填空题{{B}}A = Labrador Retriever B = German Shepherd C = PoodleWhich dog ...{{/B}} {{B}}Labrador Retriever{{/B}} A retriever is a sporting dog that is specially trained for going after game that has been shot and bringing it back. The dog sees the game fall, or scents its location, and run swiftly to pick it up. Labrador Retriever's hometown is Newfoundland, Canada, and was developed in England. Standard height for the males is 22.5 to 24.5 inches (57 - 62 cm); for the females, 21.5 to 23.5 inches (56 - 60 cm). Standard weight is 6O to 75 pounds (27 - 34 kg) for males and 55 to 70 pounds (25 - 32 kg) for females. The breed has a short, straight coat that may be black, yellow, or chocolate. The dog' s special skills are flushing and retrieving and guiding the blind. It is subject to hip dysplasia. The "Lab" is deservedly one of the most esteemed family dogs. Obedient and quick to learn, alert as a watchdog, fine with children, gentle with everyone, fairly hardy, and, when it comes to coat care, even less bothersome than its rival, the golden retriever, the breed might well be the first choice of anyone who wants a largish dog that is not a guard dog. The Lab is apt to be somewhat rambunctious as a puppy, but it soon settles down to being a sweet-tempered paragon. However, it ought to have a lot of exercise even though, all too cheerfully for its own good, it will manage without it. Both Labs and golden retrievers are hurt badly by bullying. Looks-conscious prospective owners should be sure to find a Lab pup whose head has the correct appearance. Too many Labs have a narrow skull and muzzle that is properly associated with the breed. {{B}}German Shepherd{{/B}} German Shepherd is a large, strong, well-muscled dog developed in Germany from old breeds of herding dogs. Formal sponsorship of the breed began with the founding of the German dog club VDS in 1899. It was used for many years in Germany to guard flocks of sheep and cattle, and for police work. Though originally developed from herding dogs, the German shepherd dog is now widely used as a companion dog, guard dog, guide dog for the blind, and military and police dog. It is not correct to call the dog a German police dog although many people do so. The desired heights for males at the top of the highest point of the shoulder blade is 24 to 26 inches (56 - 66 cm) and for females, 22 to 24 inches (56 - 61 cm). Males average between 75 and 95 pounds (27 - 34 kg). The German shepherd dog has a cleanly chiseled, strong head, moderately pointed ears, almond-shaped dark eyes, and strong teeth. Its double coat is medium length. The outer coat is dense, straight, harsh, and lies close to the body. The undercoat varies in thickness with the season. The tail is low-set and bushy and hangs in a slight curve at rest. Although you can see German shepherds in colors that vary from dark brown or blackish to a light shade of tan, the most common color is wolf-gray and tan, with black markings. In the United States strong, rich colors are preferred, and pale, washed-out colors or blues or livers are considered serious faults.{{B}}Poodle{{/B}} Poodle is a highly intelligent breed of dog that is very popular as a pet and house dog. The poodle originated as a water retriever in Germany, which gave it its name, pudle, referring to water. It is often known as a "French" poodle because of its great popularity in France. It is an active and good-natured dog. There are now three varieties, which differ only in size. The standard, the oldest and largest variety, stands at least 15 inches (38 cm) at the highest point of the shoulders. The miniature stands 10 to 15 inches (25 - 38 cm) tall, and the toy is 10 inches (25 cm) or less in height. All poodles have dense, wiry coats of thick, close curls. They may be any solid color, but most are black, brown, or white. Portions of its coat originally were Shaved to facilitate swimming when it was used as a retriever. There are now several traditional poodle clips. A poodle under a year old may be shown in a "Puppy" clip, with its coat long except for its shaved face, throat, feet, and tail, which has a pompon on the end. Those with unclipped hair are called corded poodles. Puppies' tails are clipped medium-short when they are a few days old. Adult show dogs must have their hairs cut short with different styles, which differ in the different clips of the different parts of the dogs. For instance, in the Continental clip the hindquarters are shaved, while in the English Saddle clip the hindquarters are covered with a short blanket of hair. Whatever the style, the coat requires regular grooming to prevent matting.

