填空题Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs. They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs. (66) What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care— to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution. (67) But "national" doesn't have to mean that "National" could mean interprovincial-provinces combining efforts to create one body. Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province—or a series of hospitals within a province—negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price. (68) A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join. A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast. (69) Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs. "A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs. " (70) So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients. A．Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report. "The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies. " B．What does "notional" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council. C．The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues. D．According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices. E．So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices. F．Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.

填空题Mobile phone manufacturers are to begin labeling their products to show how much radiation they (31) amid continuing health concerns among consumers. Finnish Nokia, the world's largest mobile phone (32) , US Motorola and Sweden's Ericsson are working to develop a standard for measuring the amount of cell phone (33) that is absorbed by human tissue. The move comes in the wake of the Stewart inquiry in Britain that published findings in May recommending tough controls (34) implemented despite concluding there was no evidence of danger from mobile phone radiation. "This is an (35) consumers feel (36) about, and we want them to get the relevant (37) ," Ericsson Mobile Phones spokesman (38) health and safety issues Mikael Westmark said. "With the huge increase (39) mobile phone users, more and more people want information about the products they use. "There are 570 million mobile phone users worldwide, and the figure is expected to (40) to 1.4 billion in five years' time. Nokia's Tapio Hedman said consumers can get the radiation absorption figures (41) the US Federal Communication Commission. But he said manufacturers had to (42) on a single standard measurement and on (43) these figures could be explained simply to consumers. "All research (44) for several years has not shown any evidence of a correlation (45) health effects and the use of mobile phones," Hedman said, adding all Nokia phones fulfilled relevant safety standards (46) by public authorities. Ericsson (47) to start labeling its phone packages with SAR (specific absorption rate) values by April next year, (48) Motorola said it expected an agreement in early 2001 and would start labeling its products as soon as possible. In August, a Maryland neurologist filed an $ 800 million lawsuit (49) several wireless providers and two umbrella organizations claimed that radiation from his cell phone was (50) for his malignant brain tumor.

填空题The smoking of cigarettes (1) many people had become deeply involved in such guilty feelings. The (2) had been generated (3) part presumably because the smoking habit had been sternly repressed in their childhood, and (4) from their very genuine suspicion (5) cigarettes were coffin nails. The investigators found about a dozen reasons (6) many people continue to smoke (7) their guilty feelings about the (8) ; they smoke to relieve tension, to express sociability, as an aid in anticipating stress, (9) it is an accustomed ritual, and so on. They found that many people like to have a (10) in their fingers when enter a roomful of people (11) it makes them seem less nervous, (12) sophisticated. Perhaps the major discovery of the investigators, (13) is that Americans (14) to prove they are people of manly maturity. They see smoking as proving their vigor and potency. Young people who smoke are trying to be (15) ; and older people who smoke are trying to be younger! The true idealized smoker in this misty mythology is in the prime of (16) Thus adolescents know they have to be "old (17) to smoke"; and (18) they are caught smoking the adults may say, "Oh, the kids just want to be grown up." At the same time (19) is a faint color of disapproval of older women smoking. A psychologist reports that one subject interviewed, in commenting (20) the smoking of an older woman acquaintance, exclaimed: "Oh, she just wants to be a young chicken./

