereispopulationgrowthhappening?A.Inallcountriesintheworld.B.Inonlyafewcountries.C.Inmostcountries.D.Mainlyindevelopedcountries.

单选题 {{I}}Questions 17 to 20 are based on the talk about George Orwell. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.{{/I}}

单选题 Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk on writing vs. teaching. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.

单选题The concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are towed to populated regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons than real life. But now it is being considered quite seriously by many nations, especially since scientists have warned that the human race will outgrow its fresh water supply faster than it runs out of food. Glaciers are a possible source of fresh water that have been overlooked until recently. Three quarters of the Earth's fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, a reservoir of untapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1, 000 years. Floating on the oceans every year are 7, 659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10, 000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica. Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year. Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself freezes; rather, they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over the sea. As they drift away from the polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in a direction opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents. Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 degrees south of the equator in the Atlantic ocean. To corral them and steer them to parts of the world where they are needed would not be too difficult. The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting in warmer climates and the funneling of fresh water to shore in great volume. But even if the icebergs lost half of their volume in towing, the water they could provide would be far cheaper than that produced by desalination, or removing salt from water.