填空题A = BOOK REVIEW 1 B = BOOK REVIEW 2 C = BOOK REVIEW 3 D = BOOK REVIEW 4 Which book review(s) contain(s) the following information? · Comparison of the significance of two economic books. (71) · Stiglitz's prestige in the field of economics. (72) · Stiglitz's criticism of those who exaggerated the power of markets in developing countries. (73) · Policy making should consider local conditions. (74) · The intervention of government is the way to assist globalization. (75) · Stiglitz's dedication to the development of poor countries. (76) · Stiglitz's preference of one type of economic policy over another one. (77) · More people joined Stiglitz in criticizing free trade and globalization. (78) · Stiglitz's points have been supported by what actually happened in the country. (79) · Mainly gives positive comments on Stiglitz and his new book. (80) A The main point of the book is simple: globalization is not helping many poor countries. Incomes are not rising in much of the world, and adoption of market-based policies such as open capital markets, free trade, and privatization are making developing economies less stable, not more. Instead of a bigger dose of free markets, Stiglitz argues, what's needed to make globalization work better is more and smarter government intervention. While this has been said before, the ideas carry more weight coming from someone with Stiglitz's credentials. In some ways, this book has the potential to be the liberal equivalent of Milton Friedman's 1962 classic Capitalism and Freedom, which helped provide the intellectual foundation for a generation of conservatives. But Globalization and Its Discontents does not rise to the level of capitalism and freedom. While Stiglitz makes a strong case for government-oriented development policy, he ignores some key arguments in favor of the market. "The book's main villain is the International Monetary Fund, the Washington organization that lends to troubled countries", Stiglitz' contempt for the IMF is boundless, "It is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission," he declares. "Many of the policies that the IMF pushed have contributed to global instability." B While parts of this book are disappointingly shallow, Stiglitz's critique of the market-driven 90's still resonates, especially when the business page is full of stories about white-collar crime and the stock market seems stuck in a perpetual rut. Even the United States cannot blithely assume that financial markets will work on autopilot. It is testament to the salience of Stiglitz's arguments that many economists—even some Bush Administration officials—now embrace his view that economic change in the developing world must evolve more with local conditions, not on Washington's calendar. Without a thorough makeover, globalization could easily become a quagmire. Stiglitz shared a Nobel Prize last year for his work analyzing the imperfections of markets. His main complaint against Rubin and Summers, who served as Treasury Secretaries, and against Fischer, the NO. 2 official and de facto chief executive of the international Monetary Fund, is that they had too much faith that markets could transform poor countries overnight. He labels these three men market fundamentalists, who fought to maintain financial stability with the same urgency that an earlier generation struggled to contain communism. Worse, he suggests, they shilled for Wall Street, conflating the interests of the big banks with the financial health of the world. C "Stiglitz, 58, is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF of operating undemocratically and exacerbating Third World poverty. But he is by far the most prominent and his emergence as a critic marks an important shift in the intellectual landscape. Only a few years ago, it was possible for pundits to claim that no mainstream economist, certainly nobody of Stiglitz's stature, took the criticism of free trade and globalization seriously. Such claims are no longer credible, for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group of economists, sociologists and political scientists, among them Dani Rodrik of Harvard and Robert Wade of the London School of Economics, who not only take the critics seriously but warn that ignoring their concerns could have dire consequences." Over the past several years, Stiglitz, a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on asymmetric information, has grown accustomed to being at the center of controversy. From 1997 to 2000, he served as senior vice president and chief economist at the World Bank—a title that did not stop him from publicly criticizing the bank's sister institution, the International Monetary Fund, Stiglitz's outspokenness, unprecedented for a high-ranking insider, infuriated top officials at the IMF and US Treasury Department, and eventually led James Wolfensohn, the World Bank's president, to inform him that he would have to mute his criticism or resign, Stiglitz chose to leave. D "Stiglitz' book makes a compelling case that simple-minded economic doctrine, inadequately tailored to the realities of developing countries, can do more harm than good, and that the subtleties of economic theory are actually quite important for sound policy advice. But simplistic political advice—give developing countries more voice and the institutions of global governance will be rendered more legitimate and efficient—is equally problematic. Political reform is as subtle and complex as economic reform. Evidently, the best minds among us have only begun to think about it." Joseph Stiglitz's memoirs of his years in Washington, D. C. —first as chair of President Bill Clinton's Council of Economic Advisers and then as chief economist at the World Bank—have the flavor of a morality play. Our goodhearted but slightly native hero, on leave from Stanford University, sets out for the nation's capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world. Once there he finds a morass of political opportunism, ideologically motivated decision-making and bureaucratic inertia. Undeterred, he battles valiantly on behalf of impoverished nations against the unrelenting globalisers of the International Monetary Fund.

填空题Americans travel by air in (31) the same way as Europeans and the Japanese (32) by train. There are, in fact, not many railroad stations (33) in the USA, (34) the track is still being used, since most of America's freight is still carried by (35) As for passengers, there is a vast network of airlines and airports in easy (36) in almost every American town. Airports, now the travel centers of the USA, (37) comfortable places (38) coffee shops and bars and clean restrooms. Flying in America is (39) expensive than in many other countries, (40) the government subsidized air fares. Yet the different airlines are not state-owned and compete with one another for passengers. Those who cannot (41) either train or plane take the Grey-hound bus. (42) transport system in the world carries so many passengers by night and by day. Drivers are (43) skilled and have a wonderful safety record. Europeans tend to (44) their cars. But Americans treat their cars (45) as vehicles which are important (46) their lives—to take them to work, to shopping places, to picnics or to their friends. (47) when they take a vacation they rarely drive long distances. There is (48) form of travel which is widely used in the USA, —the rented car. Every city and town (49) at least one car-rented firm, some of them are nationwide and have branches abroad as (50) .

填空题 The life of Albert Einstein is a model in many ways{{U}} (31) {{/U}}both natural and political scientists. First of all, he always employed the scientific method of{{U}} (32) {{/U}}truth from facts. He firmly believed {{U}}(33) {{/U}}he put it, that "there is nothing incomprehensible{{U}} (34) {{/U}}the universe", and through painstaking work explained many of the phenomena thought to be "incomprehensible" in his day. Einstein was also never afraid to{{U}} (35) {{/U}}mistakes when facts{{U}} (36) {{/U}}his theories wrong. Second, Einstein's contributions showed the great importance of theoretical work to scientific effort. {{U}}(37) {{/U}}he himself rarely worked in laboratories, the concepts he developed led{{U}} (38) {{/U}}many of the scientific advances{{U}} (39) {{/U}}have shaped modem technology. Third, Einstein believed very deeply that scientists must{{U}} (40) {{/U}}a moral and social consciousness.{{U}} (41) {{/U}}this way, he provided inspiration for a whole generation of scientists who became active in the communist movement. Einstein is often portrayed in bourgeois writings{{U}} (42) {{/U}}a "Genius" whose theories are{{U}} (43) {{/U}}complicated that no one{{U}} (44) {{/U}}a few best scientists can understand them. But he{{U}} (45) {{/U}}rejected the efforts to{{U}} (46) {{/U}} him in a position far{{U}} (47) {{/U}}other people. He was well-known for his{{U}} (48) {{/U}}manner and often stressed to in terviews that his accomplishments would certainly have been achieved by others had he never lived. Actually, Einstein's{{U}} (49) {{/U}}of relativity and his other scientific works are not that hard to understand with a little study. But beyond learning Einstein's theories, his overall attitude{{U}} (50) {{/U}}science as a tool to liberate humanity is something from which everyone can and should learn.

填空题·has flowers of different colors between single form and double form?

填空题{{I}} You will hear a dialogue about a lost property. Listen and complete the sentences in questions 1～5 with the information you've heard. Write not more than 5 words in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.{{/I}} The speaker makes the announcement before 1 You may be interested in 2 Smoking is prohibited in the toilet 3 Any questions from passengers will be dealt with 4 In preparation for taking off you must ensure that your seal belts 5

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填空题Constantlyrevisingweatherforecastsbring______tomanypeople.