填空题{{B}} A=Henry James B=Theodore Dreiser C=Carl Sandburg D=Sinclair Lewis Who ...{{/B}} {{B}}A{{/B}} Henry James When he was growing up in New York, Henry was given a great deal of independence, so much in fact, that he felt isolated from other people. As a quiet child among exuberant brothers and cousins, Henry was more often an observer than a participant in their activities. When, as a young man, a back injury prevented his fighting in the Civil War, he felt even more excluded from the events of his time. While the adult Henry James developed many close friendships, he retained his attitude of observer, and devoted much of his life to solitary work on his writing. Henry's family lived for a time in Boston, where he became acquainted with New England authors and friends of his father, began his friendship with William Dean Howells, and attended Harvard Law School. After 1866, James lived in Europe much of the time and in 1875 decided to make it his permanent home. He lived in Paris for a year, where he met Turgenev, Flaubert, and Zola. The next year he settled in London and lived there and in the English countryside for the rest of his life. In 1915, a year before his death, to show his sup- port of England in World War Ⅰ, James became a British citizen. {{B}}B{{/B}} Theodore Dreiser Born in small-town Indiana, Dreiser rebelled as a youth against the poverty and narrowness of the life around him. One of his high school teachers recognized his talent and paid his tuition at Indiana University. But Dreiser left college after a year because he felt it "did not concern ordinary life at all". He had various jobs in Chicago: washing dishes, shoveling coal, working in a factory, and collecting bills -- experiences which he later used in his writing. He taught himself to be a newspaper reporter and supported himself as a journalist and editor for many years while he was struggling to become recognized as a novelist. In what was almost a convention of naturalism, Dreiser's first novel was about a prostitute, but unlike Stephen Crane's Maggie, Dreiser's heroine prospers and flourishes. The end furnished a worse shock to Dreiser's readers than his choice of subject: Carrie is not only a rather improbable success on the musical comedy stage but one of her prosperous lovers, whom she has found useful in advancing her career, has suffered a reversal of fortune as startling as Carrie's. Readers in 1900 found the "punishment" of the lover peculiarly distasteful to their notions of justice; according to the prevailing double standard of sexual morality, the woman was supposed to be punished, not the man. {{B}}C{{/B}} Carl Sandburg The polar opposite of R0binson, Carl Sandburg (1878--1967) played the part of the simple workman, down to the cloth cap which he often wore. Nevertheless, he was an artist with words. His language was more colloquial and his rhythms looser than Robinson's; yet he too knew tile value of form and poetic technique. As critic Louis Untermeyer puts it, there are "two Sandburgs: the muscular, heavy-fisted, hard-hitting son of the streets, and his almost unrecognizable twin, the shadow-painter, the haunter of mists, the lover of implications and overtones." Sandburg was born in Galesburg, Illinois, of Swedish immigrant parents. He did odd jobs, served in the Spanish American War, and worked his way through nearly four years of college afterward. From 1910 to 1912 he acted as secretary for the first Socialist mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Not long afterward he attracted public notice with his increasingly powerful poetry, especially the poem, Chicago, and he gradually became able to give most of his time to his writing. He did some literary journalism; he wrote ballads and books for children, and tie continued with his serious poetry. And all the while, his interest in Abraham Lincoln as well as models for his characters. His father was a prosperous merchant; his mother had been a schoolteacher. {{B}}D{{/B}} Sinclair Leis Sinclair Lewis (1885--1951) was born in the town of Sauk Center, Minnesota. He was graduated from Yale after several unhappy years there and then became a journalist and editor. His early writing was commercial and undistinguished. But when he published Main Street in 1920, he proved that he had become a very effective novelist. Main Street immediately captured America's attention, as did Scott Fitzgerald's very different This Side of Paradise, published in the same year. In his first important novel, Lewis established the methods and subject matter that would bring him world fame and eventually a Nobel Prize in Literature -- the first American author to be so honored. That is, he described daily life in America with such a sharp eye and ear that readers could easily recognize it as part of their own experience. But he did it with such an emphasis on the comic and ridiculous that he made his readers laugh, in spite of themselves, at some of the silliness of their country. Like the noted satirists of the past, he wanted to do more than amuse. He wanted to reform the America he pictured by skilfully arousing his readers' sympathies for the non-conformist in a conformist society. The heroine of Main Street is a rebellious young woman who struggles hard to bring culture to her dead little town, and we feel a wry regret when in the end she decides to conform.·died at the age of 89? 71. ______.·graduated from Yale after some unhappy years there? 72. ______.·described daily life in America and made his readers laugh at some silliness of their country? 73. ______.·made Europe his permanent home? 74. ______.·wrote his first novel about a prostitute? 75. ______.·was usually too shy to take part in his brothers' activities when he was young? 76. ______.·died in England? 77. ______.·was a journalist and editor before being recognized as a novelist? 78. ______.·was a Swedish-born American? 79. ______.·wrote children's books? 80. ______.

填空题Walking—like swimming, Bicycling and running—is an aerobic exercise, (31) builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and muscles. Such exercises may be a primary factor in the (32) of heart and circulatory disease. As probably the least strenuous, safest aerobic activity, walking is the (33) acceptable exercise for the largest number of people. Walking (34) comfortable speed improves the efficiency of the cardiorespiratory system (35) stimulating the lungs and heart, But at a more gradual rate (36) most other forms of exercise. In one test, a group of men 40 to 57 years of age, (37) at a fast pace for 40 minutes four days a week, showed improvement (38) to men the same age on a 30 minute, three-day-a-week jogging program in the same period. Their resting heart rate and body fat decreased (39) . These changes suggest (40) of the important—even vital—benefits walking can (41) about. Walking (42) burns calories. It takes 3,500 calories to gain or (43) one pound. Since a one-hour walk at a moderate pace will (44) up 300 to 360 calories. By walking one hour every other day, you can bum up a pound-and-a-half monthly, or 18 pounds (45) —providing there is no change in your intake of food. To (46) weight faster, walk an hour every day and burn up 3 pounds a month, or 36 pounds a year. (47) your age, right now is the time to give your physical well-being as much thought as you (48) to pensions or insurance. Walking is a vital defense (49) the ravages of degenerative diseases and aging. It is nature's (50) of giving you a tuneup.

