单选题The threat of diseases such as influenza or tuberculosis re-emerging in virulent form has been a common theme in recent years. That threat is not limited to human airwaves, our food plants get sick too, and just as human diseases evolve to evade antibiotics, so the diseases that strike our crops evolve to sidestep the resistance genes we have bred into them. For the vast majority of the calories the world eats, the key crop is grain. A ruinous wheat disease we have not had to worry about since the 1950s is making a comeback, and unless we are very lucky, we will not have sufficient defences to protect crops everywhere in the world against it in time. That stem rust would evolve and return to plague us was inevitable, but our lack of preparation to ward it off was not. Research into stem rust was bound to tail off once the disease seemed beaten, but the world let down its guard too far, for ideological reasons. In the 1980s governments of industrialized countries, especially the UK and US, started to lose patience with the "multilateral" agencies that engineered much of the global progress in agriculture after the Second World War. Each government wanted the agencies to dance only to its tune. This included the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research, the global network of labs that created the "Green Revolution". The CGIAR remains the leading, sometimes only source of agricultural research devoted to global good rather than private profit. "Multilateral" funding meant these labs received income from rich donors with no strings attached. Researchers at the labs were able to spend the money the way they thought best—including the unglamorous task of making sure that crops" disease resistance kept pace with the diseases. However, for more than two decades, donors have been cutting this funding in favour of only financing projects allied to their own interests. As wheat stem rust re-emerged in 1999, the main CGIAR wheat lab was entering a major funding crisis, and ended up sacking a quarter of its scientists. It has taken until now to beg enough money to fight the disease. There are now signs that donors may be moving back to more open-ended funding, which is to be encouraged. They should also increase their derisory funding for this vital research: stem rust is poised to teach us the dangers of complacency. The world population is predicted to rise by another 3 billion by 2050, yet increases in food production have stagnated, technological fixes are spent, and global warming—and the return of diseases like stem rust—look likely to take back many of the gains we have made. Food security affects political security, and one of the first regions to suffer from stem rust will be the volatile Middle East, including Iraq. Agricultural research for the public good is the only way to provide that security. It is certainly cheaper than building armies.

单选题In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows. Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of "trash talk". The topics on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the ever-common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of society's moral catastrophes, yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments of other people's lives. Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individual's quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work week, to getting to know your neighbors. Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a "final word". He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable. Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show's main target audience are middle-class Americans. Most of these people have the time, money, and stability to deal with life's tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18-to 21-year-olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, "sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show's exploitation. While the two shows are as different as night and day, both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world.

单选题 {{I}}Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following monologue about rainwater. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 18 to 20.{{/I}}

单选题The president of a university acts as the institution's chief executive officer. Presidents usually have extensive academic experience as either college or university administrators. In some cases, they may be people of notable achievement outside of academic life. For example, Dwight D. Eisenhower served as president of Columbia University in New York City from 1948 to 1950, after commanding the Allied forces in Europe during World War Ⅱ (1939～1945). He was later elected the 34th president of the United States, in 1952. Presidents of colleges and universities enforce the policies, regulations, and other procedures that govern their institution. They also meet with the board of trustees and make recommendations to the board regarding the government and policies of the school. They appoint and, if necessary, remove other officers of the institution, such as vice presidents or deans; they approve or disapprove new policies and procedures recommended by the institution's administrative and faculty committees; and they represent the college or university to the general public and to the institution's alumni. Depending on the size of the institution, a college or university will appoint a number of vice presidents to assist the president in running the school. The academic vice president is responsible for faculty appointments and dismissals and for approving or revising academic programs. Often the academic vice president is a former dean of a college or other academic division within the institution. The institution's financial and budgetary matters are the responsibility of the vice president for finance. The vice president for student services is responsible for nonacademic matters relating to students, such as operating counseling services, residence halls, and student activities and organizations. The vice president for human resources is responsible for nonfaculty appointments such as the hiring of secretaries and personnel to maintain the grounds and other facilities. The academic deans are the chief executives and administrators of the various colleges or other academic divisions of an institution. For example, at a large university, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the College of Education, and the School of Law each have a dean who is appointed by the president or the academic vice president. Frequently, deans have had experience as chairperson of academic departments in the institution. The responsibilities of deans typically include implementing policies established by the board of trustees and the president; preparing the budgets and overseeing the spending of funds within the academic division; supervising the faculty; recommending faculty in their college or school to the academic vice president for appointment, promotion, tenured or termination; and maintaining or increasing student enrollments in their college or school.