填空题A=Mediterranean Sea B=Black Sea C=Caspian Sea Which Sea... ● receives the water from the western Causcasus region? 1 ● is of great political and commercial importance? 2 ● is linked to the Baltic Sea? 3 ● is linked to the Atlantic Ocean? 4 ● is ice-locked in winter? 5 ● has Ural as a tributary? 6 ● covers the largest area? 7 ● is lying between Southeastern Europe and Asia Minor? 8 ● is the largest in land body of water? 9 ● was the commercial centre of the Byzantine Empire? 10 Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea is an in-land sea of Europe, Asia, and Africa, linked to the Atlantic Ocean at its western end by the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. The Mediterranean is almost landlocked. It is of great political and commercial importance as a maritime outlet and trade route for numerous countries. The Mediterranean Sea covers an area of about 2,510,000 sq km and is generally shallow. It is a remnant of a vast ancient sea that was squeezed almost shut about 30 million years ago, when Africa and Eurasia collided. Geological forces still cause volcanic eruptions and frequent earthquakes. An undersea sill at the Strait of Gibraltar restricts circulation, making the Mediterranean much saltier than the Atlantic Ocean. Arms of the Mediterranean include the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Aegean, and Ionian seas. Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Crete, and Cyprus are major islands. Barcelona, Marseille, Genoa, Trieste, and Haifa are important sea ports. Major rivers entering the Mediterranean are the Ebro, Rhone, Po, and Nile. Black Sea Black Sea is an in-land sea, lying between southeastern Europe and Asia Minor. It is connected with the Aegean Sea by the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles. The Black Sea is bounded by Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia. The Black Sea has an area (excluding its northern arm, the Sea of Azov) of about 436,400 sq km. The Crimean Peninsula projects into the Black Sea from the north, forming the shallow Sea of Azov on the east and the Karkinitskiy Gulf on the west. The Black Sea receives the drainage from central and eastern Europe, European Russia, the western Caucasus region, and northern Asia Minor. The Black Sea is abundantly stocked with valuable fish. As an outlet for the products of Ukraine and adjoining republics, it is of special importance in regional commerce. Many of the colonial and commercial activities of ancient Greece and Rome, and of the Byzantine Empire, centered on the Black Sea. After 1453, when the Ottomans occupied Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), the sea was virtually closed to foreign commerce. The Treaty of Paris of 1856 opened the sea to the commerce of all nations. Caspian Sea Caspian Sea is a saltwater lake in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia, the largest inland body of water in the world. The Caspian Sea is bordered on the west by Azerbaijan and Russia and on the south by Iran. It has an area of 371,000 sq km. The Caspian Sea is about 28 m below sea level, although this level changes from year to year. The southern and southwestern shorelines of the Caspian Sea are bordered by the Elburz Mountains and the Caucasus Mountains. The seas" numerous tributaries include the Volga, Ural, and Zhem rivers. The Caspian Sea is linked to the Baltic Sea, the White Sea, and the Black Sea by an extensive network of inland waterways, chief of which is the Volga River. These waterways provide an outlet to northern Europe for the oil fields of Baku, Azerbaijan. Navigation is frequently dangerous because of violent storms in the southeastern part of the Caspian Sea, and during the winter months the northern parts are closed by ice. The chief ports are Krasnovodsk, Turkmenistan; Baku; and Makhachkala, Russia.

填空题 {{B}}A = Audi A3 B = Honda Civic C = Rover 216 Which car...{{/B}} ·has a driver seat that can be adjusted to fit most people? 71. ______ ·offers a poor view even when the mirrors are used? 72. ______ ·gives the most space for tall passengers in the back? 73. ______ ·has a convenient way to extend the space for suitcases? 74. ______ ·is most likely to suffer damage to the petrol supply in the case of frontal collision? 75. ______ ·offers the most easily tuned radio? 76. ______ ·would remain silent in the event of theft? 77. ______ ·allows easy access to the back seats? 78. ______ ·has the best engine design in terms of saying money? 79. ______ ·has its handbook criticised? 80. ______{{B}}Audi A3{{/B}} Most of our drivers said the A3 was their definite favourite in this group. They described it as refined and comfortable with good handing characteristics and light, precise steering. All the seats were comfortable and the front ones were easy to adjust. Most drivers liked the driving position, helped by a good range of steering wheel and seat height adjustments. The main instruments were clear and dashboard controls were well positioned. Mirror coverage was excellent but our drivers complained that the view out of the rear was badly hindered by the high rear window line and thick pillars. Getting into the back seats was easy, thanks to a clever seat mechanism, which moves the seat up and forward as well as tilting the backrest. Rear legroom was reasonable but the rear seat was only barely wide enough for three adults. Luggage space was average for this class of car but you have to remove the rear head restraints to fold the rear seat. There were plenty of useful interior storage spaces. All A3s come with an alarm and immobilizer as standard. Our 'thief' got in through the doors in 20 seconds, But the radio was a non-standard fit, which is probably to deter thieves. The hinges of the rear seats could release in an accident, allowing luggage to crash through into the passenger compartment. Also, the driver's knees could be damaged by stiff structures under the dash. Some parts of the fuel system and electrics would be vulnerable to damage in a frontal collision.{{B}}Honda civic{{/B}} Honda says its special VTEC engine has a winning combination of economy and performance, but our drivers found it a bit of a curate's egg. It was the most economical of the car on test, but drivers found it sluggish at low revs, and its acceleration in the fifth gear was slow, so overtaking normally meant having to shift down to the fourth gear. The driving position was acceptable, but our panel criticized the restricted rear visibility--the rear window was quite small. Drivers found the back rest supportive but it was not available to make fine adjustments to the angle. The ride comfort was acceptable, but it wasn't as good as the Audi's or Rover's. The driver's seat didn't slide forward when it was tilted, making rear access awkwardly from this side. In the back, headroom and legroom was excellent but testers didn't find the seats particularly comfortable. The luggage space was small for this class of car, especially with the rear seats in place. However, folding the rear seat to increase luggage space was easy. Other points proved by our panel included well-placed minor controls, good mirror coverage, but fiddly radio controls. All Civics come with an immobilizer but no alarm. You may want to consider paying extra for an alarm, as our "thief" broke into through the doors in 13 seconds, and into the engine bay in just five seconds. There were stiff structures under the dash which could damage the driver's knees in an accident, though there was no problem on the passenger's side. The handbook (like the Audi's) provided suggestion on using child restraints.{{B}}Rover 26{{/B}} The 1.6-litre engine had good power delivery at both high and low revs but some drivers complained that it was noisy at high revs. The brakes didn't have very good progression, but drivers like their positive feel. Ride comfort and the handling were recommended. But drivers found it difficult to achieve a comfortable driving position. The driver's seat was not height-adjustable, and there was only limited space to rest your clutch foot. Some testers also found the seat backrest uncomfortable. Visibility was married by the small mirrors. The rear view was also restricted by thick pillars and the small rear window. Getting into the back was tricky because the front seats did not slide forward when tilted. Once in the back, legroom and headroom were poor, and testers complained that their rear seat base was unsupportive. Luggage space was smaller than average for this class of car--this was compounded by a high boot sill and difficulties in folding the rear seat. But there were large pockets in the doors and rear side panels. The main radio controls were more convenient; they were mounted on the steering wheel so drivers didn't have to take their hands off the wheel to use them. Our Rover 200s came with an alarm, though this isn't standard on all versions. Our 'thief' broke in through the doors in 15 seconds. Some of the electrics would be vulnerable in a frontal impact. The rear seat hinges could release in an accident, allowing luggage to crash through into the passenger compartment. Also, information in the handbook on using child restrains was not adequate.