填空题 You will hear a talk given by an educator about the rental system of the universities in the U. S. , Britain, Austria, Canada, and Australia. As you listen, you must answer Questions 21-30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk TWICE.{{B}} You now have/seconds to read Questions 21-30.{{/B}}

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填空题Chris'particularbriefinherworkistheAsiansection,especially______.

填空题Recycling The concept of green consumerism has gained momentum over the last decade, and the public has been influenced and become more aware of recycling. However, three essential keys are needed to power this movement. Ⅰ. The first step: raise public awareness about A. recycling process —a creative act to (1)______the life and usefulness of the used (1)______ B. kinds of materials that can be recycled —plastic containers, glass bottles, and newspapers C. ways on how to properly (2)______rubbish (2)______ —sort reusable materials from those that can't be recycled very easily —establish a (3)______of collecting the sorted materials (3)______ D. (4)______of the traditional waste disposal method (4)______ —expanding the rubbish dumps into agricultural land or green belt land —the (5)______in consumer waste (5)______ —burying rubbish in a vast deep pit lined with plastic —chemicals used to speed breakdown of the rubbish —returning the site (6)______rubbish in the ground to agricultural use (6)______ Ⅱ. The second step: the development of technology A. provide (7)______support for companies involved in recycling (7)______ 1. tax incentives 2. low-cost (8)______ (8)______ 3. grants to upgrade equipment and further research B. a breakthrough—the new technology to help remove ink from paper, more energy efficient and environmentally safe C. (9)______of paper-recycling (9)______ 1. the difficulty in removing print from paper 2. the amount of energy 3. caustic waste Ⅲ. The third step: expand the (10)______for recycled materials (10)______

填空题 {{B}}A{{/B}} {{B}}Sophia Fowler:{{/B}} Sophia Fowler was born deaf near Guilford, Connecticut, on March 20, 1798. At that time, there were no schools for the deaf in America. However, Sophia had a good mind. She used her intellect and learned many skills by watching the people around her. She learned to cook and sew, and became a modest, gay and charming young lady. Sophia was nineteen years old when her parents learned that a school for the deaf had been founded in Hartford, Connecticut. She entered the school in 1817 and stayed there until the spring of 1821. While she was there, the principal of the school, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet fell in love with her and asked her to marry him. Sophia did not hesitate, and married him in 1821. As Mrs. Gallaudet, she continued to charm the people she met. She was eager to learn from every social situation. Through her contact with the many visitors to her home, she was actually able to continue her education. Mrs. Gallaudet served as matron of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf for nine years. This included two years as head of the department that taught many of the household skills that she had learned as a child, such as cooking and sewing. She retired only when her health began to fail. She died on May 13, 1877. Gallaudet has preserved her memory by naming Fowler Hall, which was originally a women's dormitory and is now part of the graduate school, in her honor. {{B}}B John Lewis Clarke:{{/B}} John Lewis Clarke was not born deaf. He became ill at a young age with scarlet fever. Though he survived, he could no longer hear the sounds that the forest animals made. Because John could not talk, he could not tell his parents about his many animal friends in the forest and the exciting things that he saw, but he found another way to express himself. He made figures of them out of clay from the river banks. When John was old enough to go to school, his parents sent him to the Fort Shaw Indian School. However, since he needed special education, he was transferred to a school for the deaf at Boulder, Montana. He also attended the School for the Deaf at Devil's Lake, North Dakota. When he was older, he enrolled at St. Francis Academy in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he studied wood carving. While he was still in his teens, John returned to Montana and opened a studio. He began to carve all the animals he had known very well in his childhood, and offer them for sale. He painted pictures using water colors and oils, and did excellent pen and ink drawings. He began to make a name for himself as an artist. John spent most of his 89 years at his home studio in Glacier Park. Many important people bought John's work. John's work was on exhibit in many places in this country. John died on November 20, 1970. {{B}}C William E. Hoy:{{/B}} William E. Hoy was born in Houckstown, Ohio, on May 23, 1862. He became deaf when he was two years old. He attended the Columbus Ohio School for the Deaf. After graduation, he started playing semi-pro baseball while working as a shoemaker. Hoy began playing professional baseball in 1886 for Oshkosh (Wisconsin) of the Northwestern League. In 1888, he started as an outfielder with the old Washington Senators. His small stature and speed made him an outstanding base runner. He was very good at stealing bases during his career. In the 1888 major league season, he stole 82 bases. He was also the Senators' leading hitter in 1888. Hoy was ambidextrous; he threw right-handed and batted left-handed. On June 19, 1889, he threw out three batters at the plate from his outfield position. For many years, people talked about Hoy's last ball game in 1903. He was playing for Los Angeles of the Pacific Coast Winter League. It was a memorable game because Hoy made a spectacular play which won the game. It was a very foggy night and, therefore, very hard to see the ball. In the ninth inning, with two men out, Hoy managed to catch a fly ball to make the third out in spite of the fog. Los Angeles defeated their opposition and won the pennant for the year. After he retired, Hoy stayed busy. He ran a dairy farm near Cincinnati for 20 years. On December 15, 1961, William Hoy died at the age of 99. {{B}}D Juliette Gordon Low:{{/B}} Most people do not know that Juliette Gordon Low, the founder of the Girl Scouts of America, was deaf. She began to lose her hearing when she was 17, and became almost totally deaf in her adulthood. Juliette married William Mackay Low and they went to England to live. Juliette became interested in the Girl Guides Association there. She observed their meetings and was very impressed because the girls acquired many useful skills. Juliette thought that girls everywhere should have this opportunity, so she organized several Girl Guides troops in both England and Scotland. When Juliette came back to America for a visit, she started the first Girl Guides troop in the country in her home town, Savannah. By the time she went back to England six months later, there were six Girl Guide troops in Savannah.In 1913, the Girl Guides changed its name to the Girl Scouts. The first national Girl Scout convention was held in Washington, DC, on June 10, 1915. Juliette died in Savannah on January 17, 1927. Thanks to her, there are now Girl Scouts all over the world.·He/she became deaf, went to school, worked as a shoemaker, then played professional baseball? 71. ______·He/She started having trouble with his/her hearing when he/she was 17 years old? 72. ______·He/She continued his/her education after he/she finished school by meeting and interacting with people? 73. ______·His/Her hearing went because of scarlet fever? 74. ______·He/She used determination and persistence to start Girl Scout troops all over the world? 75. ______·He/She attended four different schools during the course of his/her education? 76. ______·He/She studied at the school for the deaf in Harford, Connecticut? 77. ______·He/She served as matron of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf for nine years? 78. ______·He/She was a skilled player who had a great impact on tile game of baseball? 79. ______·He/She was born deaf? 80. ______