单选题{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} However important we may regard school life to be there is no gainsaying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teachers. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives. Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents apprised of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing, and developmental mathematics. Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. Many interviews carried on during the year as well as new ways of reporting pupils' progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home. To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip, and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis. If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics and, at the same time, enjoying the work. Too often, however, teachers' conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children's misdemenanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestions for penalties and rewards at home. What is needed in a more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional adviser, plants ideas in parents' minds for the best utilization of many hours that the child spends out of the classroom. In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest development of youngsters' capacities.

完形填空The new prestige of the British graduates is the most spectacular because in the past Britain has been much 【B1】 interested in universities and degrees than other advanced countries — or even some backward 【B2】 . In 1901 Ramsay Muir observed that Britain had 【B3】 universities per head than any other civilized country in Europe except Turkey. A UNESCO survey in 1967 【B4】 Britain was still close to the bottom in Europe, in 【B5】 of the proportion of the age-group from twenty to twenty-four who were enrolled in 【B6】 education. Most continental countries in the 【B7】 decade have expanded their higher education faster than Britain. University statistics are notoriously difficult to compare, because of the different implications of the word "student" ; in most continental countries anyone who 【B8】 his final school exam — the baccalaureate — is entitled to go into the university on the principle of "let him pass" ; but he has 【B9】 guarantees of tuition or personal attention. Partly as a result there are far more drop-outs and "ghost students" ; in France half the students never become graduates. A comparison of graduates, as opposed 【B10】 students, shows Britain in 【B11】 favorable light, for most British students take a degree. 【B12】 even in terms of graduates, Britain is still 【B13】 in the Europe league. Going to university is a much more solid ambition among the sons of the bourgeoisie in France or Germany than in 【B14】 ; many of the British middle-classes — 【B15】 the shopkeepers and small-business men — have tended to be skeptical, if 【B16】 actually hostile, to university education for their children, and there are still rich and quite intelligent parents who will prefer their children to go straight 【B17】 school into the city, to the army 【B18】 to farming. But the attractions of a BA or 【B19】 MA have penetrated into areas, 【B20】 among the rich and the poor, where they would not have been felt twenty years ago; and they are far-reaching.

完形填空Walking — like swimming, bicycling and running — is an aerobic exercise, 【B1】 builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and muscles. Such exercises may be a primary factor in the 【B2】 of heart and circulatory disease. As probably the least strenuous, safest aerobic activity, walking is the 【B3】 acceptable exercise for the largest number of people. Walking 【B4】 comfortable speed improves the efficiency of the cardio respiratory system 【B5】 stimulating the lungs and heart, but at a more gradual rate 【B6】 most other forms of exercise. In one test, a group of men 40 to 57 years of age, 【B7】 at a fast pace for 40 minutes four days a week, showed improvement 【B8】 to men the same age on a 30 minute, three-day-a-week jogging program in the same period. Their resting heart rate and body fat decreased 【B9】 These changes suggest 【B10】 of the important — even vital — benefits walking can 【B11】 about. Walking 【B12】 burns calories. It takes 3,500 calories to gain or 【B13】 one pound. Since a one-hour walk at a moderate pace will 【B14】 up 300 to 360 calories. By walking one hour every other day, you can burn up a-pound-and-a-half monthly, or 18 pounds 【B15】 — providing there is no change in your intake of food. To 【B16】 weight faster, walk an hour every day and burn up 3 pounds a month, or 36 pounds a year. 【B17】 your age, right now is the time to give your physical well being as much thought as you 【B18】 to pensions or insurance. Walking is a vital defense 【B19】 the ravages of degenerative diseases and aging. It is nature''s 【B20】 of giving you a tune-up.

完形填空Perhaps there are far 【B1】 wives than I imagine who take it for 【B2】 that housework is neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been 【B3】 But home and family is the one realm in 【B4】 it is really difficult to shake free of one''s upbringing and 【B5】 new values. My parents'' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness was a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that 【B6】 been all, maybe I could have adapted myself 【B7】 housework on an easy-going, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones 【B8】 still believing in it as something constructive 【B9】 it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother 【B10】 to resent doing it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn''t a fit activity for an intelligent being. I was the only child, and once I was at school there was no 【B11】 why she should have continued 【B12】 her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own. I can now begin to 【B13】 why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants to look after, who does not 【B14】 reading because she has not had much of an education, and who is intelligent 【B15】 to find neighborly chit-chat boring, should carry the pursuit of microscopic specks of dust to the 【B16】 of fanaticism in an 【B17】 to fill hours and salvage her self-respect. My parents had not even the status-seeking impetus to send me to university that Joe''s had; my mother 【B18】 me to be "a nice quiet person who wouldn''t be 【B19】 in a crowd" , and it was feared that university education 【B20】 in ingratitude (independence).