填空题Maintaining an imperial tradition that originated from the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1066-221 BC), the Ming emperors selected the location and design of their tombs while they were still alive. The selection of sites, based on the prevailing winds and the water level, ensured that only benevolent spirits were inhabiting the area. Of the 16 Ming emperors, 13 chose to be buried in this serene valley (Shisanling) just north of Beijing. The Sacred Way. The road to the tombs, which branches off the route to the Great Wall, was once a 6.4km. (4mi.) long sacred way, forbidden to all but the emperor's funeral cottege. The road begins at a five-arched marble gate, built in 1540. A mile further down stands a three-arched gateway, the Dahongmen (Great Red Gate). The emperor's body was carried through the central archway. Only on this one occasion was the center door opened. Just beyond the gate sits a huge stone tortoise (symbol of longevity) with a 9.1m. (30ft.) stele mounted on its back. The stele, the largest such tablet in China, was inscribed by the fourth Ming emperor at the time of the death of his predecessor, Yong Le, in 1424. This tortoise marks the beginning of the famous Avenue of the Animals. Lions, camels, elephants, horses, and two sets of mythical (or at least unrecognizable) beasts, 12 statues in all, line either side of the road, alternately standing and kneeling and most, these days, supporting tourists on their backs while being photographed. Beyond the animal figures stretches a series of 12 stone human statues, dating from the 15th century: four military men, four civilian officials, and four obedient retainers, all with stately postures and fixed stares—an honor guard for the dead emperor. A legend says that an emperor of the later Qing Dynasty wanted to transport the statues to line the road to his own tomb. One of the emperor's ministers was told, in a dream, that the statues were eternally loyal to the Ming emperors and therefore should not be moved. The Qing emperor took this as a warning that if the statues were disturbed, a deadly wind would blow down from the Ming Tombs upon the capital and he abandoned the project. Chang Ling. Of the 13 tombs, only two have been excavated, those of Chang (the burial name for Yong Le, 1403-24), and Ding (Emperor Wan Li, 1562-1620). The Chang Ling tomb is the largest and best preserved of the tombs; it served as a model for the remaining 12. Visitors enter through a red gate which opens toward a courtyard. From here they pass under the Gate of Eminent Favors (Lingenmen) into a second courtyard, in which stands the marble Hall of Eminent Favors (Lingendian), surrounded by pine trees (another ancient symbol of longevity ). The roof of the hall is supported by 32 giant tree columns. Beyond this hall is a third courtyard, where the visitor will see a simple stele with the inscription Da Ming—Great Ming. This marks the passage to the sepulcher. Ding Ling. Also known as the Underground Palace, this is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China. The work was completed over a period of three years (1956-59). Ding (Emperor Wan Li) was buried here in 1620 with two of his wives in a deep marble vault located four stories underground (on the hottest of summer days the vault remains mercifully cool). The entrance to the grounds is marked by a large red gate with a magnificent bronze lion. Gigantic marble doors stand at the entrance to the first of the three burial chambers. (After burial, a "locking stone", similar to the modem "police" lock, was rolled in front of the tomb itself.) Inside are three coffins. Twenty six chests of jewelry and other artifacts were discovered at the foot of the coffins, and many of these finds can be viewed in the two exhibition halls constructed above ground. The broad, tree shaded grounds surrounding the tomb are dotted with stone picnic tables and seats. Tour groups are usually provided with box lunches which may be eaten outdoors or in a "picnic room" at the foot of the Great Wall. Emperor Qian Long's Tomb. In 1978, the tomb of the Qing emperor Qian Long (1736-96), located about 100km. (62.5mi) east of Beijing, was opened to the public. Known as Yu Ling, the tomb is on a grander scale and of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs. Construction began in 1743 and cost 90 tons of silver. The wood used was the durable, fragrant, close-grained nanmu. Some logs weighed up to 20 tons. The tomb is, in fact, an underground palace, similar to the tomb of Ding Ling. Nevertheless, YuLing has distinctive architectural features. Flanking the roadway leading to the tomb are eight pairs of stone sculptures depicting civil officials, military officers, homes, qilin (a mythical animal of good omen), elephants, camels, suanni (mythical monsters), and lions. Each figure was carved from a single stone block. The largest weighs about 43 tons. The underground palace contains three stone halls and four pairs of stone gates, all arched. The overhanging eaves, tile gutters, ridges, and animal-shaped ornaments on the gate corners are in white marble. Each gate weighs about two tons and contains a Bod-hisattva, each with a different mien. The inner walls and arched ceilings of the gateways and halls are decorated with four celestial guardians (also called Deva kings), seated statues of gods and Buddhas, carvings of potted flowers, and small three-legged tables to hold incense burners and Buddhist scriptures. The coffin of Qian Long lies in the innermost recess of the underground palace. It was placed over a well that never runs dry.· was opened to the public as early as 1978? (72) · served as a model for the remaining 12 for its good preservation? (73) · is of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs? (74) · is the largest tomb? (75) · is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China? (76) · has the inner walls and arched ceiling of its gateway and halls decorated with four celestial guardians? (77) · owns three coffins within it? (78) · holds the coffin of an emperor which was placed over a well? (79) · has a large red gate with a significant bronze lion which marks the entrance to the ground? (80) · was a huge and costly construction project which began in 1743? (81)