填空题When my mother learned she was pregnant with me, my parents sat down one Sunday morning to review their finances. Turning on the radio for a little light music, they penciled some calculations for the savings they would need to make to pay for my college education. The music paused for an announcement that Japanese airplanes were attacking Pearl Harbor. The notes went into the wastebasket. 1 Not so today for all the upheaval of the past half-century, this has been by far the most tranquil period ever. Unlike any of their forebears, a majority of the world"s young adults have good reason to develop plans for their old age. They know they will probably live to see the greenhouse-warmed planet of the late 21st century. 2 This is also unprecedented: never in history have people roused themselves against such a distant threat. Millions of people and whole governments are addressing the issue. Even in the US army, senior officers are studying the implications for their organization and looking for ways to reduce emissions. All this suggests that the pessimists who claim humanity is unable to rise to the challenge have got it wrong. Of course, it is no use having a long-term perspective without the means to do something about it. Fortunately, our social and political mechanisms are progressing swiftly. 3 The past century has brought social progress as dramatic as that in industry. Economic stability, for example, is no accident: it is engineered by an international network of central banks, steadily expanding their cooperation. Non-governmental organizations provide new services, from the certification of "fair trade" coffee to secret cash transfers. In 1948, the UN formally consulted with 41 NGOs; it now consults with more than 1,600. 4 Almost every week we see these powerful tools applied in novel ways, Consider what happened recently when Texas power company TXU revealed plans to build a dozen coal-fired plants that would emit vast amounts of carbon dioxide. An alliance of environmentalist NGOs spotlighted the development on the Internet. Meanwhile, an international financial consortium took an interest. After intense negotiations, the consortium won the environmentalists" public blessing to buy TXU by promising to sharply reduce the planned emissions. The NGOs held no political office and wielded no investment billions; their power came from the skilful organization of a million mouse clicks. 5 These developments are nowhere near enough to guarantee we can meet the challenge of climate change. Time is short and the prospect of even partial success remains uncertain. Yet we can avoid catastrophe by mobilizing our ingenuity and community spirit. Addressing global warming will require less sacrifice than defeating Fascism, but more foresight—and that is exactly what we have been acquiring. If humanity"s track record with long-term problems shows mostly indifference and failure, that need not set precedent for our future. A. Our civilization has grown more stable, not only because scientific advances have doubled life expectancy, but also because we have multiplied our capacity to store, transmit and analyze information. Since 1990, both the volume and speed of traffic on the Internet have doubled every two years or less. We are also much better informed than a generation ago about how society works. B. As such, global warming poses an unprecedented problem. For the first time in history, we have learned with scientific precision of have calamities in store, and find we must change the very basis of the world economy. The remarkable thing is that our society appears to be responding. C. There are immediate steps we can take to reduce emissions, but also, we must invest more heavily now in researching and developing new technologies to reduce emissions further in the future. We can see immediate results in lower emissions. But the real results we want—avoiding drought, sea-level rise, disease, etc. —will come much later. We have to be willing to invest now to avoid much higher costs later. D. Such was life back then: surprised repeatedly by wars and revolutions, by the rise and collapse of ideologies like Fascism, and by periods of raging inflation and catastrophic depression, few could confidently predict what their lives would be like even a decade ahead. E. Most unexpected of all is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The IPCC was created by conservatives to forestall "alarmist" declarations from self-appointed committees of scientists. Governments committed the IPCC to repeated rounds of study and debate, forbidding any announcement except by unanimous consensus. It seemed a sure formula for paralysis. However, the power of democratic methods, combined with rational argument, overcame all obstacles. The IPCC has evolved into a robust transnational institution that provides authoritative conclusions of grave significance. It is, again, unprecedented. F. This growth is driven not only by better communications and new ideas, but more importantly by the spread of democracy. Half the world"s population now lives under democratic government. It is almost exclusively in these nations that the new cooperative institutions have been created.