完形填空Dolphins are not the only animals 【B1】 humans that use sounds in an apparently intelligent manner. Whales also use a complex system of sounds 【B2】 is similar in many ways to a human language. One type of whale even sings, and its songs can 【B3】 on for as long as three or four hours. What is more, they can be heard under water at 【B4】 of more than 300 kilometers. After analyzing one of these songs with the aid of a computer, Carl Sagan said it 【B5】 at least a million "bits" of information. This is approximately the same 【B6】 of "bits" as in a long poem like The Odyssey. Chimpanzees also use a system of different sounds to communicate with each 【B7】 One type of cry 【B8】 to mean something like " danger in the air" or " big bird" and another apparently means "danger on the ground" or "snake". When they 【B9】 the first cry, they hide under trees or in holes and look up at the sky. The second cry causes them to hide in the upper 【B10】 of trees and to stare nervously at the grass. Chimpanzees are also 【B11】 of learning sign language. So are gorillas. One chimp called Washoe learned to 【B12】 about 160 separate signs meaning 【B13】 things as "Give me a drink" and "banana". Washoe even 【B14】 to swear. She had a teacher called Jack 【B15】 once refused to give her a drink. Washoe 【B16】 angrier and angrier and used several signs which 【B17】 "dirty Jack" ! A group of chimps at research institute in Atlanta, Georgia, have recently 【B18】 taught to type sentences, using a type of computer. The chimps'' trainer was called Tim, and he kept correcting the 【B19】 one of the chimps made. The chimp obviously wanted Tim to stop 【B20】 him and typed out the following request: "Tim, please leave room!"

问答题There have been many technological developments in the 20th century, for example, computers and electric power. Choose either of them, describe the changes it has brought about and discuss whether all the changes are positive. You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题A magazine holds a special discussion on divorce. Write an article to the magazine to state your own point of view on divorce and try to illustrate some reasons for those who are for or against divorce. You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题It is highly suggested by many people that China needs to postpone the retirement age, to deal with the aging of the population. But still many others countered that the problem of unemployment will get worse if the policy is put into practice. What is your opinion on that?

问答题语言注意点求职信不同于简历。在介绍自己情况时，不可面面俱到，否则篇幅过长，反而不易得到重视。应重点突出与所应聘职位相关的自己的特点及特长。语言要有礼貌，要能体现出诚恳的态度和对工作的渴求。 Suppose you are going to graduate from Shanghai University. Write a letter in about 100 words to a company to apply for a post of salesman. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using "Li Ming" instead.

问答题 a．Migration There is a general trend for people to move from the countryside to cities．Should developing countries go along or go against this trend? Why? b．Cities What can be done to make cities more inhabitable? c．Holidays Do you like to spend the Spring Festival with your family in a traditional way or traveling with friends?

问答题Advantages of Modern Technology · Comfort · Convenience · Worldwide information · Enriching human life · Increasing productivity

问答题Part B Discussion: Women face unequal treatment in getting promoted. Interlocutor: Now, Candidate A and Candidate B, in companies throughout the world, there are very few women top executives. What do you think is the cause of this? Is it because women are inferior or because in many cases they are denied access to such positions? If you hold different opinions you may argue and you may also add your own ideas. You just talk to each other and I won't join you. You have 5 minutes. All right, would you begin? (Hand out the list to the candidates) The causes of women's unequal treatment in getting promoted 1. Women are inferior to men. 2. Women are denied access to top positions.

问答题There are always poor people and rich people in the society. People have different attitudes towards wealth and social position. Some people say that wealth or position is a sign of success, others don't think so. Write an article to illustrate your attitudes to this issue. You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to illustrate your points. You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题It is estimated that the number of female teachers accounts for 60-70% of the staff at primary and secondary schools in some cities. What do you think of the phenomenon? Write an essay of about 400 words to state your view. In the first part of your writing you should state your main argument,and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay. Marks will be awarded for content,organization,grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

问答题Interlocutor: Good morning/afternoon. Could I have your mark sheets, please? Thank you. (Hand over the mark sheets to the Assessor. ) My name is... and this is my colleague... He/She will just listen to us. So, you are... (name) and ... (name) ? Thank you. First of all, we'd like to know something about you, so I'm going to ask you some questions. (Select two or more questions from each of the following category for candidates. ) What do you think of yourself as a student? Who will take care of your child in the future? Will you take care of your parents when they grow old? What is the climate like in your hometown? What changes have taken place about transport in recent years in China?

问答题Causes of development of cars: · More mobile · Downtown less crowded · Not force to rely on public transport · Comfort · Changing way of life · Affecting social relationships · Opening up a new world