填空题Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Leibniz was a German philosopher who belonged to the Rationalist school of philosophers, to which also belonged Descartes and Spinoza. But Leibniz was not only a philosopher, he was also a considerable authority on law, a diplomat, a historian and an outstanding mathematician—as is proved by his discovery in 1676, independently of Newton, of the Differential Calculus. Leibniz was the son of a Professor of Philosophy of Leipzig University, who died when his son was only 6, but who left behind a fine collection of books which the young Leibniz read eagerly. Leibniz studied law at the University, and then, while in the service of the Elector of Mainz, he visited Paris and London and became acquainted with the learned men of his time. When he was 30 he became official librarian of the Brunswich family at Hanover, where he remained till he died. His philosophy is set out in a short paper, The Mondadology, which he wrote two years before his death. Otherwise, except for one or two famous essays, his philosophical and scientific ideas have had to be assembled from his various papers and letters which, fortunately, have survived. They show Leibniz's brilliant intellect, especially in his attempt to relate mathematics and logic so that problems of philosophy could be exactly calculated and no longer be under dispute. He held that everything from a table to man's soul, and even to God himself, is made up of "monads" atoms, each of which is a simple, indivisible, imperishable unit, different from every other monad and constantly changing. George Berkeley Berkeley was born of an aristocratic Irish family and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he remained as fellow and tutor. All his best work was written very early, and by the age of 27 he had made a reputation as a writer on philosophy. In 1712 Berkeley went to London and associated with the literary men of the day, among whom he was warmly welcomed. Berkeley travelled widely in Italy and France, and then spent a few years in the English colonies of North America and the West Indians, where he had hoped to found a missionary college. When his hope failed, he returned to Ireland, and in 1734 was appointed Bishop of Cloyne. He spent 18 years administrating his diocese, living a happy family life with his wife and children, and writing books on both philosophical and practical subject. In 1752 he retired to Oxford, where he died the next year at the age of 68. Berkeley's claim to fame rests on his philosophy. His views are in contrast, deliberately, to those of John Locke. As an idealist he believes that mind comes before matter, while a Materialist holds everything depends upon matter. Beyond his strictly philosophical works, Berkeley was interested in natural science and mathematics. He wrote an Essay to yards a New Theory of Vision' in which he attempted to explain how we are able to judge the distance of objects from us. Though science has made great advances since Berkeley's day, his essay is still of value. David Hume Hume is a celebrated Scottish philosopher and historian. In 1739, after a period of study in Paris, when he was only 28, he published one of the most influential books of English philosophy of modern times—the Treatise of Human Nature. It excited little interest, however, when it first appeared, and Hume turned to writing admirable essays on a variety of topics. In 1752 he returned to Edinburgh as librarian of Advocates' Library, and began to compose A History of England, the final volume of which was published in 1761. From 1761 to 1765, he was secretary to the British Embassy in Paris; where he was sought after by the cultured society. For the rest of his life he lived in his native Edinburgh, the central figure of a distinguished group of writers. Hume's chief fame as a philosopher rests on the strict and logical way in which he applied the principle of John Locke, that all thought is built up from simple and separate elements, which Hume calls impressions. He believed that even a human being is a bundle of different perceptions, and has no permanent identity. His criticism of man's belief that everything has a cause seemed to deny what we assume, not merely from ordinary experience, but from a scientific knowledge; and since he wrote, philosophers have been trying to find answers to his penetrating doubts. Indeed he has had more influence upon recent discussion in England about the principles of knowledge than any other philosopher of the past.·had applied John Locke's theory in his studies of philosophy? 71. ______·was interested in both philosophy and mathematics? 72. ______ 73. ______·came from a noble family? 74. ______·tried to do something in the New World but failed in the end? 75. ______·believed in the treatment of philosophy in a scientific way? 76. ______·is a philosopher whose achievement in science is still referred to? 77. ______ 78. ______·wrote some philosophical works which was met with little welcome but later proved successful? 79. ______·established his theoretical system late in his life? 80. ______

填空题What Are the Real Benefits of Green Tea? Headlines announcing a recent Journal of the American Medical Association study linked consumption of green tea with protection from stroke, but not cancer, caught many people (1) surprise. Tea provides a good example of (2) we need to consider both laboratory and population studies in choosing steps to (3) cancer risk and promote overall health. Green tea (4) relatively high amounts of a type of phytochemical called EGCG, proven in laboratory studies to be a powerful antioxidant. A variety of antioxidants (5) plant foods seem to stabilize "free radicals," protecting DNA from damage that could (6) cancer to develop, and protecting blood vessels from damage that could promote blockages. Studies show EGCG can (7) increase production of enzymes that protect us from cancer-causing substances, (8) levels of a substance key to promoting cancer development, and increase cancer cell self-destruction. In most studies checking signs of green tea's effects in people, antioxidant levels (9) the blood increase, showing we can absorb antioxidant compounds in tea. For example, in a study of 133 heavy (10) who are exposed (11) DNA damage from smoking -- four months of drinking four cups (8 ounces each) of decaffeinated green tea daily reduced the signs of DNA damage by 31 percent. But large population-based studies of the impact of green tea show (12) less consistent results. Conflicting -- and Confusing -- Results Some link higher green tea consumption (13) lower risk of colon, stomach, breast, prostate and other cancers. Other, similar-type studies, (14) no effect. In the recent (15) of more than 40,000 Japanese adults, those who drank at least one 3 ounce cup of green tea daily suffered 25 percent fewer deaths (16) to cardiovascular disease (17) those who did not drink it daily. But, deaths due to stomach, lung or colorectal cancer did not decrease, (18) with five or more 3 ounce cups daily. It's possible we might see cancer protection (19) we look at those drinking the equivalent of three or four 8 ounce cups daily, which some researchers suggest may be needed (20) cancer protection.