填空题sening the effect of the epidemic upon sustainable development is one of the issues USAID will get down to in the future.

填空题·put emphasis on developing students' verbal talents?

填空题 Centuries ago, Western culture lost its focus{{U}} (31) {{/U}}the interconnectedness between the body and the mind{{U}} (32) {{/U}}spirit, and how each has the power to affect the{{U}} (33) {{/U}}. Cultivating a love of movement can help you get beyond the concept of physical fitness as separate from{{U}} (34) {{/U}}fitness, and toward a lifelong program of good health through mind and body fitness. Whether you choose yoga or another{{U}} (35) {{/U}}of movement for exercise, remember that our bodies are{{U}} (36) {{/U}}to move to feel good. So{{U}} (37) {{/U}}you incorporate regular activity in your life, you are moving closer to overall mind and body fitness. But if you are overweight, this can be{{U}} (38) {{/U}}difficult. You can improve your mind-body connection for better mind and body fitness, it's just important to choose realistic fitness options. You might consider redefining exercise{{U}} (39) {{/U}}any activity that unites your mind and body and reduces your stress level. In fact, high levels of stress have been{{U}} (40) {{/U}}to weight gain, and certainly can{{U}} (41) {{/U}}to emotional eating. Finding activities{{U}} (42) {{/U}}are both enjoyable and easy to do is important{{U}} (43) {{/U}}developing any type of exercise plan. It's important to be realistic about{{U}} (44) {{/U}}we expect from ourselves. Consider your goals. Is 30 to 60 minutes on a treadmill a reasonable time frame{{U}} (45) {{/U}}this point in your life? Are you setting yourself up for failure{{U}} (46) {{/U}}success when you create this expectation for yourself? Developing an exercise plan that{{U}} (47) {{/U}}your lifestyle and your desires is critical. Surprisingly, long-term weight loss is linked more closely to{{U}} (48) {{/U}}a person sticks{{U}} (49) {{/U}}their fitness routine than to{{U}} (50) {{/U}}that routine actually consists of. A routine that is gentle and pleasurable is more likely to lead to the long-term gains you are seeking.

填空题 You will hear a talk. As you listen ,you must answer Questions 21～30 by writing NO MORE THAN THREE words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk TWICE.

填空题Whatdoesthelecturemainlyconcern?

填空题It was a moment most business executives would pause to savor: late last year, German sporting goods pioneer Adidas learned that after years of declining market share, the company had sprinted past U. S. Reebok International to take second place behind Nike in the race for worldwide sales. But Robert Louis-Dreyfus, the rumpled Frenchman who now runs Adidas, didn"t even stop for one of his trademark Havana cigars in celebration, worried that the company would grow complacent. Instead, he and a group of friends bought French soccer club Olympique de Marseille "Now that"s something I have dreamed about since I was a kid, " Louis-Dreyfus says with an adolescent grin. 1 With sales in the first three quarters of 1996 at $2.5 billion, up a blistering 30.7% over 1995, it"s hard to recall the dismal shape Adidas was in when Louis-Dreyfus took over as chairman in April 1993. Founded in 1920 by Adi Dassler, the inventor of the first shoes de- signed especially for sports, the company enjoyed a near monopoly in athletic shoes until an upstart called Nike appeared in the 1970s and rode the running fad to riches. By the early 1990s Adidas had come under the control of French businessman Bernard Tapie, who was later jailed for bribing three French soccer players. Although the company tried to spruce up its staid image with a team of American designers, Adidas lost more than $100 million in 1992, prompting the French banks that had acquired control of the company from Tapie to begin a desperate search for a new owner. 2 The poker-loving Louis-Dreyfus knew he had been dealt a winning hand. Following the lead set by Nike in the 1970s, he moved production to low-wage factories in China, Indonesia and Thailand and sold Adidas" European factories for a token one Deutsche mark apiece. He hired Peter Moore, a former product designer at Nike, as creative director, and set up studios in Germany for the European market and in Portland, Oregon, for the U. S. He then risked everything by doubling his advertising budget. "We went from a manufacturing company to a marketing company, " says Louis-Dreyfus. "It didn"t take a genius--you just had to look at what Nike and Reebok were doing. It was easier for someone coming from the outside, with no baggage, to do it, than for somebody from inside the company. " 3 "The marketing at Adidas is very, very good right now, " says Eugenio Di Maria, editor of Sporting Good Intelligence, an industry newsletter perceives Adidas as a very young brand. The company is particularly strong in apparel, much stronger than Nike and Reebok. Although 90% of Adidas products for wear on the street instead of sports fields, LouisDreyfus felt the previous management had lost sight of Adidas" roots as a sporting goods company. After all, Adi Dassler invented the screw-in stud for the soccer shoe and shod American champion Jesse Owens in the 1936 Olympics. So he sold off or folded other noncore brands that Adidas had developed, including Le Coq Sportif, Arena and Pony. Europe is still the company"s largest market because Adidas dominates the apparel industry and thanks to soccer"s massive popularity there. Louis-Dreyfus is quick to share credit for the turnaround with a small group of friends who bought the company with him in 1993. One of those fellow investors is a former IMS colleague, Christian Tourres, now sales director at Adidas. "We" re pretty complementary because I"m a bit of a dreamer, so it"s good to have somebody knocking on your head to remind you there"s a budget, " says Louis-Dreyfus. Commuting to the firm"s headquarters in the Bavarian town of Herzogenaurach from his lakeside house outside Zurich, Louis-Dreyfus also transformed Adidas from a stodgy German company into a business with a global outlook. Appalled on his first day at work that the chief executive had to sign a salesman"s travel voucher for $ 300, he slashed the company"s bureaucracy, adopted American accounting rules and brought in international management talent. The company"s chief financial officer is Australian and the international marketing manager is a Swede. English is the official language of the head office and no Germans remain on the managing board of the company, now whittled down to just himself and a few trusted aides. "It was clear we needed decentralization and financial controls, "recalls LouisDreyfus. "With German accounting rules, I never knew if I was making money or losing. " 4 "He gives you a lot of freedom, " says Michael Michalsky, a 29-year-old German who heads the company"s apparel design team. "He has never interfered with a decision and never complained. He"s incredibly easy to work for. " 5 The challenge for Louis-Dreyfus is to keep sales growing in a notoriously trend-driven business. In contrast to the boom at Adidas, for example, Reebok reported a 3% line in sales in the third quarter. Last fall Adidas rolled out a new line of shoes called "Feet You Wear" which are supposed to fit more comfortably than conventional sneakers by matching the natural contour of the foot. The first 500, 000 sold out. Adidas is an official sponsor of the World Cup, to be held next June in France, which the company hopes to turn to a marketing bonanza that will build on the strength of soccer worldwide. But Reebok also has introduced a new line called DMX Series 2000 and competition is expected to be tough come spring. A. Just as the transition was taking place, Adidas had a run of good luck. The fickle fashion trendsetters decided in early 1993 that they wanted the "retro look, " and the three stripes Adidas logo, which had been overtaken by Nike swoop, was suddenly hot again. Models such as Cindy Crawford and Claudia Schiffer and a score of rock idols sported Adidas gear on television, in films and music videos, giving the company a free publicity bonanza. Demand for Adidas products soared. B. Louis-Dreyfus, scion of a prominent French trading dynasty with an M. B. A. from Harvard, earned a reputation as a doctor to sick companies after turning around Londonbased market research firm IMS--a feat that brought him more than $10 million when the company was eventually sold. He later served as chairman of Saatchi & Saatchi, then the world"s largest ad agency, which called him in when rapid growth sent profits into a tailspin. With no other company or entrepreneur willing to gamble on Adidas, Louis-Dreyfus got an incredible bargain from the banks: he and a group of friends from his days at IMS contributed just $10, 000 each in cash and signed up for $100 million in loans for 15% of the company, with an option to buy the remainder at a fixed price 18 months later. C. In another break with the traditional German workplace, Louis-Dreyfus made corporate life almost gratingly informal, employees ostentatiously called him "Rowbear" as he strides down the corridors, and bankers are still amazed when counterparts from Adidas show up for negotiations wearing sweatshirts and sneakers. D. The company"s payroll, which had reached a high of 14, 600 in 1986, was pared back to just 4, 600 in 1994. It has since grown to over 6, 000. E. A sports addict who claims he hasn"t missed attending a soccer World Cup final since the 1970s or the Olympic Games since 1968, the 50-year-old Louis-Dreyfus now is eminently well placed to live out many of his boyhood fantasies. Not only has he turned Adidas into a global company with market capitalization of $ 4 billion (he owns stock worth $ 250 million), but he also has endorsement contracts with a host of sports heroes from tennis great Steffi Graf to track" s Donovan Bailey, and considers it part of the job to watch his star athletes perform on the field, "There are very few chances in life to haw: such fun, " he says. F. After reducing losses in 1993, Adidas turned a profit in 1994 and has continued to surge: net income for the first three quarters in 1996 was a record $ 214 million, up 29% from the previous year. Louis-Dreyfus and his friends made vast personal fortunes when the company went public in 1995. The original investors still own 26% of the stock, which sold for $ 46 a share when trading has doubled to $ 90.