填空题Perhaps the main social trend of the 21st century is the high level of and quickly increasing inequality between incomes from capital and labor. In industrialized as well as in developing countries, minority of haves seems to derive ever-increasing profits in the stock market and in global economic ventures, while the large majority of have-nots is employed in insecure jobs earning stagnant or slowly rising incomes. Global capital markets can contribute to economic development, but they become socially and economically questionable when they do not contribute to the prosperity of all. A host of UN summits during the 1990s highlighted the global shortfalls in providing social protection, health and education. The question is how the full provision of these basic services can be financed at the global level. 66. ______ However, governments in most countries, and particularly in poor, developing ones, have little leeway to conduct their own economic and social policy making. They are severely hemmed in by conditions imposed by the IMF and the World Bank. In addition, they are often dependent on the changing priorities and pet projects of donors. There is also a great need to improve democratic and transparent structures in developing countries, so their governments can be more closely monitored by their own populations. The emergence of new civil society movements can help governments become more accountable. From the international side, social policy monitoring should focus on a limited number of internationally accepted social objectives, such as universal primary education by 2015. 67. ______ Second, there is the need for a more sustained and predictable basis for financing social investments. It is estimated that access to basic social services for all the world's people could be ensured with an additional US $ 30～40 billion per year over the next 10～15 years. Part of this money could be (and is already) financed by better targeted donor contributions, debt relief and restructuring of national government budgets. However, there is also a structural need for effective taxation of capital incomes internationally. Since capital incomes and Internet trade are so elusive, globalization favors taxes where the location of the tax base is readily identifiable, such as in traditional shopping, real property or labor. The result of recent tax reforms has therefore been that labor income, including social welfare, is taxed more heavily than capital income, with negative consequences for job creation. The co-ordination of taxation policies is a sensitive national issue, as exemplified by the recent European Union-United Kingdom rift over a possible European withholding tax on bond interest. 68. ______ A third step would be a new social contract between governments, civil societies and the private sector, a contract based on mutual interests. Some of the ground rules of such a contract already exist in the UN Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This covenant is supplemented by other rights, which are laid out in the International Labor Organization Declaration on fundamental rights at work. A contract could stipulate, for example, that families who cannot afford to send their children to primary school may receive financial assistance from an international fund. 69. ______ Meeting these objectives would contribute to stronger social cohesion between people and nations and lay the foundation for greater global prosperity. 70. ______ A. At the dawn of the new millennium, it is time to think long term. There are great opportunities for making a quantum leap in social and economic development. We have the knowledge and the means to do it. B. The first step is to improve the quality of social policy making and the efficiency of social investments, such as in social welfare, health and education. C. Perhaps the best way to proceed is to set up multilateral process, either in a new world tax authority or a process within the World Trade Organization, which already has considerable experience with multilateral treaties. D. This cohesion would be of obvious interest to the private sector, which would also play an important part in this worldwide contract. It would promise to abide by the ground rules and provide constructive help in building an efficient, equitable international tax system. E. International financial support for the achievement of these objectives should be provided within the context of well designed multilateral monitoring and evaluation system. F. Another part of the contract would consist of a promise by the international community to co-finance some of the social objectives mentioned above.