填空题Answer questions by referring to the following 3 passages. Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET. Some choices may be required more than once. A=The Role of a Teacher B=The Task of a Teacher C=A Good Teacher In which passage ... is it likely to say that students share the similar approach taken by experts in tackling their tasks? 21. ______ can we learn that students wish to confront and resolve difficulties rather than gloss over them in the learning environment? 22. ______ is it possible for the teacher to shift his role when students are busy making up their own minds? 23. ______ can we get the view that the act of teaching is looked upon as a flow of knowledge from a higher source to an empty container? 24. ______ does a teacher's task include that he must be carefully tailored to suit both that which is to be learnt and those who are to learn it? 25. ______ is it most possible for a teacher to teaching mini-lessons for individuals and groups who need a particular skill? 26. ______ do readers learn that tasks of a teacher are complicated and not easy to achieve? 27. ______ are we told that teaching need not be the province of a special group of people nor need it be looked upon as a technical skill? 28. ______ is it probably for a teacher to guide on the side while students are conducting their investigations? 29. ______ can we learn that each member of our cultures should come to realize our potential as teachers? 30. ______ The Role of a Teacher Teaching is supposed to be a professional activity requiring long and complicated training as well as official certification. The act of teaching is looked upon as a flow of knowledge from a higher source to an empty container. The students' role is one of receiving information; the teacher's role is one of sending it. There is a clear distinction assumed between one who is supposed to know (and therefore not capable of being wrong) and another, usually younger person who is supposed not to know. However, teaching need not be the province of a special group of people nor need it be looked upon as a technical skill. Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting than forcing information into a supposedly empty head. If you have a certain skill you should be able to share it with someone. You do not have to get certified to convey what you know to someone else or to help them in their attempt to teach themselves. All of us, from the very youngest children to the oldest members of our cultures should come to realize our own potential as teachers. We can share what we know, however little it might be, with someone who is in need of that knowledge or skill. The Task of a Teacher The task of the teacher in higher education has many dimensions: it involves the provision of a broad context of knowledge within which students can locate and understand the content of their more specific studies; it involves the creation of a learning environment in which students are encouraged to think carefully and critically and express their thoughts, and in which they wish to confront and resolve difficulties rather than gloss over them, it involves constantly monitoring and reflecting on the processes of teaching and student understanding and seeking to improve them. Most difficult of all perhaps, it involves helping students to achieve their own aims, and adopt the notion that underlies higher education: that students' learning requires from them commitment, work, responsibility for their own learning, and a willingness to take risks, and that this process has its rewards, not the least of which is that learning can be tim! These are not easy tasks, and there is no simple way to achieve them. Still less are there any prescriptions that will hold good in all disciplines and for all students. How we teach must be carefully tailored to suit both that which is to be learnt and those who are to learn it. To put it another way — and to add another ingredient — our teaching methods should be the outcome of our aims (that is, what we want the students to know, to understand, to be able to do, and to value), our informed conceptions of how students learn, and the institutional context — with all of its constraints and possibilities — within which the learning is to take place. A Good Teacher "A good teacher knows when to act as Sage on the Stage and when to act as a Guide on the Side. Because student — centered learning can be time — consuming and messy, efficiency will sometimes argue for the Sage. When students are busy making up their own minds, the role of the teacher shifts. When questioning, problem-solving and investigation become the priority classroom activities, the teacher becomes a Guide on the Side." Jamie McKenzie's article The WIRED Classroom provides a list of descriptors of the role of a teacher who is a Guide on the Side while students are conducting their investigations. "... the teacher is circulating, redirecting, disciplining, questioning, assessing, guiding, directing, fascinating, validating, facilitating, moving, monitoring, challenging, motivating, watching, moderating, diagnosing, trouble-shooting, observing, encouraging, suggesting, watching, modeling and clarifying." The teacher is on the move, checking over shoulders, asking questions and teaching mini-lessons for individuals and groups who need a particular skill. Support is customized and individualized. The Guide on the Side sets clear expectations, provides explicit directions, and keeps the learning well structured and productive. In a thinking curriculum, students develop an in-depth understanding of the essential concepts and processes for dealing with those concepts, similar to the approach taken by experts in tackling their tasks. For example, students use original sources to construct historical accounts; they design experiments to answer their questions about natural phenomena; they use mathematics to model real-world events and systems; and they write for real audiences.

填空题A = ARTICLE 1 B = ARTICLE 2 C = ARTICLE 3 Which article differentiates two different forms of document, both of which give information about the tasks of a role, only that one is more detailed than another? explains what necessitate(s) job analysis? points out that job descriptions for organizations of different size could be different? elaborates the preparatory activity of a good job description? states that job descriptions could fail to function as planned unless it's carefully worded? indicates that job descriptions can not only commit one to a role but may also allow him to negotiate with his supervisor about his job responsibilities? observes that efficiency of a small business is largely based on an accurate job analysis? gives the longest list of the functions of job descriptions? defines different terms involved in job description development? says that a proper job analysis and a good job description can protect small business from potential problems? 1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______ 8. ______ 9. ______ 10. ______ A ARTICLE 1 First, let's look at some terms. A job is a collection of tasks and responsibilities that an employee is responsible to conduct. Jobs have titles. A task is typically defined as a unit of work, that is, a set of activities needed to produce some result, e.g., vacuuming a carpet, writing a memo, sorting the mail, etc. Complex positions in the organization may include a large number of tasks, which are sometimes referred to as functions. Job descriptions are lists of the general tasks, or functions, and responsibilities of a position. Typically, they also include to whom the position reports, specifications such as the qualifications needed by the person in the job, salary range for the position, etc. Job descriptions are usually developed by conducting a job analysis, which includes examining the tasks and sequences of tasks necessary to perform the job. The analysis looks at the areas of knowledge and skills needed by the job. Note that a role is the set of responsibilities or expected results associatedwith a job. A job usually includes several roles. Typically, job descriptions are used especially for advertising to fill an open position, determining compensation and as a basis for performance reviews. Not everyone believes that job descriptions are highly useful. Dr. John Sullivan points out numerous concerns about job descriptions that many other people have as well, including, e.g., that too often job descriptions are not worded in a manner such that the employee's performance can be measured, they end up serving as the basis for evaluation rather than performance, etc. B ARTICLE 2 The cornerstone to any employment decision begins with job analysis. Job analysis is the most basic activity in human resource management. Accurate information on all jobs is necessary to efficiently direct and/or control the operations of a small business. Competition and equal employment opportunity legislation has made job analysis a mandatory organizational consideration for small businesses. Because human resources represent the largest cost item for most small businesses, managers must have current and systematized information on all jobs in order to produce products and services efficiently. The myriad of laws, guidelines, and court decisions concerning equal employment opportunity make job analysis necessary. Small businesses have been quite vulnerable on the issue of discrimination in employment practices. One way to defend employment practices is to conduct job analysis and prepare job descriptions. Job descriptions are the most visible output from job analysis. Comprehensive job descriptions developed from job analysis are used in selection, training, performance appraisal, and compensation. There are many formats used in preparing job descriptions. Job analysis is an in-depth study of a job and provides information for job descriptions. The job analyst will gather information about jobs through interviewing employees, observing performance of certain tasks, asking employees to fill out questionnaires and worksheets, and collecting information about a job from secondary sources such as the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. The job analyst will write down the results of the analysis and review them with the job incumbent. The documentation is then presented to the incumbent's supervisor for review (often the incumbent's supervisor is the job analyst). The supervisor may add, delete or modify duties, knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics. After supervisory approval is obtained, the documentation is forwarded through channels for final approval. A signed and dated job description is then prepared. This job description becomes the official record for this particular job. C ARTICLE 3 Job descriptions are essential. Job descriptions are required for recruitment so that you and the applicants can understand the role. Job descriptions are necessary for all people in work. A job description defines a person's role and accountability. Without a job description it is not possible for a person to properly commit to, or be held accountable for, a role. As an employee you may have or be given the opportunity to take responsibility for your job description. It allows you to clarify expectations with your employer and your boss. The process of writing job descriptions is actually quite easy and straight- forward. Many people tend to start off with a list of 20～30 tasks, which is okay as a start, but this needs refining to far fewer points, around 8～12 is the ideal. Smaller organizations commonly require staff and managers to cover a wider or more mixed range of responsibilities than in larger organizations (for example, the "office manager" role can comprise financial, HR, stock-control, scheduling and other duties). Therefore in smaller organisations, job descriptions might necessarily contain a greater number of listed responsibilities, perhaps 15～16. However, whatever the circumstances, the number of responsibilities should not exceed this, or the job description becomes unwieldy and ineffective. Any job description containing 20～30 tasks is actually more like a part of an operational manual, which serves a different purpose. Job descriptions should refer to the operational manual, or to "agreed procedures", rather than include the detail of the tasks in the job description. If you include task detail in a job description you will need to change it when the task detail changes, as it will often do. What would you rather change, 100 job descriptions or one operational manual?

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