填空题 It was a moment most business executives would pause to savor: late last year, German sporting goods pioneer Adidas learned that after years of declining market share, the company had sprinted past U.S. Reebok International to take the second place behind Nike in the race for worldwide sales. But Robert Louis-Dreyfus, the rumpled Frenchman who new runs Adidas, and didn't even stop for one of his trademark Havana cigars in celebration, worried that the company would grow complacent. Instead, he and a group of friends bought French soccer club Olympic de Marseille "Now that's something I have dreamed about since I was a kid." Louis-Dreyfus says with an adolescent grin.66. ______ With sales in the first three quarters of 1996 at $2.5 billion, up a blithering 30.7% over 1995, it's hard to recall the dismal shape Adidas was in when Loins-Dreyfus took over as chairman in April 1993. Founded in 1920 by Adi Dassler, the inventor of the first shoes designed especially for sports, the company enjoyed a near monopoly in athletic shoes until an upstart called Nike appeared in the 1970s and rode the running fad to riches. By the early 1990s Adidas had come under the control of French businessman Bernard Tapie, who was later jailed for bribing three French soccer players. Although the company tried to spruce up its staid image with a team of American designers, Adidas lost more than $100 million in 1992, prompting the French banks that had acquired control of the company from Tapie to begin a desperate search for a new owner.67. ______ The poker-loving Louis-Dreyfus knew he had been dealt a winning hand. Following the lead set by Nike in the 1970s, he moved production to low-wage factories in China, Indonesia and Thailand and sold Adidas' European factories for a token one Deutsche mark apiece. He hired Peter Moore, a former product designer at Nike, as creative director, and set up studios in Germany for the European market and in Portland, Oregon, for the U. S. He then risked everything by doubling his advertising budget. "We went from a manufacturing company to a marketing company," says Louis-Dreyfus. "It didn's take a genius—you just had to look at what Nike and Reebok were doing. It was easier for someone coming from the outside, with no baggage, to do it, than for somebody from inside the company."68. ______ "The marketing at Adidas is very, very good right now," says Eugenio Di Maria, editor of Sporting Good Intelligence, an industry newsletter perceiving Adidas as a very young brand. "The company is particularly strong in apparel, much stronger than Nike and Reebok." Although 90% of Adidas products for wear on street instead of sports fields, Louis-Dreyfus felt the previous management had lost sight of Adidas' roots as a sporting products company. After all, Adi Dassler invented the screw-in stud for the soccer shoe and shod American champion Jesse Owens in the 1936 Olympics. So he sold off or folded other non-core brands that Adidas had developed, including Le Coq Sportif, Arena and Pony. Europe is still the company's largest market because Adidas dominates the apparel industry and thanks to soccer's massive popularity there, Louis-Dreyftts is quick to share credit for the turnaround with a small group of friends who bought the company with him in 1993. One of those fellow investors is a former IMS colleague, Christian Tourres, now sales director at Adidas. "We're pretty complementary because I'm a bit of a dreamer, so it's good to have somebody knocking on your head to remind you there's a budget," says Louis-Dreyfus. Commuting to the firm's headquarters in the Bavarian town of Herzogenaurach from his lakeside house outside Zurich, Louis-Dreyfus also transformed Adidas from a stodgy German company into a business with a global outlook. Appalled on his first day at work that the chief executive had to sign a salesman's travel voucher for $300, he slashed the company's bureaucracy, adopted American accounting rules and brought in international management talent. The company's chief financial officer is Australian and the international marketing manager is a Swede. English is the official language of the head office and no Germans remain on the managing board of the company, now whittled down to just himself and a few trusted aides. "It was clear we needed decentralization and financial controls;" recalls Louis-Dreyfus. "With German accounting rules, I never knew if I was making money or losing."69. ______ "He gives you a lot of freedom," says Michael Michalsky, a 29-year-old German who heads the company's apparel design team. "He has never interfered with a decision and never complained. He's incredibly easy to work for."70. ______ The challenge for Louis-Dreyfus is to keep sales growing in a notoriously trend-driven business. In contrast to the boom at Adidas, for example, Reebok reported a 3% line in sales in the third quarter. Last fall Adidas rolled out a new line of shoes called "Feet You Wear" which are supposed to fit more comfortably than conventional sneakers by matching the natural contour of the foct. The first 500,000 sold out. Adidas is an official sponsor of the World Cup, to be held next June in France, which the company hopes to turn to a marketing bonanza that will build on the strength of soccer worldwide. But Reebok also has introduced a new line called DMX Series 2000 and competition is expected to be fierce coming spring. A. Just as the transition was taking place, Adidas had a run of good luck. The fickle fashion trendsetters decided in early 1993 that they wanted the "retro look", and the three-stripes Adidas logo, which had been overtaken by Nike swoop, was suddenly hot again. Models such as Cindy Crawford and Claudia Schiffer and a score of rock idole sported Adidas gear on television, in films and music videos, giving the the company a free publicity bonanza. Demand for Adidas products soared. B. Louis-Dreyfus, scion of a prominent French trading dynasty with an M. B. A. form Harvard, earned a reputation as a doctor to sick companies after turning around London-based market research firm IMS—a feat that brought him more than $10 million when the company was eventually sold. He later served as chairman of Saatchi & Saatchi, then the world's largest ad agency, which called him in when rapid growth sent profits into a tailspin. With no other company or entrepreneur willing to gamble on Adidas, Louis-Dreyfus got an incredible bargain from the banks: he and a group of friends from his days at IMS contributed just $10,000 each in cash and signed up for $100 million in loans for 15% of the company, with an option to buy the remainder at a fixed price 18 months later. C. In another break with the traditional German workplace, Louis-Dreyfus made corporate life almost gratingly informal: employees ostentatiously called him "Rowbear" as he strides down the corridors, and bankers are still amazed when counterparts from Adidas show up for negotiations wearing sweatshirts and sneakers. D. The company's payroll, which had reached a high of 14,600 in 1986, was pared back to just 4,600 in 1994. (It has since grown to over 6,000.) E. A sports fun who claims he hasn't missed attending a soccer World Cup final since the 1970s or the Olympic Games since 1968, the 50-year-old Louis-Dreyfus now is eminently well placed to live out many of his boyhood fantasies. Not only has he turned Adidas into a global company with market capitalization of $4 billion (he owns stock worth $250 million), but he also has endorsement contracts with a host of sports heroes from tennis great Steffi Graf to track's Donovan Bailey, and considers it part of the job to watch his star athletes perform on the field. "There are very few chances in life to have such fun." he says. F. After reducing losses in 1993, Adidas turned to a profit in 1994 and has continued to surge: net income for the first three quarters in 1996 was a record $214 million, up 29% from the previous year. Louis-Dreyfus and his friends made great personal fortunes when the company went public in 1995. The original investors still own 26% of the stock, which sold for $46 a share when trading has doubled to $90.

填空题Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once. A=BOOK REVIEW 1 B=BOOK REVIEW 2 C=BOOK REVIEW 3 D=BOOK REVIEW 4 Which book review(s) contain(s) the following information? ·Comparison of the significance of two economic books. 71. ______ ·Stiglitz's prestige in the field of economics. 72. ______ ·Stiglitz's criticism of those who exaggerated the power of markets in developing countries. 73. ______ ·Policy making should consider local conditions. 74. ______ ·The intervention of government is the way to assist globalization. 75. ______ ·Stiglitz's dedication to the development of poor countries. 76. ______ ·Stiglitz's preference of one type of economic policy over another one. 77. ______ ·More people joined Stiglitz in criticizing free trade and globalization. 78. ______ ·Stiglitz's points have been supported by what actually happened in the country. 79. ______ ·Mainly gives positive comments on Stiglitz and his new book. 80. ______ A The main point of the book is simple: globalization is not helping many poor countries. Incomes are not rising in much of the world, and adoption of market-based policies such as open capital markets, free trade, and privatization are making developing economies less stable, not more. Instead of a bigger dose of free markets, Stiglitz argues, what's needed to make globalization work better is more and smarter government intervention. While this has been said before, the ideas carry more weight coming from someone with Stiglitz's credentials. In some ways, this book has the potential to be the liberal equivalent of Milton Friedman's 1962 classic Capitalism and Freedom, which helped provide the intellectual foundation for a generation of conservatives. But Globalization and Its Discontents" does not rise to the level of capitalism and freedom. While Stiglitz makes a strong case for government-oriented development policy, be ignores some key arguments in favor of the market. "The book's main villain is the International Monetary Fund, the Washington organization that lends to troubled countries", Stiglitz' contempt for the IMF is boundless, "It is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission, " he declares. "Many of the policies that the IMF pushed have contributed to global instability. " B While parts of this book are disappointingly shallow, Stiglitz's critique of the market-driven 90's still resonates, especially when the business page is full of stories about white-collar crime and the stock market seems stuck in a perpetual rut. Even the United States cannot blithely assume that financial markets will work on autopilot. It is testament to the salience of Stiglitz's arguments that many economists—even some Bush Administration officials—now embrace his view that economic change in the developing world must evolve more with local conditions, not on Washington's calendar. Without a thorough makeover, globalization could easily become a quagmire. Stiglitz shared a Nobel Prize last year for his work analyzing the imperfections of markets. His main complaint against Rubin and Summers, who served as Treasury Secretaries, and against Fischer, the NO. 2 official and de facto chief executive of the international Monetary Fund, is that they had too much faith that markets could transform poor countries overnight. He labels these three men market fundamentalists, who fought to maintain financial stability with the same urgency that an earlier generation struggled to contain communism. Worse, he suggests, they shilled for Wall Street, conflating the interests of the big banks with the financial health of the world. C "Stiglitz, 58, is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF of operating undemocratically and exacerbating Third World poverty. But he is by far the most prominent and his emergence as a critic marks an important shift in the intellectual landscape. Only a few years ago, it was possible for pundits to claim that no mainstream economist, certainly nobody of Stiglitz's stature, took the criticism of free trade and globalization seriously. Such claims are no longer credible, for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group of economists, sociologists and political scientists, among them Dani Rodrik of Harvard and Robert Wade of the London School of Economics, who not only take the critics seriously but warn that ignoring their concerns could have dire consequences. " Over the past several years, Stiglitz, a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on asymmetric information, has grown accustomed to being at the center of controversy. From 1997 to 2000, he served as senior vice president and chief economist at the World Bank—a title that did not stop him from publicly criticizing the bank's sister institution, the International Monetary Fund, Stiglitz's outspokenness, unprecedented for a highranking insider, infuriated top officials at the IMF and US Treasury Department, and eventually led James Wolfensohn, the World Bank's president, to inform him that he would have to mute his criticism or resign, Stiglitz chose to leave. D "Stiglitz' book makes a compelling case that simple-minded economic doctrine, inadequately tailored to the realities of developing countries, can do more harm than good, and that the subtleties of economic theory are actually quite important for sound policy advice. But simplistic political advice—give developing countries more voice and the institutions of global governance will be rendered more legitimate and efficient—is equally problematic. Political reform is as subtle and complex as economic reform. Evidently, the best minds among us have only begun to think about it. " Joseph Stiglitz's memoirs of his years in Washington, D.C. —first as chair of President Bill Clinton's Council of Economic Advisers and then as chief economist at the World Bank—have the flavor of a morality play. Our goodhearted but slightly native hero, on leave from Stanford University, sets out for the nation's capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world. Once there he finds a morass of political opportunism, ideologically motivated decision-making and bureaucratic inertia. Undeterred, he battles valiantly on behalf of impoverished nations against the unrelenting globalisers of the International Monetary Fund.

填空题The earliest settlers came to the North American continent to establish colonies which were free from the controls that existed in European societies. They wanted to (1) the controls placed on their lives by kings and governments, priests and churches, noblemen and aristocrats. To a great (2) , they succeeded. In 1776 the British colonial settlers (3) their independence from England and (4) a new nation, the United States of America. In (5) doing, they overthrew the king of England and declared that the power to govern would lie in the (6) of the people. They were now (7) from the power of the kings. In 1787, when they (8) the Constitution for their new nation, they separated church and state so that there would never be a governmentsupported church. This greatly (9) the power of the church. Also, in this Constitution they expressly forbade titles of nobility to ensure that an aristocratic society would not develop. There would be (10) ruling class of noblemen in the new nation. The historic decision (11) by those first settlers has had a profound (12) on the shaping of the American character. By limiting the power of the government and the churches and eliminating a formal aristocracy, they (13) a climate of freedom where the emphasis was (14) the individual. The United States came to be associated in their minds (15) the concept of individual freedom. This is probably the most (16) of all the American values. Scholars and outside observers often (17) this value "individualism", but many Americans use the word "freedom". Perhaps the word is one of the most respected popular words in the United States today. By "freedom", Americans (18) the desire and the ability of all individuals to control their own destiny without outside interference from the government, a ruling noble class, the church or (19) other organized authority. The desire to be free of controls was a basic value of the new nation in 1776, and it has continued to (20) immigrants to this country.

填空题·has certain position in modem pharmacology as a symbol?

填空题 Things must be going well in the parcels business. Consumers and companies continue to flock in droves to the internet to buy and sell things. FedEx reported its busiest period ever last December, {{U}}(31) {{/U}} it handled almost 9m packages in a single day. Online retailers also {{U}}(32) {{/U}} new records in America. Excluding travel, some $ 82 billion was spent last year {{U}}(33) {{/U}} things over the internet, 24% more than in 2004, {{U}} (34) {{/U}}to comScore Networks, which tracks consumer behavior. Online sales of clothing, computer software, toys, and home and garden products were all up {{U}}(35) {{/U}} more than 30%. {{U}}(36) {{/U}} most of this stuff was either posted or delivered {{U}}(37) {{/U}} parcel companies. The boom is global, especially now that more companies are outsourcing production. It is becoming increasingly common for products to be {{U}}(38) {{/U}} direct from factory to consumer. "The internet has had a profound effect {{U}}(39) {{/U}} our business," says David Abney, UPS's international president. UPS now {{U}}(40) {{/U}} more than 14m packages worldwide every day. It is striking that postal firms--{{U}} (41) {{/U}} seen as obsolete because of the {{U}}(42) {{/U}} of the internet--are now finding salvation {{U}}(43) {{/U}} it. People are paying more bills online and sending more e-malls {{U}}(44) {{/U}} of letters, but most post offices are making up {{U}}(45) {{/U}} that thanks to e-commerce. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} four years of profits, the United States Postal Service has cleared its $11 billion of {{U}}(47) {{/U}}. Both post officers and express-delivery firms have {{U}}(48) {{/U}} a range of services to help ecommerce and eBay's traders--who listed a colossal 1.9 billion items {{U}}(49) {{/U}} sale last year. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} the most popular services are tracking numbers, which allow people to follow the progress of their deliveries on the internet.